何玲语言学教程导读 77页

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何玲语言学教程导读

  • 77页
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1崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n胡壮麟胡壮麟,男,1933年3月生,上海市人。北京大学英语系教授、博士生导师。研究方向涉及:国外语言学理论与流派、功能语言学、语用学、文体学、语篇分析、英语教学法、语言规划、符号学等。主要著作《语言学教程》。2崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n语言学教程Thebookcovers12chaptersItiseasytoreadandunderstand3崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nChapterOneInvitationstoLinguistics4崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nChapterTwoSpeechSounds\nChapterThree Lexicon\nChapterFour FromWordtoText\nChapterFive Meaning\nChapterSixLanguageandCognition\nChapterSeven Language,Culture,andSociety\nChapterEight LanguageinUse (Pragmatics)\nChapter9 LanguageandLiterature\nChapter10 Languageand theComputer\nChapter11LinguisticsandForeignLanguageTeaching\nChapter12TheoriesofLinguistics\nThemainquestionsdiscussedinthisbook.16崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n1.WhyStudyLanguage?17崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n1.1SomemythsaboutlanguageLanguageisonlyameansofcommunication.Languagehasaform-meaningcorrespondence.Thefunctionoflanguageistoexchangeinformation.EnglishismoredifficulttolearnthanChinese.BlackEnglishisnotstandardandshouldbereformed.18崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n2、What’slanguage?Laymen’definitionsLanguageiswhatwedothingswithLanguageiswhatIthinkwithLanguageisusedforcommunicationLanguageiswhatIspeakwithLanguageiswhatIwritewith19崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n“Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.”--RonaldWardhaugh:IntroductiontoLinguistics(1977)20崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n“Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.”Itisinstrumentalinthatcommunicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact.21崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n3.DesignFeaturesofLanguageLanguagedistinguisheshumanbeingsfromanimalsinthatitisfarmoresophisticatedthananyanimalcommunicationsystem.22崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nHumanlanguageis‘unique’ArbitrarinessDualityCreativityDisplacement23崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n3.1ArbitrarinessThedogbarkswowwowinEnglishbut“汪汪汪”inChinese.24崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n3.2DualityPrimaryunits‘words’(meaningful)consistofsecondaryunits‘sounds’(meaningless).25崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n3.3CreativityLanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Wecanuseittocreatenewmeanings.Wordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthings,andcanbeinstantlyunderstoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacrossthatusagebefore.26崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nCreativity一天,一个不明飞行物从桂林上空飞过。10秒钟后,有人在荔浦县城看到三个小矮人。他们左手握着冲锋枪,右手拿着大哥大,头戴红军帽,口里唱着《刘三姐》主题歌。27崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n3.4DisplacementHumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.28崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nDisplacementThus,wecanrefertoConfucius,ortheNorthPole,eventhoughthefirsthasbeendeadforover2550yearsandthesecondissituatedfarawayfromus.29崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n4.OriginoflanguageThe‘Divine’origin:“InthebeginningwastheWord,andtheWordwaswithGod,andtheWordwasGod.”(Gospel,John1:1)30崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nAstheopeningbookoftheOldTestament,Ittellsaboutthecreationoftheuniverse,theoriginofthemankind,thebeginningofsinandsufferingintheworld.31崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nAccordingtothestoryofcreation,Godcreatestheworld.Godfirstcreatetheuniverse;Theearthistheonlymember;Mercury(水星)(信使神);Venus(金星)(爱神);Mars(火星)(战神)Jupiter(木星)(天神)32崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nFormless;desolate;ragingocean;darkness;Godcommanded:“lettherebelight”Heseparatelightfromdarkness;Henamedlight“Day”andthedarkness“Night”;ThatwasDayOne(Sunday)33崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nDayTwo(Monday)Godmadeadomeanditseparatedthewater,henamedthedome“Sky”.Eveningpassedandmorningcame,thatwasthesecondday.34崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nDayThree(Tuesday)Godcommanded“letthewatercometogether,sothatthelandappear”.Henamedtheland“Earth”andthewater“Sea”Letthelandproduceplants35崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nTheTowerofBabylon(巴比伦之塔)OnelanguageWanderedintheEastandsettledinit.Let’smakebricksandbuildatowerThischallengedtheoriginalwillofGod,Theywilldoanythingtheywant36崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nGodcommanded:Mixupthelanguagesothattheycouldnotunderstandeachother.37崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n英语中12个月名称的由来公历一年有12个月,但不少人并不知道12个月的英语名称的来历。公历起源于古罗马历法。罗马的英语原来只有10个月,古罗马皇帝决定增加两个月放在年尾,后来朱里斯·凯撒大帝把这两个月移到年初,成为1月、2月,原来的1月、2月便成了3月、4月,依次类推。这就是今天世界沿用的公历。38崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nJanuary--1月在罗马传说中,有一位名叫雅努斯的守护神,生有先后两副脸,一副回顾过去,一副要眺望未来。人们认为选择他的名字作为除旧迎新的第一个月月名,很有意义。英语January,便是由这位守护神的拉丁文名字January演变而来的。39崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nFebruary--2月每年2月初,罗马人民都要杀牲饮酒,欢庆菲勃卢姆节。这一天,人们常用一种牛、草制成的名叫Februa的鞭子,抽打不育的妇女,以求怀孕生子。这一天,人们还要忏悔自己过去一年的罪过,洗刷自己的灵魂,求得神明的饶恕,使自己成为一个贞洁的人。英语2月February,便是由拉丁文Februar-ius(即菲勃卢姆节)演变而来。40崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nThesourcesofEnglishlanguageIndo--European(8languagegroups)41崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n1.Indo—Iranian(伊朗语系的)2.American3.Slavic(斯拉夫语)4.Hellenic(古希腊语系)5.Italic(意大利语)6.Celtic(剀尔特语)8.Germanic(English,German,Dutch)(印欧语系的)42崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nEnglishbelongedtoIndo-Europeanlanguage,whichincludesmostofthelanguagesofEuropeandIndia.43崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nHistoricalviewoftheEnglishvocabularyOldEnglish(450---1150)MiddleEnglish(1150---1500)ModernEnglish(1500---now)44崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n公元410年,罗马人结束了对英国的占领,随后,来自德国北部平原的三个日耳曼部落:昂格鲁人(Angles),撒克逊人,和朱尔特人开始到不列颠定居.英语就是盎格鲁_撒克逊的人的语言.古英语时期(又称盎格鲁-撒克逊时期theAnglo-SaxonPeriod)45崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nMiddleEnglish(1150---1500)公元6世纪末基督教会来到不列颠岛,这是英语史上的一件大事,标志着英语开始受到拉丁语的影响。英语原本是盎格鲁-萨克森语,属于日耳曼语的一种。拉丁语的传入是它受到的第一次文化入侵,以后这样的“侵略”还发生过两次。46崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n经过这几次文化入侵,英语的词汇就变的非常丰富。同一个意思往往有三种词汇可以表达,一种是英语本身的词,另一种是从法语引进的词,还有一种是从拉丁语引进的词。比如“时代”这个意思,英语本身的词是time,从法语引进的词是age,从拉丁语引进的词是epoch。47崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n英语是来自拉丁语的语言,实际上是不完全对的,因为按照通用的语言学的研究,英语来自跟罗曼语族(即是拉丁语族,意大利语族)并立的日尔曼语族,但是英语在形成过程中受到了拉丁语族的重大影响。   *英语字母是源于拉丁字母,拉丁字母源于希腊字母。   *在古代,北欧和当今德国的大部分地区的人被称作日尔曼人,他们使用的古语,被称作日尔曼语(Germanic)。   *古日尔曼人的几个族在大约公元5世纪左右入侵大不列颠岛,这些部族包括盎格魯、撒克逊族(Anglo-Saxon),即为现今英格兰人的祖先。   *古英语源自入侵大不列颠岛的部族带来的日尔曼语。48崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nThefirstEnglishdictionarywereprintedinLatinRobertCaswdrey’sTableAlphabeticalofHardWord49崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n5.FunctionsoflanguageLinguiststalkaboutthefunctionsoflanguageinanabstractsense,thatis,notintermsofusinglanguagetochat,tothink,tobuyandsell,toreadandwrite,togreet,praiseandcondemnpeople,etc.Theysummarizethesepracticalfunctionsandattemptsomebroadclassificationsofthebasicfunctionsoflanguage.50崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n5.1InformativefunctionLanguageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenfeelneedtospeaktheirthoughtsaloud.Theuseoflanguagetorecordthefactsisaprerequisiteofsocialdevelopment.Thisisindeedacrucialfunctionoflanguage.51崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n5.2InterpersonalfunctionIntheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar,itisconcernedwithinteractionbetweentheaddresserandaddresseeinthediscoursesituationandtheaddresser'sattitudetowardwhathespeaksorwritesabout.52崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nForexample,thewaysinwhichpeopleaddressothersandrefertothemselves(e.g.DearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,yourobedientservant)indicatethevariousgradesofinterpersonalrelations.53崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n5.3PerformativefunctionThisconceptoriginatesfromthephilosophicalstudyoflanguagerepresentedbyAustinandSearle,whosetheorynowformstheback-boneofpragmatics.(Chapter8)Forexample,Inowdeclarethemeetingopen,Ibetyoutwopoundsitwillraintomorrow.54崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nTheperformativefunctioncanextendtothecontrolofrealityasonsomemagicalorreligiousoccasions.Forexample,inChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay岁岁平安asameansofcontrollingtheinvisibleforceswhichthebelieversfeelmightaffecttheirlivesadversely.55崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n5.4EmotivefunctionTheemotivefunctionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.e.g.God,My,Damnit,Whatasight,Wow,Ugh,Oh.56崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n5.5PhaticcommunionItreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage,originatingfromMalinowski'sstudyofthefunctionsoflanguageperformedbyTrobriandIslanders.Forexample,Mrs.Psneezesviolently.Mrs.Q:Blessyou.Mrs.P:Thankyou.57崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n5.6RecreationalfunctionTherecreationalfunctionofalanguageisoftenoverlookedbecauseitseemssorestrictiveinpurposeandsupposedlysolimitedinusefulness.However,noonewilldenytheuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy'sbabblingorachanter'schanting.58崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nTotakeoneexample,thewell-knownmovie《刘三姐》featuresasceneof“对歌”(songdueling)mostlyforthesheerjoyofplayingonlanguage.59崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n5.7MetalingualfunctionOurlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Toorganizeanywrittentextintoacoherentwhole,writersemploycertainexpressionstokeeptheirreadersinformedaboutwheretheyareandwheretheyaregoing.60崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nForinstance,insteadofsayingThelionchasedtheunicornallroundthetown,theysayAllaroundthetownthelionchasedtheunicorn.Aunicorn61崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nThisisthemetalingualfunctionoflanguageandmesheswiththethematicfunctionoflanguageinfunctionalgrammar.Itmakesthelanguageinfinitelyself-reflexive:Wehumanbeingscantalkabouttalkandthinkaboutthinking,andthusonlyhumanscanaskwhatitmeanstocommunicate,tothink,tobehuman.62崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n6.WhatisLinguistics?ThescientificstudyofhumanlanguageAimsoflinguistictheory:1.Whatisknowledgeoflanguage?(Competence)2.Howisknowledgeoflanguageacquired?(Acquisition)3.Howisknowledgeoflanguageputtouse?(Performance/languageprocessing)63崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n7.MainbranchesoflinguisticsPhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticsPragmatics64崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n7.1PhoneticsPhoneticsstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech,etc.65崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n7.2PhonologyPhonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguagebytreatingphonemeasthepointofdeparture.66崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n7.3MorphologyMorphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning—morphemesandword-formationprocesses.Althoughmanypeoplethinkofwordsasthebasicmeaningfulelementsofalanguage,manywordscanbebrokendownintostillsmallerunits,calledmorphemes.67崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n7.4SyntaxSyntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectsentences.68崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nWeknowthatwordsareorganizedintostructuresmorethanjustwordorder.a.Thechildrenwatched[thefireworkfromthehill].b.Thechildrenwatched[thefirework][fromthehill].Thechickenistoohottoeat.69崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n7.5SemanticsSemanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.Itisnotonlyconcernedwithmeaningsofwordsaslexicalitems,butalsowithlevelsoflanguagebelowthewordandaboveit,e.g.meaningofmorphemesandsentences.70崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n7.6PragmaticsPragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.Itdealswithparticularutterancesinparticularsituationsandisespeciallyconcernedwiththevariouswaysinwhichthemanysocialcontextsoflanguageperformancecaninfluenceinterpretation.Inotherwords,pragmaticsisconcernedwiththewaylanguageisusedtocommunicateratherthanwiththewaylanguageisinternallystructured.71崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n8.MacrolinguisticsLinguisticsisnottheonlyfieldconcernedwithlanguage.Otherdisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnography,thescienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.arealsopreoccupiedwithlanguage.72崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n8.1PsycholinguisticsItinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,forexample,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisition.73崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n8.2SociolinguisticsSociolinguisticsisthestudyofthecharacteristicsoflanguagevarieties,thecharacteristicsoftheirfunctions,andthecharacteristicsoftheirspeakersasthesethreeconstantlyinteractandchangewithinaspeechcommunity.74崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n8.3AnthropologicallinguisticsThetwodisciplinesbecamecloselyassociatedintheearlydaysofanthropologicalfieldworkwhenanthropologistsenlistedthehelpoflinguiststostudyunwrittenlanguages.Incontrastwithotherlinguists,then,anthropologicallinguistsareinterestedprimarilyinthehistoryandstructureofformerlyunwrittenlanguages.75崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\n8.4ComputationallinguisticsAninterdisciplinaryfieldwhichcentersaroundtheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage(alsoknownas“naturallanguage”,todistinguishitfromcomputerlanguages).Tothisfield,linguisticscontributesanunderstandingofthespecialpropertiesoflanguagedata,andprovidestheoriesanddescriptionsoflanguagestructureanduse.76崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008\nRequiredreadingreferences赵世开(中国社科院)(1989):《美国语言学简史》,上海:上海外语教学出版社。77崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008

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