英语语言学-构词法 15页

3.3Wordformation李琳\n构词法WordFormation“词”的英语是“Word”。依据词典“Word”可译为“语言、言、话、字、文字、词”等。eg:Thegirlwhoisbeautifulisourclassmate.定义：词、短语、从句等称为句子组成的要素（Element）。词是句子的组成要素中不能再细分的最小表意单位（Senseunit）。构词法,语言学家把这种专门研究词形变化现象和规则的学问称为词形学（Morphology），通常简称为构词法（WordFormation）。\n构词法基本上包括下列三项：1．词根（Root）2．派生词（Derivative）3．合成词（CompoundWords）\nA．词根（Root）定义：英文词形成的“根基”部分称为词根（亦称字根）。现以“like”为例列示如下：Rootlike...................................................像a-like....................................................相像un-like...................................................不像like-ness............................................相像un-like-ness............................................互不相像\nB．派生词（Derivative）定义：由词根利用前缀或后缀派生而成的词称为派生词（亦称转成语）。现以“friend”为例列示如下：前缀词根后缀friend..............................................朋友friend-ly..........................................友善的friend-less.......................................没有朋友的friend-ship......................................友谊un-friend-ly.....................................不友善的\nC．合成词（CompoundWords）定义：由两个或两个以上独立且语义不相同的词结合成一个表达新的语义和语词功能的词称为合成词。class（班级）+room（房间）→classroom（教室）black（黑色的）+board（木板）→blackboard（黑板）hide（躲藏）+and（和）+seek（寻找）→hide-and-seek（捉迷藏）\n3.3（1）FromMorphemetoWordWhatdoesmorphologyconcern?(referbacktop52)1)thestudyofinflectionsEg:bark+-s2)thestudyofderivationalmorphologyEg:purify:pur(e)+-ify\n3.3.2ThederivationalwayofformationItcanbefurtherdividedintotwosub-types:1.thederivationaltypederivation派生类(roots+affixes)eg:2.thecompositionaltypecompound复合类(word+word)\n3.3.1LexicalchangeproperInvention(coinage)(发明法)Blending（混成法）Abbreviation(clipping)（缩写词）Acronym（缩略语）Back-formation（逆构词法）Analogicalcreation（类推构词）Borrowing（借词）\n1、InventionTosatisfythenewsituationinmodernhumanlife,manynewlexicalitemscomedirectlyfromvariousfields,especiallyfromtechnologicalandeconomicalactivities.Forexample,Kodak,Coke,nylon\n2、BlendingArelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.Examples:(i)air+hotel→airtelFusion(溶合法):Stample(trample+stampon);crackdown(crackup+breakdown)\n3、AbbreviationAshortenedformofawordorphrasewhichrepresentsthecompleteform.e.g.TV(television),Dr(doctor),hr(hour), ft(footorfeet)Clippling(截断法)：akindofabbreviationoflongerwordsorphrases.(i)Cuttingthefinalpart(orwithaslightvariation)pop;taxi;kilo;telly;expo;wi-fi(ii)Cuttingtheinitialpartphone,bus,copter,plane,chute(iii)Cuttingboththeinitialandfinalpartsaccordinglyrefrigerator(fridge),prescription→script\n4、Acronym：Awordcreatedbycombiningtheinitiallettersofanumberofwords.(VOA;BBC;UFO;GNP;GRE;VIP,FOB.)5、Back-formation:aprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaytheimaginedsuffixofanexistingword.E.g.donation→donate;orator→orate;gloomy→gloom;helicopt6、Analogicalcreation7、Borrowing:thetakingoverofwordsfromotherlanguages.A.loanword(借词):aprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightadaptation,insomecases,tothephonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.e.g.kionomo(日)；kowtow(汉)；solo（意）；skoal(丹麦)；coupdemain(法)\nB.loanblend(混合借词):aprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandpartisborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.C.loanshift(转移借词):aprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.D.Loantranslation(翻译借词):aspecialtypeofborrowing,inwhicheachmorphemeorwordistranslatedintheequivalentmorphemeorwordinanotherlanguage.(Calque仿造词)\nThankyou!