语言学教程 复习题 7页

PartOnePleasereadthefollowingsentencesandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.(25%)1.Semanticsisthestudyof____.A.linguisticcompetenceB.languagefunctionsC.meaningsD.socialbehavior2．Whichofthefollowingisnotgenerallybelievedtobeareaoflinguistics?A.syntaxB.semanticsC.phonologyD.etiology3．Therearemorphemesintheword“boyish”.A．oneB．twoC．threeD．four4．Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword“man”canbeexpressedas.A．+animate,+human,+male,-adultB．+animate,+human,-male,-adultC．+animate,+human.+male,+adultD．+animate,+human,-male,+adult5．Themaximof______requiresthataparticipant'scontributionberelevanttothe   conversation.A.quantityB.qualityC.mannerD.relation6．Thewordssuchas“editor”,“hawker”are.A．formedbyblendingB．acronymsC．coinedbybackformationD．Clippedwords7．TheSwisslinguistlaidthefoundationoflinguisticsinthe20thcentury,andthuswasdescribedas“FatherofModernLinguistics”.A．L.BloomfieldB．F.D.SaussureC．N.ChomskyD．M.A.K.Halliday8.isNOTadistinctivefeatureofhumanlanguage.A．ArbitrarinessB．ProductivityC．CulturaltransmissionD．Displacement9.TGgrammarwasadvancedby____.A.SearleB.WhorfC.HallidayD.NoamChomsky10．WhoputforwardthedistinctionbetweenLangueandParole?A.SaussureB.ChomskyC.HallidayD.Anonymous7\n11．Thestudyofstatic,orso-called“literal”,meaningoflanguagefallsintothescopeof,amajorbranchoflinguistics.A．PragmaticsB．SemanticsC．SyntaxD．Morphology12．firstputforwardthespeechacttheory.A．J.SearleB．J.AustinC．N.ChomskyD．M.A.KHalliday13．The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is _____ A. morphology  B. general linguistics  C. phonology  D. semantics 14．ThefamousCooperativePrinciplewasfirstputforwardby.A．J.AustinB．G.LeechC．H.P.GriceD．S.Levinson15．Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandreferstotheactualizedlanguage.A．speechB．languageC．paroleD．language16．Normally,asyllableconsistsofthreeparts,thatis,the,the,andthe.A．onset,peak,codaB．peak,coda,onsetC．peak,onset,codaD．coda,peak,onset17．Accordingtomorphology,“-ful”intheword“colorful”iscalleda(n)morpheme,while“-es”in“apologies”iscalleda(n)morpheme.A．derivational,freeB．inflectional,boundC．inflectional,freeD．derivational,inflectional18．Insemantics,therelationshipbetween“buy”and“sell”areopposites,and“single”and“married”arecalledantonyms.A．relational,complementaryB．gradable,relationalC．relational,gradableD．complementary,relational19．isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewayswords,wordgroupsandphrasesarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage.A．SemanticsB．PragmaticsC．SyntaxD．Morphology20.Whichofthefollowingwordclassesareopenclasses?A.conjunctionB.determinerC.articleD.verb21.“Concord”hasthesamemeaningas_____.A.perfectiveB.progressiveC.agreementD.government7\n22.Synonymyisthetechnicaltermforthe_____relation.A.oppositenessB.complementaryC.gradableD.sameness23. Whichofthefollowingarecorrectreadingsof“CAUSE(x,(BECOME(y,(~ALIVE(y)))))”?A.xcausesytobecomenotalive.B.xcausesytobecomealive.C.xcausesytobecomenotdead.D.ycausesxtobecomedead.24.Linguistsgiveprioritytothespokenlanguagenotthewrittenlanguagebecause.A.vocalsoundsarederivedfromwritingsystemsB.speechprecedeswritingeverywhereintheworldC.wehaverecordingdevicestostudyspeechD.spokenlanguageprecedeswrittenlanguageonlyinIndo-Europeanlanguages.25.Thestudyoflanguagedevelopmentoveraperiodoftimeisgenerallytermedaslinguistics.A.appliedB.diachronicC.comparativeD.synchronicPartTwoReadeachinthefollowingstatementsandjudgewhetheritistrueorfalse.Write“T”fortrue,“F”forfalseonyouranswersheet.(10%)26.Forsoundstobeallophonesofthesamephonemetheymustbecomplementarilydistributedandmusthavephoneticsimilarity.27.Aclosedsyllableisonewithoutacoda.28.Everywordhasasensejustaseverywordhasareference.29.Conversationalimplicativeisakindofimpliedmeaning,deducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwiththecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.30.Thefirstmeaningforawordthatadictionarydefinitiongivesisusuallyitsfigurativemeaning.7\n31.Similesandmetaphorsaredifferentinthatametaphormakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements.32.“Shit,you’veputthepeanutbutterintherefrigeratoragain.”Thisismostlylikelytobesaidbyawoman.33．Therelationbetween“vehicle”and“car”iscalledhyponymy.34．Theconsonant[s]inEnglishcanbedescribedas:voicedalveolarfricative.35．Inflectionisthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionaffixes,whichdochangethegrammaticalclassofthestem.PartThreePleasedefinethefollowingtermsbriefly(20%)36．theSapir-WhorfHypothesis37．ConversationalImplicature38．ICanalysis39．theLondonSchoolPartFourAnswerthefollowingquestions:(15%)40.Howtounderstandtheterm“affix”?Giveexamplesforitsdifferentsubtypes.41.Whatissynonymy?Whatisantonymy?Giveexamples.42.Whatissyllable?Useanexampletoillustrateitscomponents.PartFive．Essaywriting.(30%)B：Directions：Chooseanyonefromthegiventopicsanddevelopitintoanessayinnotlessthan200words.（30%）ThePragueschoolTGGrammarAmericanStructuralismLinguisticsofMyView7\nPartOne．此部分共25题，一题1分，合计25分。主要考察学生语言学基本知识的掌握程度。1-5ADBCD6-10CBCDA11-15BBCCC16-20ADACD21-25CDABBPartTwo．此部分共10题，一题1分，合计10分。主要考察学生运用语言学基本知识进行分析判断的能力。26-30TFFTT31-35FTTFFPartthree．此部分共4题，一题5分，合计20分。主要考察学生语言学术语及基本理论的掌握程度。评分标准：1)每题5分。2)拼写错误、语法错误、用词错误、语法错误每处扣1分。因拼写错误、语法错误或用词错误造成与原文意思不符，每处扣2分。3)内容比答案少按比例扣分，内容多于答案但没有概念性的错误不扣分。内容多于答案但有概念性错误（如举例不当）酌情扣1－2分。36.theSapir-WhorfHypothesis:ahypothesisdevelopedbyBenjaminLeeWhorfonhisandEdwardSapir’santhropologicalresearchandexperiencewithHopi,anAmericanIndianlanguage.Itsuggeststhat‘ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers’uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld’.Followingthisargument,twoimportantpointscouldbecapturedinthistheory.Ontheonehand,languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns;ontheother,similaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative.Thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.Forthisreason,thishypothesishasalternativelybeenreferredtoaslinguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativity—aviewwhich“wasfirstexpoundedbytheGermanethnologist,WilhelmvonHumboldt”.37.ConversationalImplicature:itwasproposedbyGrice,Grice’sawarethatspeakersdonotalwaysfollowCPanditsmaxims.Infact,theyoftenviolatethem.Whetherthespeakerfollowsorviolatesthesemaxims,heproducessomeimplicature–akindofextrameaningthatisnotcontainedintheutterance.7\nParticularly,whenanyofthemaximsisblatantlyviolatedthatthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolated,thenconversationalimplicaturesarise.38.ICanalysis,immediateconstituentanalysis,maybedefinedas:theanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents---wordgroups(orphrases),whichareinternanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.39.TheLondonSchoolgenerallyreferstothekindoflinguisticscholarshipinEngland.TherepresentativesareMalinowski,FirthandHalliday.Theallstressedtheimportanceofcontextofsituationandthesystemaspectoflanguage.Thus,LondonSchoolisalsoknownassystemiclinguisticsandfunctionallinguistics.PartFour.此部分共3题，一题5分，合计15分。主要考察学生语言学术语及运用语言学基本原理分析诗歌的能力。1)每题5分。2)拼写错误、语法错误、用词错误、语法错误每处扣1分。因拼写错误、语法错误或用词错误造成与原文意思不符，每处扣2分。3)内容比答案少按采分点扣分，内容点多于答案但没有概念性的错误不扣分。内容点多于答案但有概念性错误酌情扣分，举例不当每处扣2分，概念或阐述性错误每处扣5分。40Anaffixisthecollectivetermofthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).e.g.:prefixpara-,mini-suffix-ise,-tioninfixfoot/feet,goose/geese41.synonymy:isthetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelation.Suchas,buyandpurchase.antonymyisthenameforoppositenessrelation.Suchashusbandandwife,buyandsell.42.Thesyllableisanimportantunitinthestudyofphonology.InEnglish,awordmaybemonosyllabic(withonesyllable,likecatanddog)orpolysyllabic(withmorethanonesyllable,liketransplantorfestival).Asyllableusuallyconsistsofanonset,anucleusorpeak,andacoda.Thenucleusandthecodaarecalledtherhyme.s7\nO(nset)R(hyme)N(ucleus)Co(da)klapsAllsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.Asyllablethathasnocodaiscalledanopensyllablewhileasyllablewithcodaisknownasclosedsyllable.PartFiveA.具体得分要求如下：分析方法见《语言学教程》第三版9.3，罗米欧和朱莉叶的这段对话采用的是十四行诗的形式写成，说明莎士比亚娴熟地掌握了商籁体诗的写作技巧。本题要求学生掌握诗歌分析的方法，能够运用诗歌分析的术语对诗歌中的特殊语言现象进行细致的分析。答案要点和分值：1)Informationaboutthepoem:Shakespeareandhisfourtragedies,esp.RomeoandJuliet,sonnetinhisdrama(2)2)Form:layout(3quatrainsandacouplet=sonnet),numberoflines(14),lengthoflines(10syllables)(3)3)Soundpatterning:metre(iambicpentametre),rhymes(ababcacadedeff),otherformsofsoundpatterning(egalliteration)(3)4)Language:figurativeuseoflanguage,syntax,punctuation,register,intertextualallusionetc.(2)B.(Omitted)7