语言学知识要点概略(题型) 10页

Assessment1.Regularattendanceisrequired(5%).2.Oneshortmid-termpaper(30%)3.Performanceinthefinalexam(50%).4.Classroomdiscussions/presentations(15%).Mainpointsforreview:I.Terms:A:translationsfromEnglishtoChineseFricativeapproximantbilabiallabiodentalglottalfreemorphemesuprasegmentalmorphemeinflectionderivationsememenasalcavitylarynxvocalfoldsvoicedvoicelessacousticphoneticsparoleactivezonesco-hyponymMeronymyAcousticphoneticsArticulatoryphoneticsTheInternationalPhoneticAlphabetAlveolarEpenthesisperseverativecoarticulationComplementarydistributionB.translationsfromChinesetoEnglish音位\n音位变体横组合关系直接成分离心结构并列结构一致关系衔接连贯主位意义递归性上下义关系语义成分分析命题言外之意同化现象娱乐功能元语言组构原则谓词逻辑激活区互补反义关系声门音爆破音逆化性协同发音送气鼻音化C．BrieflydefinethefollowingtermsLinguisticsPragmaticsCompetenceandperformanceEmotivefunctionSynchronicanddiachronicstudyDescriptiveandprescriptiveperformativespropositionallogicsyllogismallophoneAllomorphICanalysisComponentanalysisSenseTheSemantictriangleSpeechact\nImplicatureDualityArbitrarinessDisplacementConventionIconicityThebow-wowtheorythedivinegifttheoryThepooh-poohtheoryTheyo-he-hotheoryPsycholinguisticsSociolinguisticsAnthropologicallinguisticsComputationallinguisticsLangueandParoleVowelConsonantEpenthesisperseverativecoarticulation“Minimalpairs”testFreevariationAssimilationPhonologicalRulesII.Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement()1.Learning/teachingalanguageisalsolearning/teachingaculture.()2.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.()3.Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.()4.Culturereferstotheentirewayoflifeofahumansociety.()6.Conceptualmeaningisconcernedwiththerelationbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.()7.Themeaningofasentenceissimplythesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponentswords.()8.AccordingtoChomsky,onefeatureofthechildlanguageisSelf-regularization.()9.Anutteranceisanabstractunitofthelanguagesystem.()10.Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculturalinformation,andthuscultureispartoflanguage.\n()11.Thelangue-paroledistinctionwaspropsedbyChomsky,anAmericanlinguists.()12.Alanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticperformance.()13.UGgrammarwasproposedbyHalliday,afamouslinguistinAustralia.()14.Firstlanguageacquisitionisaprocessbetterdescribedas“growth”than“learning”..()15.Speechactsarethebasicorminimalunitsoflinguisticcommunication.()16.Functionwordsareusedtorefertosubstance,actionandquality..()17.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.()18.Allsentencescanbeusedtodothings,accordingtoAustin.()19.Themetalingualfunctionoflanguagemeansthatthehumanlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself()20.“Theoldmansatinthechair”isanendocentricconstruction.()21.Conceptualmeaningreferstological,cognitiveordenotativecontent.()22.Syllogismisakindoflogicalargumentinwhichoneproposition(theconclusion)isinferredfromtwopremises.()23.L1acquisitionisaprocessbetterdescribedas“learning”ratherthan“growth”()24.Pragmaticmeaningisthemoreconstant,inherentsideofmeaning.()25.AccordingtoSapir-Whorfhypothesis,culturedeterminesourthinkingpatterns.()26.Thereisacriticalperiodforthefirstlanguageacquisition.()27.Theprincipleofcompositionalityshowsthatsentencemeaningisdeterminedbythemeaningofcomponentwordsandthesyntacticrules.()28.Illocutionaryforceisspeaker’smeaning()29.Thelangue-paroledistinctionwasproposedbyJakobsom,thefoundingfatherofmodernlinguist.()30.Cultureispartoflanguagebecauselanguageisthecarrierofculturalinformation.()31.Languageisbothconventionalandarbitrary.()34.Astemisamorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixmaybeadded.()35.“Muchbetter”isanexocentricconstruction()36.Conceptualmeaningisconcernedwiththerelationbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.()37.Themeaningofasentenceissimplythesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents\nwords.()38.AccordingtoChomsky,onefeatureofthechildlanguageisSelf-regularization.()39.Anutteranceisanabstractunitofthelanguagesystem.()40.Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculturalinformation,andthuscultureispartoflanguage.()41.Thelangue-paroledistinctionwaspropsedbyChomsky,anAmericanlinguists.()42.Alanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticperformance.()43.UGgrammarwasproposedbyHalliday,afamouslinguistinAustralia.()44.Presuppositioncanpassthenegationtestwhileentailmentcannot.()45.Thereisacriticalperiodforthefirstlanguageacquisition.()46.Themetalingualfunctionoflanguagemeansthatthehumanlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.()47.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.()48.Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsounds.()49.Functionwordsareusedtorefertosubstance,actionandquality.()50.“Theoldmansatinthechair”isanendocentricconstruction.()51.Conceptualmeaningreferstological,cognitiveordenotativecontent.()52.Propositionallogicstudieshowthetruthvalueofasinglepropositionisdetermined()53.L1acquistionisaprocessbetterdescribedas“learning”ratherthan“growth”()54.Pragmaticmeaningisthemoreconstant,inherentsideofmeaning.()55.AccordingtoSapir-Whorfhypothesis,culturedeterminesourthinkingpatterns.()56.Thereisacriticalperiodforthefirstlanguageacquisition.()57.Theprincipleofcompositionalityshowsthatsentencemeaningisdeterminedbythemeaningofcomponentwordsandthesyntacticrules.()58.Presuppositioncanpassthenegationtestwhileentailmentcannot.()59.Thelangue-paroledistinctionwasproposedbyJakobsom,thefoundingfatherofmodernlinguist.()60.Speechandwritingaretwomediaforlanguage.()61.Writingispriortospeech,andsowritingismorebasicthanspeech.()62.phoneticsisthestudyofsoundpatterms\n()63.[i:]isalaxvowel,while[i]isatensevowel.()64.[u]ishighbacktenseroundedvowel.()65.Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.()66.Theunderlyinglogicof“Allteachersarefemale.”is“Forallx’s,ifxisateacher,xisfemale.”III.Fillineachblankwithaproperword/phrase1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocal_________usedforhumancommunication2.Thefeaturethatimplicatureisattachedtothesemanticcontentofwhatissaid,nottothelinguisticformiscalled____________________________.3.Theyarethe_________propertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.4.Morrisdistinguishesthreebranchesofinquiry,oneofwhichis_______________,thestudyof“therelationsofsignstointerpreters”.5.__________________areutteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall.6.Morphologically,thelanguagesintheworldcanbeclassifiedinto______,______,________..7.Thetwotypesofwordformationarecompoundand_________.8.Syllogismisakindof___________argumentinwhichoneproposition(theconclusion)isinferredfromtwopremises.9.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_________10.Recursivenessisusedinlinguisticsfortheformalpropertiesofgrammarswhichuseafinitesetofelementsandafinitegroupofrulestoproduceaninfinitenumberofsentences.Itsbasicfeaturesare_____________,conjoiningandembedding11.Thenatureoflinguisticsasasciencedeterminesitspreoccupationwith_________insteadofprescription.12.Alanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguistic_______________.\n13.A______________studytakesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.14.______________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity15.self-controlisan_______compound.16.Throughoutisan________compound.17.,Non-conventionalityofimplicatureshowsthatimplicatureisdifferentfromits________________meaningofwords.Itiscontext-dependent.18.Smogisa___________derivation.19.AccordingtoMorris,______________isthestudyof“therelationsofsignstotheobjectstowhichthesignsareapplicable”20.Weviewasceneintermsofoursituatedness,thuspresentingaparticular______________.21.Asfor“Beseech:besought→beseeched”,beseechedis____________creation.22.TheinternalstructureofthewordBusinessmanisnotexocentricbut______________,.23.Thestudyoftheinternalstructuresofsimplepropositionsis________________logic.24.Theinternalstructureofasimplepropositionis____________andpredicate.25.Recursivenessisusedinlinguisticsfortheformalpropertiesofgrammarswhichuseafinitesetofelementsandafinitegroupofrulestoproduceaninfinitenumberofsentences.Itsbasicfeaturesare_____________,conjoiningandembedding26.Austinlaterthinksthatanyutterancecansimultaneouslyperformthefollowingthreeacts:locutionaryact,______________________act,perlocutionaryact.27.Ifawordisderivedfromnonscientificspeculationorfalseanalogywithanotherword,oftenbasedontheirsyllabicstructure,ithasa_________etymology.28._______________phoneticsstudiesspeechproductionbythespeechorgans.29.ThemismachofoutputandinputoflanguagedataofachildwhoislearningalanguageisthelogicproblemofL1___________________\n30.______________________linguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.31._________________functionisconcernedwithinteractionbetweentheaddresserandaddresseeinthediscoursesituation.32.Aconversationalimplicaturecanbecancelledsimplybythesituational_____________.33.Thefourscientificfeaturesoflinguisticstudyare________,_________,_________,_______34.Formallinguisticsusuallyincludes___________,_________,___________________35.Languagephilosophyexplorestherelationshipbetween_________and___________.36.Thethree-stepprocessofaspeechsoundconsistsof________,________,___________.37.Theonlyonehumanorganthatisspecificallyforverbalarticulationis___________38.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsof_______andmannerofarticulation.39.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalled_________transcription.40.Byorigin,wordscanbedividedinto_______wordsand_______words.41.Land-reformisa_______loan.42._________isamorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixmaybeadded.43.Syntaxisthestudyofhow_______arestructured.44.Themajortheoriesofsyntaxare______,_________,_______,________.45.Functionalgrammarispioneeredby___________;itexplorestherelationbetweenlinguisticformsandtheirfunctions.46.Generativegrammarispioneeredby__________.Itregardsgrammarasasetofrulesthatrecursivelygeneratethewell-formedexpressionsofanaturallanguage.47.Thethreesyntacticrelationsare__________,__________,___________.48.Theexternalpropertyof“Tomrunseverymorning.”Is__________type.49.Iftwoconstituents,BandC,arejoinedtoformahierarchicallyhigherconstituentA,thenBandCaresaidtobe____________ofA.50.Semanticsstudythemeaningofwords,sentencesand___________.51.Inthestudyofmeaning,atleastthreethingsshouldbeconsidered.Theyareculture,worldand_______.52.Theideathatthemeaningofawordisthethingitreferstoiscalledthe________theory.\n53.Themodeofpresentation,forFrege,isthe___________ofaword.54.ForFege,everywordhasa_______butnoteverywordhasa________,like‘but’,‘to’.55.Thedifferencebetween“mysister’shusband”and“mybrother-in-law”liesin_______.56.Leechtreatsmeaningwithreferencetoitsfunctionincontext,toshowhowlinguistic,_____and_________contextsaffectsthemeaningoflanguage.57.Conceptualmeaningreferstological,_____________ordenotativecontent.58.Thecommunicativevalue/subjectiveinterpretationattachedtoitspurelyconceptualmeaningiscalled______________meaning.59.Affectivemeaninghastodowiththepersonal________ofthespeaker,includinghisattitudetothelistener,orhisattitudetosomethingheistalkingabout.60.Whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizesthemessage,intermsoforder,focus,andemphasisiscalled___________meaning.61.Converse/relationalantonymshastherelationof______________62.Armandbodyhasarelationof___________.63.Asentencemeaningisdeterminedby_____,_______,and________.64.Averyimportantpropertyofthe__________isthatithasatruthvalue:trueorfalse.65.Thecompositeproposition“p↔q”is_____whenpandqhavethesametruthvalue.66.Themeaningofthesentencethatdependsonwhothespeakeris,whotheheareris,whenandwhereitisusediscalled_________meaning.67.Pragmaticmeaningismoreindeterminate,morecloselyrelatedto________thansemanticmeaning.IV.Answerthefollowingquestions1.Whatistherelationbetweencohesionandcoherence?3.Towhatextentisphonologyrelatedtophoneticsandhowdotheydiffer?4.BrieflydiscussJakobson’sviewaboutsixcommunicationelementsandthecorrespondingsixfunctions5.Whatarethefourwaystoanalyzeasentence?PleaseexplainthemindetailwiththefollowingsentenceThepolicemankilledthemanbyagun.7.WhatisGrice’sCP?Howdoesitrelatetothegenerationofconversationalimplicature?UseGrice’stheorytoexplainhowthefollowingconversationmakesanysense.(10points)Husband:Iwillcookthesuppertoday.Wife:Oh.Thesunwillriseinthewest.8.Whatarethethreespeechactsperformedsimultaneouslybyanutteranceaccordingto\nAustin’sspeechacttheory?UseAustin’stheorytoexplainthefollowingconversation(10points)Wife:thephoneisringing.Husband:Iaminthebath.Wife:Ok,Iwillanswerit.8.Whatcanthisrulemeanfromtheperspectiveofphonology?(10points)/p/→[p=]/ [s]_____[ph]elsewhere9.Whatistheprincipleofcompositionality?Canyoufindanylinguisticphenomenatosupportitorrefuteit?10.Whatiscategorization?Whatarethethreelevels?Useexamplestoillustratethem.11.Howissubjectdefined?12.Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?13.Howcanweidentifywords?14.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenfunctionwordsandcontentwords?15.BrieflyexplaintherelationshipbetweenSememeandmorphemewithspecificexamples.16.WhatisICanalysis?PleaseemployICanalysistoillustratethetwointerpretationsofthesentence:ThesonofPharaoh’sdaughteristhedaughterofPharaoh’sson18.Whataretheseventypesofmeaning?Pleaseillustrateeachwithatleastoneexamples.19.Whatiscomponentanalysis?Whatproblemsdoesithavetoface?20.Analyzethefollowingconversationintermsofpragmatics.A:Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?B:Coffeewouldkeepmeawake.