英语语言学练习(含答案) 7页

Chapter11.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.(√)2.Whatfirstdrewtheattentionofthelinguisticsweretherulesusedinlanguage.(×)[Whatfirstdrewtheattentionofthelinguisticswerethesoundsusedinlanguage.]3Themajorbranchesoflinguisticsarephonetics,phonedogy,psycholinguistics,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatic,sociolinguistics,andappliedlinguistics.(√)4.Aslinguistbecameinterestinhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication,theydevelopedanotherbranchesofstudyrelatedtosoundscalledphonetics.(×)[Aslinguistbecameinterestinhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication,theydevelopedanotherbranchesofstudyrelatedtosoundscalledphonology.]5.Linguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptiveandmodernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.(√)6.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisadiachronicstudy,butthedescriptionoflanguageasitchangeschangesthoughtimeisasynchronic.(×)[Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy,butthedescriptionoflanguageasitchangeschangesthoughtimeisadiachronic.]7.Langueandparolearerelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently.(×)[Langueandparolevariesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationtosituation.]8.Chomskydefinecompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.(√)9.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenasprimary.(×)[Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary.]10.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(√)11.Languageisarbitrary,thismeansthatthereislogicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.(×)[Languageisarbitrary,thismeansthatthereisnotlogicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.]12.Languagefeaturearearbitrariness,productivity,duality,displacement,culturaltransmission.(√)\n13.Languageisarbitrarybynature,anditisentirelyarbitrary.(×)[Languageisarbitrarybynature,anditisnotentirelyarbitrary.]14.Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.(√)15.Languageisasystem,whichconsistsofthreesetsofstructures,orthreelevels.(×)[Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,orthreelevels.]16.Threemainfunctionsoflanguageare:thedescriptivefunction,theexpressive,andthesocialfunction.(√)17.Languagecannotbeautifulusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker.(×)[Languagecanbeautifulusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker.]18."whatcannotIdoforyou,girl?"Thissentenceillustratestheexpressivefunctionoflanguage.(×)["whatcannotIdoforyou,girl?"Thissentenceillustratesthesocialfunctionoflanguage.]19.AnEnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarebothabletousealanguage,butarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisindicatesculturaltransmissionfeatureoflanguage.(√)20Theideationalfunctionisindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeople.(×)[Theinterpersonalfunctionisindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeople.]Chapter21.Speechandwritingarethetwomediaordersubstancesusedbynaturallanguageasvehicleforcommunication.(√)2.Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithapartofthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguage.(×)[Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguage.]3.Thebranchesofphoneticsarearticulatoryphonetics,auditoryphonetics,andacousticsphonetics.(√)4.Phoneticsimilarly,phoneticidentityisthecriterionwithwhichwereoperateinthephonolgicalanalysisoflanguage.(×)[Phoneticsimilarly,notphoneticidentityisthecriterionwithwhichwereoperateinthephonolgicalanalysisoflanguage.]5.Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausing\nvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarevoiceless.(√)6.Thespeechorganlocatedinthiscavityarethetongue,theuvula，thesoftpalate（thevelum），thehardpalate，theteethridge（thealveolus），theteethandthelips.(√)7.Twowaystotranscribespeechsoundsarebroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription.Narrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly，broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.（×）[Twowaystotranscribespeechsoundsarebroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription.broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly，Narrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.]8.Inthecaseofsport，the[p]soundissaidtobeunaspirated，andinthecaseofspeed，the[p]soundissaidtobeaspirated.（×）[Inthecaseofsport，the[p]soundissaidtobeaspirated，andinthecaseofspeed，the[p]soundissaidtobeunaspirated.]9.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintwoways：oneisintermsofmannerofarticulationandtheotherisintermsofplaceofarticulation.（√）10.IntermsofmannerofarticulationtheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintosixtypes：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、andbilabial.（×）[IntermsofmannerofarticulationtheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintosixtypes：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、andglides.]11.Intermsofplaceofarticulation，theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintoseventypes：bilabial、labiodental、dental、alveolar、palatal、velar、andglottal.（√）12.Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront，central，andbackaccordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldlowest.(×)[Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront，central，andbackaccordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighest.]13、Weclassifythevowelsintofourgroups：closevowels，semi-closevowels，semi-openvowels，andopenvowels.（√）14、InEnglish，allthefrontvowelsandthecentralvowelsareunroundedvowels，withoutroundingthelips，andallthebackvowelsarerounded.(×)[InEnglish，allthefrontvowelsandthecentralvowelsareunroundedvowelswithoutthe[a:]，withoutroundingthelips，andallthebackvowelsarerounded.]15.Themainsupranationalfeaturesincludestress,intonation,andtone.Stresscontainswordstressandsentencestress.(√)16.Therearefourtones.Thefirsttoneislevel,thesecondrise,thethirdfall-rise,andthefourthfall.(√)\n17."Heisdrivingmycar",thewordsthatarenormallyunstressed.i.e.is,car,canallbearthestresstoexpresswhatthespeakerintendstomean.(×)["Heisdrivingmycar",thewordsthatarenormallyunstressed.i.e.is,my,canallbearthestresstoexpresswhatthespeakerintendstomean.]18.ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning.(√)19Whenspokenindifferentintonation,thesamesequenceofwordmayhavedifferentmeanings.(×)[Whenspokenindifferenttones,thesamesequenceofwordmayhavedifferentmeanings.]20.Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit,itisanconcreteunit.(×)[Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit,itisanabstractunit.]Chapter31.Conjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronounsconsistofthe"grammatical"and"functional"words.(√)2.Linguisisusethetermmorphlolgytorefertothepartofthegrammarthatisconcernedwithwordandwordstructure.(√)3.Linguisisdefinethewordasthesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguage.(√)4.Thepluralmarking-sisafreeform.(×)[Thepluralmarking-sisnotafreeform]5.Morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguagethatcarriesinformationaboutmeaningorfunction.(√)6.ThewordREADERconsistsoftwomorphemes:readand-er.(√)7.TheEnglishpluralandpossessivemorphemsmaybesaidtoshareasinglemorph,thesuffix/-s/.(√)8.Amorphemewhichcanbeawordbyitselfiscalledaboundmorpheme,whereasamorphemethatmustbeattachedtoanotheroneisafreemorpheme.(×)[Amorphemewhichcanbeawordbyitselfiscalledafreemorpheme,whereasamorphemethatmustbeattachedtoanotheroneisaboundmorpheme.]9.STEMisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.(√)10.AFFIXisacollectivetermforthetypeofmorphemethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).(√)\n11.Therootconstitutesthecoreofthewordandcarriesthemajorcomponentofitsmeaning.(√)12.Unlikeroots,affixesdonotbelongtoalexicalcategoryandarealwaysfreemorphemes.(×)[Unlikeroots,affixesdonotbelongtoalexicalcategoryandarealwaysboundmorphemes.]13.Amorphemecanbedefinedasaminimalunitofmeaning.(√)14.-en,-ate,and-icarethuscalledderivationalmorphemes.(√)15.ThemorphemeBOYisfreemorphemesinceitcanbeusedasawordonitsown;theplural-s,ontheotherhand,isbound.(√)16.Itisnotalwayspossibletoassignalexicalmeaningtosomeofthemorphemes.(√)17.CompoundingisaverycommonandfrequentlyprocessforenlargingthevocabularyoftheEnglishlanguage.(√)18.Morphemesmayhavedifferentforms.(√)19.Thepluralmarking-sisnotafreeformsinceitneveroccursinisolationandcannotbeseparatedfromthenountowhichitbelongs.(√)20.Itisimportanttonotethatamorphemeisneitherameaningnorastretchofsoundjoinedtogether.(√)Chapter41.Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfullfillthedifferentfunctiongsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseorderaverb.(×)[Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfullfillthesameorsimilarfunctiongsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseorderaverb.]2.Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.(√)3.Phrasesthatareformedofmorethanonewordusuallycontainthefollowingelements:headandspecifier.(×)[Phrasesthatareformedofmorethanonewordusuallycontainthefollowingelements:head,specifierandcomplement.]4.Suchspecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.(√)\n5.Syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledsentences.(×)[Syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrases.]6.Suchspecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphrasestructurerule.(√)7.Thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsaresaidtofunctionasspecifiers.(×)[Thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsaresaidtofunctionasspecifiers.]8.MajorlexicalcategoriesareNon,verb,AdjevtiveandPreposition.(√)9.TheXPrules=(specifier)×(complement).(√)10.Majorlexicalcategoriesplayaveryimportantroleinsentence.(×)[Majorlexicalcategoriesplayaveryimportantroleinsentenceformation.]11.Themostcentralcategoriestothesyntheticstudyaretheword-levelcategories.(√)12.AccordingtotheXPrules,theauxiliaryisthetailofasentencewhichtakesavpcategoryasitscomplementontherightandanvp,thesubject,asitsspecifierontheleft.(×)[AccordingtotheXPrules,theauxiliaryistheheadofasentencewhichtakesavpcategoryasitscomplementontherightandanvp,thesubject,asitsspecifierontheright.]13.Thewordsaroundwhichaphraseisformedistermedhead.(√)14.Wordswhichincludethesentencecomplementaretermedcomplementizers.(√)15.Theconstructioninwhichthephraseisembeddedacomplementiscalledmatrixclause.(×)[Theconstructioninwhichthecomplementphraseisembeddedacomplementiscalledmatrixclause.]16.Thisclassificationreflectsavarietyoffactors,includingthetypeofmeaningthatwordsexpress,thetypeofaffixesthattheytake,andthetypeofstructuresinwhichtheycanoccur.(√)Chapter51.Insemantictriangle，therelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect，anditismediatedbyconcept.(√)2.Therelationshipof“flower”，“violet”，“rose”and“tulip”ishyponymy.(√)3.Areferringexpressioncanbeusedtorefertononexistentthings.(√)\n4.Pragmaticsstudiestheaspectofmeaningthatisnotaccountedforbysemantics.(√)5.Intermsoftruthcondition,ifXistrue,Yisfalse,andifXisfalse,Yistrue.Therelationship6.  “Iboughtsomeroses”entails“Iboughtsomeflowers”.(√)7.ThenamingtheorywasproposedbytheGreekscholarPlato.(√)8.AccordingtoBehavioristlearningtheory,childrenarebelievedtograduallyassumecorrectformsofthelanguageoftheircommunitywhentheir“bad”speechgetscorrectedandwhentheirgoodspeechgetspositivelyreinforced.(√)9.Thecontextualistviewofmeaningisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontext.(√)10.Thetermantonymyisusedforoppositenessofmeaning;wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningareantonymy.(√) 11.Semanticscanbedefinedasthestudyofnaming.(×)[Semanticscanbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.] 12.Oncethenotionofmeaningwastakenintoconsideration，semanticsspilledintopragmatics.(×)[Oncethenotionofcontextwastakenintoconsideration，semanticsspilledintopragmatics.]13.Accordingtosemantictriangle，thereisadirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreferent，i.e.betweenawordandathingitrefersto.(×)[Accordingtosemantictriangle，thereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreferent，i.e.betweenawordandathingitrefersto.]14.Antonymsaredividedintothreekinds:gragable,relational,superordinate.(×)[Antonymsaredividedintothreekinds:gragable,relational,complementary.]16.Themeaningofthewordblackconsistsinthetwocollocationalofblackhairandblackcoffee.(×)17.Wordsareidenticalinsoundandspellingbutnearlyalikeorexacylythesameinmeaning.(×)[Wordsaredifferentinsoundandspellingbutnearlyalikeorexacylythesameinmeaning.]18.Hyponymsishelplessinbothreceptiveandproductiveprocessingoflanguage.(×)[Hyponymsishelpfulinbothreceptiveandproductiveprocessingoflanguage.]19.” CanIborrowyourbike？"issynonymouswith "Youhaveabike."(×)[” CanIborrowyourbike？" presupposes"Youhaveabike."]20.Componentialanalysiscanhelpexplainthesenserelationsofwords.(×)[Componentialanalysiscannothelpexplainthesenserelationsofwords.]