语言学术语解释和举例 4页

1.SequentialRules[sɪ'kwenʃ(ə)l]序列规则SequentialRulesarerulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinparticularlanguage.e.g.Ifawordbeginswitha/l/or/r/,thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel（元音）.2.Prototype['prəʊtətaɪp]原型Whatmembersofaparticularcommunitythinkofasthetypicalinstanceofalexicalcategory.e.g.ForsomeEnglishspeakers“cabbage”(ratherthansaycarrot)mightbetheprototypicalvegetable.3.PresuppositionalTrigger预设触发语Apresuppositiontriggerisaconstructionoritemthatsignalstheexistenceofapresuppositioninanutterance.e.g.”JanehadanotherdatewithJohn.”ItpresupposesthefactthatJanehashadonedatewithJohnbefore.Apparently,theuseof“another”calledapresuppositiontrigger.4.Possessor[pə'zesə]所有人Referstoonewhohassomethinge.g.Jane’sdoll.Thefirstnounisthepossessor.5.PositiveFace积极面子Thepositiveconsistentself-imageor“personality”(includingthedesirethatthisself-imagebeappreciatedandapprovedof)claimedbyinteractants.e.g.:Youareexcellent.6.Phoneme['fəʊniːm]音位Thesmallestunitinthesoundsystemofalanguagee.g.thetwowordspeakandspeak,weareawarethatthesound/p/ispronounceddifferently7.PerformativeUtterance言有所为Itisasentencewhichisnottrueorfalsebutinstead'happy'or'unhappy',andwhichisutteredintheperformanceofanillocutionary(语内表现行为的)actratherthanusedtostatesomething.e.g."Isweartodothat","Ipromisetobethere"8.NegativeFace消极面子Thebasicclaimtoterritories,personalpreserves,rightstonon-distraction.i.e.tofreedomofactionandfreedomfromimposition.e.g.:You’dbetternotsmokehere.9.Morpheme['mɔ:fi:m]词素Thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Itcannotbedividedwithoutalteringordestroyingitsmeaning.e.g.theEnglishwordunkindnessconsistsofthreemorphemes:theSTEM1kind,thenegativeprefixun-,andthenoun-formingsuffix-ness.10.MetonymicReasoning[,metə'nimik]转喻推理MetonymicReasoningisafigureofspeechusedinrhetoric(修辞)inwhichathingorconceptisnotcalledbyitsownname,butbythenameofsomethingintimately(密切地)associatedwiththatthingorconcept.Forinstance,"London",asthecapitaloftheUnitedKingdom,canbeusedasametonym\n(aninstanceofmetonymy)fortheBritishgovernmente.g:silksuitsyou.”silkstandsfortheclothmadeofsilk.1.Truth-conditionalSemantics语义真值条件Truth-conditionalSemanticsisanapproachtosemantics(语义学)ofnaturallanguagethatseesthemeaningofassertionsasbeingthesameas,orreducibleto,thetruthconditionsofthatsentence..Forexample,'snowiswhite'.2.Theme[θiːm]主题Referstooneorthingthatundergoesanactione.g.samfoundthedog.3.Synonymy[sɪ'nɒnɪmɪ]近义词/同义词Synonymsarewordswhichhavedifferentformsbutsimilarmeanings.e.g.Start,begin,commence4.Syllable['sɪləb(ə)l]音节Syllableisphonologicalunitwhichiscomposedofoneormorephonemes..Everysyllablehasanucleus,whichisusuallyavowel.Forexample,/let/consistsofonesyllable,whereas/ri’ga:d/consistsoftwosyllables.5.Source来源Referstotheplacefromwhichanactionoriginates.Forexample,SamleftBeijingforNanjing.6.MetaphoricReasoning隐喻性思维Awordorphrasewhichisusedforspecialeffect,andwhichdoesnothaveitsusualorliteralmeaninge.g.Myhandsareascoldasice.7.Location位置Referstotheplacewhereanactionhappens,e.g.Janeputthemagazinesonthetable.Thetableislocation.8.Instrument工具Referstothemeansbywhichanactionisperformed.Forexample,thekeyopenedthedoor.9.IndirectSpeechAct间接言语行为AspeechactinwhichthecommunicativeintentionisnotreflectedinthelinguisticformoftheutteranceForexample,“Itisveryhotinhere”maybeusedtoexpressarequesttoturnontheairconditioner.10.Impersonalization[im,pə:sənəlai'zeiʃən]非人格化Adeviceusedeithertoavoidmentioningoneselfortheinterlocutor(对话者),ortoappealtopublicruleorinstitutionalregulation,whichhelpstogainsuccessfulinterpersonalcommunication.e.g.(1)Idon’tthinkyoucansmokeinthewaitingroom,sir.(2)Smokingisnotallowedinthewaitingroom,sir.Obviously,(2)ismorepolitethan(1).11.Hyponymy[haɪ'pɒnɪmɪ]下义词Arelationshipbetweentwowords,inwhichthemeaningofonewordincludesthemeaningoftheotherwords.　　　　e.g.tiger,lion,elephantanddogarehyponymsofthewordanimal.12.Goal目标\nReferstotheplacetowhichanactionisdirected.Forexample,SamleftBeijingforNanjing.1.FunctionalShift词性转换Wordsmayshiftfromonepartofspeechtoanotherwithouttheadditionofaffixes.e.g.nountoverb,toknee,totape,tobreak.2.FamilyResemblance家族类似性Thatalexicalcategory(词汇范畴)resemblesanotheronecanbecalledfamilyresemblance.e.g.thenotion概念ofgame.Onegamemayresemble类似atleastonegame,althoughnotallofthemhavetobealikeatthesametime.3.Experiencer感受者Onewhoperceivessomething.Example:Samwassad．4.ExophoricReference[,eksəu'fɔrik]外指Referstotherelationbetweenanentityinthesituationalcontextandalinguisticiteminthetexte.g.heisthemanyouwanttosee,saidwhenthementionedpersoncomesuptothespeaker.5.Entailment限定关系Therelationshipbetweentwosentencesinwhichthetruthofthesecondisinferredfromthetruthofthefirste.g.johnhasaboy”entailing”johnhasachild”.6.EndophoricReference内指照应Referstoarelationbetweentwolinguisticitemsinthesametexte.g.JohnlovesJane,hetakesgreatcareofher.Thisisknowntoall.7.DeicticExprseeion['daiktik]指代表达（指示语）DeicticExprseeionarelinguisticitemsusedtoanchorthesespecificpointsinthecommunicationevent.e.g.hereandthere,whichrefertoaplaceinrelationtothespeaker:Theletterishere.(nearthespeaker).Theletterisoverthere.(furtherawayfromthespeaker)8.CoordinateSentence并列句containstwoormoreclauses(从句)areconjoinedbyalinkingword,suchas“and”,“or”,“so”,or“but”.e.g.hereastar,andthereastar9.ConstativeUtterance[kən'steitiv]['ʌtərəns]表述句It’sthedescriptionsoffactsorstatesofaffairs.Forexample,Theearthisround.”10.ComponentialAnalysis语义成分分析Theprocessthatbreaksdownthemeaningofawordintoitsminimaldistinctivefeaturesorpropertiesusingfeaturesymbolsiscalledcomponentialanalysis.Forexample,boymaybeshownas[+human][+male][-adult]11.ComplexSentence复合句Asentencewhichcontainsoneormoreclausesareembedded(嵌)intoamainclausetocommunicatepurpose,reason,time,place,manner,orconcession.e.g.thisistheplacewheremyfatherworked10yearsago.12.Clause从句AclauseinEnglishisoneunitoforganizationthatcontainsasubject-predicatestructure..Aclausemaybefiniteornon-finite.\ne.g.Ihurriedhome./BecauseIwaslate,theywentwithoutme.1.Causative['kɔ:zətiv]成为..的原因/使动词AnaturalforcethatcausesachangeForexample,Thefloodkilled25.2.CataphoricReference[,kætə'fɔ:rik]后指照应Donatesarelationbetweenthecurrentpronominalitemandthelateroccurringexpressione.g.ThisiswhatJohndoesforJane,hesendsabunchofrosestohereveryday.3.Blending['blendiŋ]混成法Blendingsawordformedbycombiningpartsofotherwordse.g.smog(formedfromsmokeandfog)4.Back-formation逆构（逆成法）Newwordsmaybecreatedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractingarealorsupposedaffix.e.g.theword“edit”fromthepre-existingword“editor”bydeletingtheassumedsuffix“-or”5.Antonymy[æn'tɔnimi]反义Antonymsarewordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.e.g.Deadandalive;maleandfemale6.AnaphoricReference[,ænə'fɔrik]前指Involvesarelationbetweenaprecedingreferentialexpressionandthecurrentpronominaliteme.g.JohnlovesJane,hetakesgreatcareofher.Thisisknowntoall.7.Analogy[ə'nælədʒi]类比TheprocessbywhichwordsarereformedorcreatedonthemodelofexistinggrammaticaltermsForexample,zipper-gate,football-gate,Watergate8.Allophone['æləufəun]音位变体Allophoneisthephoneticvariantsofaphonemeinaparticularlanguage.e.g.thephoneme/l/inEnglishcanberealizedasdark/l/,clear/l/.9.Agent人物，主格ReferstotheonewhoperformsanactionForexample,Samopenedthedoor.10.Affixation[,æfik'seiʃən]词缀Aboundmorphemethatisjoinedbefore,after,orwithinarootorstemItmainlyincludesprefixes,suffixes,infixese.g.prefixun-,suffix–ness；infix–foot11.AdjacencyPair[ə'dʒeisənsi]相邻语对Aninitiation,sayaquestionorarequest,bythefirstspeakerandtheresponsebythesecondspeaker,likeananswertothequestionorcompliancewiththerequest,formanadjacencypair.Forexample,“what’syourname?”“MynameisTom.”