自考语言学Chapter2 4页

I.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.1.______isconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheword’slanguage.A.PhonologyB.PhoneticsC.MorphologyD.Phonemics2.Iftwosoundsareincomplementarydistribution,theyare______thesamephoneme.A.symbolsB.allophonesC.phonesD.signs3.Whenaspeechsoundchangesandbecomesmorelikeanothersoundwhichfollowsorprecedesit,itissaidtobe______.A.nasalizedB.assimilatedC.aspiratedD.voiced4.______phoneticslooksatthesoundsfromthehearer’spointofviewandstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.A.ArticulatoryB.AuditoryC.AcousticD.Oral5.Aminimalpaircanbeillustratedby______A.sip/sheepB.bread/breastC.same/shameD.breath/breathe6.Acousticphoneticianstrytodescribethe______propertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissues.A.oralB.mentalC.physicalD.recorded7.Iftwospeechsoundsareincontrastivedistribution,they______.A.representtwophonemesB.areallophonesofthesamephonemeC.haveexactlythesamephoneticfeaturesD.donotappearinthesameenvironment8.Minimalpaircanbeexemplifiedby______.A.moon/noonB.foot/foodC.she/sheetD.sea/see9.Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare______sounds.A.voicelessB.voicedC.vowelD.consonantal10.______transcriptionisreallythetranscriptionrequiredandusedbythephoneticiansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.A.BroadB.DetailedC.WideD.Narrow11.Inlinguistics,______isfocusedon.A.acousticB.articulatoryphoneticsC.auditoryphoneticsD.noneoftheabove12.Vowelsaredistinguishedfromconsonantsby______oftheobstructionoftheairstream.A.absenceB.presenceC.modificationD.bothAandB13.Diphthongsarecharacterizedby______.A.glidingB.voicingC.aspirationD.stress14.A______vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.A.backB.centralC.frontD.middle15.InEnglish,/p/and/ph/arein______distribution.A.contrastiveB.complementaryC.freeD.noneoftheabove16.InEnglish,allthefrontvowelsandthecentralvowelsare______vowels.A.unroundedB.closeC.openD.rounded17.______formaminimalpair.A.Bet/beltB.Bet/beatC.Beat/feetD.BothBandC\n18.______areproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.A.VowelsB.ConsonantsC.DiphthongsD.Individualvowels19.Thefeaturethatdistinguishes“agreenhouse”and“agreenhouse”is______.A.toneB.stressC.intonationD.aspiration20.Phonologyisconcernedwiththesoundsystemoflanguage,itstudiesthe______ofthespeechsounds.A.importanceB.functioningC.necessityD.aspects21.______aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.A.LinguisticsB.PhoneticsC.PhonologyD.Articulatoryphonetics22.Aphonemeisanabstract,distinctiveand______.A.phoneticunitB.phonemicunitC.phonologicalunitD.phonicunit23.Ifsimilarsoundsaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoform______.A.phonemiccontrastB.phoneticdistinctionC.complementarydistributionD.minimalpair24.A_____isnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.A.phonemeB.phoneC.soundD.speech25.Stress,toneandintonationarecalled______features.A.segmentalB.vocalC.speechD.suprasegmental26.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe______ofthatphoneme.A.phonesB.soundsC.phonemesD.allophones27.A______referstoaparticularkindofbird,whichisnotnecessarilyblack.A.blackbirdB.blackbirdC.blackbirdD.bothBandC28.Theinitialsoundin______isavelarstop.A.tapB.capC.gapD.hap29.AphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglish______isthatthestressofthewordalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,andthesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.A.compoundsB.phrasesC.wordsD.sentences30.TheIPAcameintobeingtowardstheendofthe______century.A.nineteenthB,eighteenthC.seventeenthD.sixteenthⅡ.Fillineachofthefollowingblandswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.1.ForL______,thestudyofsoundisofgreaterimportancethanthatofwriting.2.A______phoneticsisconcernedwithhowspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified.3.V______ofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalled“voicing”.4.Todescribethephysicalproperties,phoneticiansrewardthesoundwavesonmachinescalledS______.5.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalled“V______”.6.Ofallthespeechorgans,thet______isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother.7.Ifthevocalcordsareapart,theairflowisnotobstructedattheglottisanditpassedfreelyintothevocaltractabovetheglottis,thesoundsproducedinthiswayarecalledv______sounds.\n8.D______canbeaddedtothelettersymbolstomakefinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemakepossible.9.Whentheobstructionispartialandtheairisforcedthroughanarrowpassageinthemouthsoastocausedefinitelocalfrictionatthepointthespeechsoundthusproducedisaf______.10.B______transcriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.11.Intheproductionofb______sounds,theupperandthelowerlipsarebroughttogethertocreateobstruction.12.The/l/in/hel,followedbytheEnglishdentalsound//iscalledad____/l/.13.The/n/soundinthecombination/butn/iscalled______nasal.14.P______isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage.15.Av______definedasavoicedsoundinformingwhichtheairissuesinthecontinuousstreamthroughthepharynxandmouth,therebeingnoaudiblefriction.16.Vowelsaresoundscharacterizedbytheabsenceofobstructionsofa_______.17.A______referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds.18.Thestudyofspeechofsoundsiscalledp______.19.P____isconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.20.Thephonesrepresentingaphonemearecalledit’sa____.21.Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi______.22.Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds____rules.23.Sequentialrules,A______rules,deletionrulesarerulesinphonology.24.Whentheobstructionispartialandtheairisforcedthroughanarrowpassageinthemouthsoastocausedefinitelocalfrictionatthepoint,thespeechsoundthusproducedisaf______.25.Whentheobstruction,completeatfirst,isreleasedslowlywiththefrictionresultingfrompartialobstruction,thesoundsthusproducedarea_______.26.Tonesarep____variations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.27.Whentheairflowisobstructedbutisallowedtoescapethroughthepassagebetweenpartorpartsofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth,thesoundsthusproducedarecalledl_______.28.Whenthenasalpassageisopenedbyloweringthesoftpalateatthebackofthemouthandairisallowedtopassthroughit,thesoundsthusproducedarecalledn______.29.Thesoundsproducedwithlittleornoobstructionoftheairstreaminthemoutharecalledg______.30.Soundsproducedwiththetwolipsbroughttogethertocreateobstructionarecalledb______.31.Englishisani_____language.32./f/and/v/producedwiththelowerlipbroughtintocontactwiththeupperteeth,thuscreatingobstructionarecalledl____.Ⅲ.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.1.Onlyafewofthelanguagesintheworldtodayarebothspokenandwritten.()2.Thespeedofthevibrationdeterminesthepitchofthesounds.()3.Allvowelsarevoicingbecausetheyareproducedwithvibrationofthevocalcords.()4.Ofthethreebranchesofphonetics,acousticphoneticsisthelongestestablished,anduntil\nrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped.5.Thegreatestsourceofmodificationoftheairstreamisfoundintheoralcavity.()6.Bothphonologyandphoneticsarestudiesofspeechsounds.()7.TheclassificationofEnglishconsonantsinvolvesbothmannerofarticulationandplaceofarticulation.()8.Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.()9.Intheproductionofvowels,theairstreammeetsthesamekindofobstructionasintheproductionofconsonants.()10.Itisjustbecauseofitsdistinctivefeaturesthataphonemeiscapableofdistinguishingmeaning.()11.Assimilationofneighboringsoundsis,forthemostpart,causedbyarticulatoryorphysiologicalprocess.()12.Phoneticsisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.()13.Distinctivefeaturesarethesametoanylanguage.()14.Wordsofonlyonesyllable,cannotbesaidtohavewordstress.()15.Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.()16.Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:wordstressandsentencestress.()17.Sentencestressreferstotherelativeforcewhichisgiventothewordsinasentence.()18.Aphoneisaphoneticunit.Inotherwords,phonesarespeechsoundswehearorproduceinlinguisticcommunication.()19.Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsdon’tappearinthesameenvironment,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.()20.Intonationplaysanimportantroleintheconveyanceofmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish.　（　）Ⅳ.Definethefollowingterms,givingexampleforillustrationifnecessary.1.phonetics2.articulatoryphonetics3.theIPA4.broadtranscription5.phonology6.mannerofarticulation7.placeofarticulation8.phone9.phoneme10.allophone11.minimalpair12.tone