语言学Chapter 1 Introduction(2013) 5页

Chapter1PreliminariesaboutLanguageI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.(T)2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral..(F)3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks..(F)4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts..(T)5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.(T.)6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.(FF)7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.(TT)8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.(F)9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.(T)10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.(FF)11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.(T)12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.(T)13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotisolation,butincontext.(T)14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.(T)15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.(T)16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.(F)17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.(T)18.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.(F)19.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.(F)20.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.(F)II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.Chomskydefines"competence"astheidealuser'sk_knowledge___________oftherulesofhislanguage.22.Languereferstothea______abstract______linguiticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.23.D___3.Duality_________isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.\n24.Languageisasystemofa__rbitrary___________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds___syntax_________.26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag___genetic_____basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.27.P__Parole_________referstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa_applied______linguistics.29.Languageisp_productive_____________inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedadthes_____scientific(orsystematic)_______studyoflanguage.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe________C_______.A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.DescriptiveD.linguistic32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?DA.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.Meaningfulness33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas_________C________.A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stable34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardasmorebasicthanwriting,because_________D______.A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowritingB.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue.D.Alloftheabove.35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____B_____studyoflanguage.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.comparative\n36.Saussuretooka(n)_____A_______viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma___________pointofview.A.sociological…psychologicalB.psychological…sociologicalC.applied…pragmaticD.semanticandlinguistic37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,_____C______referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.A.paroleB.performanceC.langueD.language38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween____B___andmeanings.A.senseB.soundsC.objectsD.ideas39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_________A______.A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibilityD.culturaltransmission40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough____D______,ratherthanbyinstinct.A.learningB.teachingC.booksD.bothAandB41.WhichofthefollowingstatementaboutlanguageisNOTtrue?CA.LanguageisasystemB.LanguageissymbolicC.AnimalsalsohavelanguageD.Languageisarbitrary42.Whichfunctionisthemajorroleoflanguage?AAA.InformativeB.InterpersonalC.PerformativeD.Emotive43.Whichbranchofstudycannotbeincludedinthescopeoflinguistics?DA.SyntaxB.PragmaticsC.PhoneticsD.Anthropology.44.Thedistinctionoflangueandparoleismadeby________D_____.A.HallB.SapirC.ChomskyD.Saussure45.____C___c__isthestudyoftherelationshipbetweensymbolsandtheirinterpreters.A.SyntaxB.SemanticsC.PragmaticsD.Sociolinguistics46.The_____D______functionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitissocrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.A.performativeB.phaticC.recreationalD.emotive47.Theterm____C_______maybedefinedasawayofreferringtotheapproachwhichstudieslanguagechangesovervariousperiodsoftimeandatvarioushistoricalstages.A.synchroniclinguisticsB.comparativelinguisticsC.diachroniclinguisticsD.historicalcomparativelinguistics48.____A_____examineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.A.SemanticsB.SyntaxC.PragmaticsD.Morphology49.Saussuredistinguishesthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakersas__D_______.A.paroleB.languageC.systemD.langue50.Thisfundamentaldistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceisdiscussedby\n___A_______.A.ChomskyB.SaussureC.BloomfieldD.Austin51.Whatarethedualstructuresoflanguage?BA.SoundsandlettersB.SoundsandmeaningC.LettersandmeaningD.Soundsandsymbols52.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTtrue?BA.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.B.Languageissomearbitrarysymbols.C.Thelanguagesystemisuniquetohumanbeings.DLanguageisyettobeunderstood.53.Thefounderofmodernlinguisticsis____D___________.A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.BloomfieldD.Saussure54.Modernlinguisticsfocusesonthepresentdaylanguage,anditwillbepossibletodescribelanguagefroma________B___perspective.A.sociologicalB.synchronicC.diachronicD.psychological55.___________C____isconcernedwiththestudyoftheactualuseoflanguageincommunication.A.SociolinguisticsB.SemanticsC.PragmaticsD.Synchroniclinguistics56._______B_____B___studiesthesoundsystemsinacertainlanguage.A.PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.SemanticsD.Syntax57.__________A_____studieshowspeechsoundsaremade,transmittedandreceived.A.phoneticsB.PhonologyC.PhonemeD.Phonics58.Productivityisoneofthe_______B__B____featuresoflanguages.A.distinctiveB.designC.SuprasegmentalD.pragmatic59.WecanrefertoConfucius,eventhoughhehasbeendeadforover2,500years.Thisfeatureoflanguageiscalled________D_______.A.dualityB.creativityC.arbitrarinessD.displacement60.Whichfunctionoflanguageisalsocalledideationalfunction(达意功能)intheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar?AA.informativefunctionB.Interpersonalfunction.C.Emotivefunction.D.Recreationalfunction.IV.Definethefollowingterms:61.linguistics62.phonology63syntax64pragmatics65psycholinguistics66.language67phonetics68morphology69semantics70.sociolinguistics71.appliedlinguistics72.arbitrariness73.productivity74.displacement75.duality76.Competence77.designfeatures78.performance79.langue80.paroleV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:81.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.82.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Illustratethemwithexamples.83.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?\n84.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?85.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?86.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?87.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?88.Saussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?89.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?Why?备注：本练习版权归本人所有，只用于内部教学使用，不可外传，或上传到网上，望同学们遵守该说明。