语言学简明教程Cha 33页

GeneralLinguisticsSchoolofForeignLanguagesbyMaoYanwen1\nTargetsofthiscourse:4.Tobeaqualifiedteacherofalanguage3.Todoresearch2.Tocontributetothedevelopmentofhumanlanguages1.Toknowmoreaboutlanguage5.Tolearnalanguagebetter(forexampleEnglish)6.Totaketheentranceexamtobeapostgraduateofalanguage7.TogethighermarksforTEM8Whydoweneedtostudylinguistics?8.…2\nQuestions1.Whatisthebookabout?2.Whydowestudylinguistics?3.Whatcanwedowithlinguistics?3\nChapter1LanguageandLinguistics1.1IntroductionofLinguistics1.2 Whatislanguage?1.3Propertiesoflanguage1.4BodyLanguagesandOther‘Languages’1.5FunctionsofLanguage1.6SomeDistinctionsinLinguistics(FAQ)exercises4\nItisamajorbranchofsocialscience.Linguisticsstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanysociety,butthelanguageofallhumansocieties,languageingeneral.Linguisticsstudiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichalllanguagesareconstructedandoperateasasystemofcommunicationinthesocietiesinwhichtheyareused.WhatisLinguistics?Linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.1.1IntroductionofLinguistics5\nScopeofLinguistics1.GeneralLinguistics(intheory):2.Macrolinguistics(ApplicationofLinguistics)3.OtherclassificationsoflinguisticsNext6\n1.GeneralLinguistics(intheory):Phonetics(语音学)Phonology(音系学)Morphology(形态学/词形学)Syntax(句法学)Semantics(语义学)Pragmatics(语用学)Theaboveaspectsoflanguageformsthecoreoflinguistics.7\nSociolinguistics（社会语言学）Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）Corpuslinguistics（语料库语言学）Computationallinguistics（计算语言学)Stylisticlinguistics（stylistics)(文体学/语体学）Appliedlinguistics(应用语言学）……2.Macrolinguistics(ApplicationofLinguistics)8\n3.OtherClassificationsofLinguisticsFunctionallinguistics(功能语言学）Structurallinguistics（结构语言学）Chomskyanlinguistics（乔姆斯基语言学）Hallidayanlinguistics（韩礼德语言学）……9\nAncient(Plato),wordorigins&wordclass15thcentury,universalgrammar18thcentury,thesimilaritiesofsomelanguages19thcentury,historicalstudyofdifferentlanguagesHistoryofLinguisticsPre-scientificStudy10\nScientificStudyStructurestudyoflanguage(in1916)DeSaussure,theforefatherofmodernlinguisticsStructuralism(30yearslater)AmericanlinguistBloomfield,theextremeofDeSaussureFunctionallinguisticsEngland,HallidayT-GGrammarAmerican,Chomsky11\n1.2Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.system---elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules.Theycannotbearrangedatwill.arbitrary---thereisnointrinsic(logic)connectionbetweenasignanditsmeaning.vocal---theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.12\nsymbols---wordsarejustthesymbolsassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideasbyconvention.human-specific---humanbeingshavedifferentkindsofbrainsandvocalcapacity.“LanguageAcquisitionDevice”(LAD)13\nTimeforBreak14\nArbitrariness（任意性）Duality（双重性）Productivity（创造性）Culturaltransmission（文化传递性）1.3Propertiesoflanguage语言的结构特征(Designfeatures)nextback15\n1.Arbitrariness----theformoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Thelinkbetweenthemisamatterofconvention..E.g.“house”uchi(Japanese)Mansion(French)房子(Chinese)conventionality----Itmeansthatinanylanguagetherearecertainsequencesofsoundsthathaveaconventionallyacceptedmeaning.Thosewordsarecustomarilyusedbyallspeakerswiththesameintendedmeaningandunderstoodbyalllistenersinthesameway.16\n2.Duality----languageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels,andeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.Primarylevel----wordswhicharemeaningfulSecondarylevel----soundswhicharemeaningless,butcanbegroupedandregroupedintowords.Thisisthemosteconomicalfeatureoflanguage.17\n3.Productivity(creativity)---languageisresourceful.Itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.18\n4.CulturaltransmissionLanguageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearningratherthanbyinstinct.15419\nReview:1.Whatislinguistics?2.Whatislanguage?3.Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?(orpropertiesoflanguage)4.Intheory,howcanlinguisticsbeclassified?5.Whoistheforefatherofmodernlinguistics?6.WhatisHallidayfamousfor?7.WhatisChomskyfamousfor?20\nExamples:Brisk,erectwalkHandtocheekTappingordrummingfingersTiltedheadBitingnails1.4BodyLanguagesandOther“Languages”Qs:1）Whatisbodylanguage?Canyounamesomekindofbodylanguage?2）Isitlanguage?Whyorwhynot?ConfidencethinkingImpatienceInterestInsecurity,nervousness21\nAccordingtoHalliday(2003),therearethreebroadfunctionsoflanguage:Ideationalfunction（概念功能）Interpersonalfunction（人际功能）Textualfunction（语篇功能）1.5FunctionsofLanguage22\n1.6SomeDistinctionsinLinguistics(FAQ)(1)Descriptionvs.Prescription(2)Synchronicvs.Diachronic(3)Speechvs.Writing(4)Languevs.Parole(bySaussure)(5)Competencevs.Performance(byChomsky)(6)Modernlinguisticsvs.Traditionalgrammar23\nDescriptivevs.prescriptive“描写式”和“规定式”Theyrepresenttwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudy.Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.←24\nSynchronicvs.diachronic“共时”和“历时”Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionoflanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Adiachronicstudyisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.←25\nSpeech----primarymediumoflanguageWriting----laterdeveloped←Speech&Writing26\nlangue&parole“语言”和“言语”ThedistinctionwasmadebytheSwisslinguistSaussureintheearly20thcentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.Asasocialproduct,languagecanbethoughtofasthegeneralizedrulesofthelanguage.Parole,ontheotherhand,istheconcreteuseorapplicationoftherules.←27\nThedistinctionisdiscussedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.Competence---theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performance---theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.BothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.Theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemforseriousstudy.Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用←28\nModernlinguisticsisdescriptive,whichmeansitsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedata.Modernlinguisticsmainlydescribesandanalysesthefactsoflanguage.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon“high”writtenlanguage.Ittriestolaydownrulesfor“correct”orstandardlanguagebehavior.Modernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-daylanguage.Unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.Whatdoyouthinkmodernlinguisticsis?ModernLinguisticsisdescriptive&synchronic.＞29\nReview:Strictlyspeaking,isbodylanguagealanguage?Whyorwhynot?AccordingtoHalliday,whatarethebroadfunctionsoflanguage?Whomakesthedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole?Whomakesthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?30\nExercises:Trueorfalse:Linguisticsstudiesonespecificlanguage.()Modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptivebecauseitsetsrulesforlanguageuserstofollow.()Languageisarbitrarybynaturebutitisnotentirelyarbitrary.()Languageisnon-instinctive.()Fillintheblanks:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyof__________.Languageisasystemof________________usedforhumancommunication.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalysesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe___________.Ifitaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectbehavioritissaidtobe__________.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”.Thissentencemeansthatlanguagehasthefeatureof________.Writingisasecondarylanguageformbasedupon_______.Thefactthattheabilitytospeakalanguageistransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthanbyinstinctisusuallyreferredtoas_________.31\nAfter-classworkHomeworkWhydowesaylanguageisarbitrary?Pleasesetanexampletoexplain.32\nKey:Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthesoundsthatpeopleuseandtheobjectstowhichthesesoundsrefer.Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningissetbyconvention.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Atypicalexampletoillustratethe“arbitrariness”oflanguageis“arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”.Thereisnoconnectionbetweenthesound“rose”andthefloweritrepresentsattheverybeginning.33