语言学Chapter 5 Meaning 练习 4页

Chapter5MeaningI.Choosethebestanswer(20%).1.Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.A.theconceptualistviewB.contextualismC.thenamingtheoryD.behaviorism2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.C.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.3.___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponentscalledsemanticfeatures.A.PredicationanalysisB.ComponentialanalysisC.PhonemicanalysisD.Grammaticalanalysis4.Alive”and“dead”are______________.A.gradableantonymsB.relationalantonymsC.complementaryantonymsD.Noneoftheabove5._________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sense6.___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.PolysemyB.SynonymyC.HomonymyD.Hyponymy7.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A.homonymsB.polysemiesC.hyponymsD.synonyms8.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.A.grammaticalrulesB.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrulesD.semanticfeatures9.Thepairofwords“lend”and“borrow”are___（　　）　A.gradableopposites　　　B.relationalopposites　C.co-hyponyms　　　　　D.synonyms10.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword“gentleman”canbeexpressedas__.（　　）　　A.+animate，+male，+human，-adult　　B.+animate，+male，+human，+adult　　C.+animate，-male，+human，-adult　　D.+animate，-male，+human，+adultII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself.Forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.12.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Whilereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaning\nofthelinguisticform.13.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.14.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.15.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.16.Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.17.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.18.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.19.“Itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.20.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.__________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.22.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisno__________linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.23.__________meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.24.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled__________.25.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalled__________.26.__________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.27.__________analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.28.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalled__________restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.29.A(n)__________isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.30.Accordingtothe__________theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.Entailment32.Proposition33.Componentialanalysis34.ReferenceV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.Whatarethesenserelationsbetweenthefollowinggroupsofwords?\nDogs.cats.pets.parrots;trunk,branches.tree.roots（青岛海洋大学，1999）36.Whatarethethreekindsofantonymy?（武汉大学，2004）VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Foreachgroupofwordsgivenbelow,statewhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesaresharedby(a)wordsand(b)wordsandwhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesdistinguishbetweentheclassesof(a)wordsand(b)words.(1)a.bachelor.man.son.paperboy.pope.chiefb.bull.rooster.drake.ram(2)a.table.stone.pencil.cup.house.ship.carb.milk.alcohol.rice.soup(3)a.book.temple.mountain.road.tractorb.idea.love.charity.sincerity.bravery.fear（青岛海洋大学，1999）Key:I.1~10BBBCAADBBBII.11~15FFTFT16~20TFTTTIII.21.Semantics22.direct23.Reference24.synonyms25.homophones26.Relational27.Componential28.selectional29.argument30.namingIV.31.Entailment.Itisbasicallyasemanticrelation(orlogicalimplication).anditcanbeclarifiedwiththefollowingsentences:a.TomdivorcedJane.b.JanewasTom’swife.Intermsoftruthvalue.thefollowingrelationshipsexistbetweenthesetwosentences.whenAistrue.Bmustbealsotrue;whenBisfalse.Amustalsobefalse.WhenBistrue.Amaybetrueorfalse.ThereforewecansayAentailsB.32.Proposition.Itistheresultoftheabstractionofsentences.whicharedescriptionsofstatesofaffairsandwhichsomewritersseeasabasicelementofsentencemeaning.Forexample.thetwosentences.CaesarinvadedGaul”and.GaulwasinvadedbyCaesar”holdthesameproposition.33.Compositionalanalysis.Itdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents.orsemanticfeatures.Forexample.themeaningofthewordboymaybeanalyzedintothreecomponents.HUMAN.YOUNGandMALE.SimilarlygirlmaybeanalyzedintoHUMAN.YOUNGandFEMALE.34.Reference.Itiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.V.35.Hyponymy.metonymyorpart-whole\nrelationship36.(Omit.)VI.37.(1)The(a)wordsand(b)wordsaremale.The(a)wordsarehuman.whilethe(b)wordsarenon-human.(2)The(a)wordsand(b)wordsareinanimate.The(a)wordsareinstrumental.whilethe(b)wordsareedible.(3)The(a)wordsand(b)wordsareworldlyorconceptual.The(a)wordsarematerial.whilethe(b)wordsarespiritual.