大学英语专业语言学 38页

Lecture2PhoneticsLanguageisprimarilyvocal.Theprimarymediumofhumanlanguageissound.Linguistsarenotinterestedinallsounds,butinspeechsounds----soundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication.\nWhatisphonetics?----Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription,e.g.[p]bilabial,stop.\nScopeofphoneticsArticulatoryphonetics----fromthespeakers’pointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”.Auditoryphonetics----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”.Acousticphonetics----fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.\nArticulatoryphoneticsword|'w∂:d||'w∂:rd|pass|pa:s||pæs|box|bכks||baks|interesting|'intristiŋ||'int∂ristiŋ|system|'sistim||'sist∂m|\nSpeechorgansA.TheinitiatoroftheairstreamB.ThevocalcordsC.Theresonatingcavities\nTheinitiatoroftheairstream\nThevocalcordsCordsopenCordsclosed\nLarynx\nThreeresonatingcavitiesPharyngealcavity----thethroatTheoralcavity----themouthNasalcavity----thenose\nThreecavities\nThediagramofspeechorgansLipsTeethTeethridge(alveolar)HardpalateSoftpalate(velar)UvulaTipoftongueBladeoftongueBackoftongueVocalcordsPharyngealcavityNasalcavity\nMoreexactly\nTerms:placesofarticulationBilabial;Labiodental;Dentalorinterdental;Alveolar;Palatoalveolar;Palatal;Velar;Uvular;Glottal.\nSomemajorarticulatoryvariables----dimensionsonwhichspeechsoundsmayvary:Voicing----voiced&voicelessNasality----nasal&non-nasalAspiration-----aspirated&unaspirated\nClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds----Englishspeechsoundsaregenerallyclassifiedintotwolargecategories:VowelsConsonantsNote:Theessentialdifferencebetweenthesetwoclassesisthatintheproductionoftheformertheairstreammeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenoseorthemouth,whileinthatofthelatteritissomehowobstructed.\nClassificationofconsonants----Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedaccordingtotwodimensions:TheplacesofarticulationThemannersofarticulation\nTheplacesofarticulationbilabial:[p],[b],[m],[w]in“pie,buy,my”.labiodental:[f],[v]in“fie,vie”.dental:[θ],[δ]in“thigh,thy”.alveolar:[t],[d],[l],[n],[s],[z]in“tie,die….”palatal:[j],[∫][з]in“yes,shy,genre”.velar:[k],[g],[ŋ]in“sick,zig,sing”.glottal:[h]in“her,high”.\nThemannersofarticulationstops/plosives:[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g];fricatives:[f],[v],[s],[z],[∫],[з],[θ],[δ],[h];affricates:[t∫],[dз]in“chuch,judge”.liquids:[l](lateral),[r];nasals:[m],[n],[ŋ]in“sing”.glides/semivowels/approximant:[w],[j]in“we,you”.\nThedescriptionofEnglishconsonantsPlacemannerVoic-ingBila-bialLabio-dentalDentalAlveo-larPalatalVelarGlottalStopsorplosivesVL[p][t][k]VD[b][d][g]Frica-tivesVL[f][θ][s][∫][h]VD[v][δ][z][з]Affri-catesVL[t∫]VD[dз]NasalsVD[m][n][ŋ]LiquidsVD[l],[r]GlidesVD[w][j]\nDescriptionofEnglishconsonants[p]voiceless,bilabial,stop[b]voiced,bilabial,stop[s]voiceless,alveolar,fricative[z]voiced,alveolar,fricativeNote:descriptionofconsonantsvoiced/voiceless;Placesofarticulation;Mannersofarticulation.\nClassificationofvowels----Englishvowelscanbedividedintotwolargecategories:Monophthongsorpure/singlevowelsDiphthongsorglidingvowels\nMonophthongsorpure/singlevowels----Accordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighestintheprocessofproduction,thevowelscanbedistinguishedas:frontvowels:[i:],[i],[e],[æ]centralvowels:[ə:],[ə],[∧]backvowels:[u:],[u],[כ:],[כ],[a:]\nAccordingtotheopennessofthemouth(P.36)Close:[i:],[i],[u:],[u]Semi-close:[e],[ə:];Semi-open:[ə],[כ:];Open:[æ],[a:],[a],[∧],[כ];\nThediagramofsinglevowelclassificationbyapplyingthetwocriteriasofarmentioned:\nAccordingtotheshapeofthelipsorthedegreeofliproundingrounded:[u:],[u],[כ:],[כ];unrounded:[i:],[i],[a:],[a],[e],[ə:][ə],[∧],\nAccordingtothelengthofthevowelslong(tense):[i:],[a:],[u:],[כ:],[ə:]Short(lax):[i],[a],[כ],[u],[ə],[∧]\nDiphthongs/glidingvowels[ei],[əu],[ai],[au],[כi],[iə],[uə],[εə]\nDescriptionofEnglishvowels[i:]high,front,tense,unrounded[u]high,back,lax,rounded[ə]mid,central,lax,unrounded[כ]low,back,lax,roundedNote:descriptionofvowelsTheheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low);Thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back);Thetensenessofthevowel;Lip-rounding;\nExercises:Abilabialconsonant:madsadbadcadpadhadladAvelarconsonant:godnodcodpodrodLabiodentalconsonant:fatratvatsatmatchatpatAnalveolarconsonant:ticknicklickkicksickquickApalato-alveolarconsonant:shipsipchiptiplipzipAdentalconsonant:thighliethybuytieryeAglide:yolkrushwarone\nUnderlinethewordsthatendwithasoundasrequired:AfricativebreathwreathepayhorsericehangtoughcavesingpushAnasaltrainbanglimbleafAstoppipecrabdrillfitridelaughrackfogthroughtipAnaffricate:suchridgerack\nUnderlinethewordsthatcontainthesoundasrequired:Acentralvowel:madlotbutbootwordAfrontvowel:reedpadloadfatebitbedcookAroundedvowel:whohebusherhittruebossbarwalkAbackvowel:paidreapfooltopgoodfather\nDescribetheunderlinedconsonantsaccordingtothreedimensions:vd/vlplacemannerLettervlalveolarstop/plosiveBrothervddentalfricativeSunnyvlalveolarfricativeHoppervlbilabialstop/plosiveItchingLodgerCallingSingingRobbereither\nPhonetictranscription----AstandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.\nExamplesThephoneme/l/ispronounceddifferentlyinthosewords‘let,play,tell’./l/in‘let’,thesoundismadebyraisingthefrontofthetonguetothehardpalate,whilethevocalcordsarevibrating→[l]./l/in‘play’,thesoundismadewiththesametonguepositionasthefirst,butthevocalcordsarenotvibrating→[l°]./l/in‘tell’,thesoundismadebyraisingnotonlythefront,butalsothebackofthetonguewhilethevocalcordsarevibrating→[ł].\nBroadtranscriptionBroadtranscription----usedindictionaryandtextbookforgeneralpurpose,withoutdiacritics,e.g.clear[l],[p]\nNarrowtranscriptionNarrowtranscription----usedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,withdiacritics,e.g.dark[ł],aspirated[pʰ].\nThankyouforyourattention!\n