语言学课堂考试题 9页

-ChapterOneLFillintheblanks.1.Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansofcommunication.2.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumuberablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed•3・Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis•4.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledtheory.5.Thetheorythatlanguagearosefrominstinctiveemotionalcries,expressiveofpainorjoyhasbeencalledtheory.6.Thetheorythatlanguagearosefromhumanbeingsinstinctiveneedforcontactwithhiscompanionhasbeencalledthetheory.7.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyof•8.Modernlinguisticisinthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.9・Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofoverwritings10・Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisastudy.11.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.12.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure^slangueandChomsky^•II.Choosethebestanswer.13.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman•a.contactb・communicationc.relationd.community14>Languageis•a.instinctiveb.non-instinctivec>staticd.geneticallytransmitted15.Alinguistregardsthechangesinlanguageandlanguagesuseas•a.unnaturalb.somethingtobefearedc.naturald>abnormal16>Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?a.treeb.crashc.typewriterd>bang17.Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade^is•a.interrogativeb.directivec.informatived.performative18.isagrammaticaldescriptionofalanguagespeciallydesignedasanaidtoteachingthatlanguagetonativeorforeignlearners.\na・Descriptivegrammarb.Prescriptivegrammarc.Pedagogicalgrammard・Universalgrammar17.InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosaysuisuipingan(everyyearbesafeandhappy)asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichthebelieversfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?a.Interpersonalb・Emotivec.Performatived・RecreationaL20・Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?a.Transferability.b.Duality.c.Displacementd.Arbitrariness2LStudythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?—Aniceday,isn'tit?—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.a.Emotiveb>Phaticc.Performatived.Interpersonal22.Whichbranchoflinguisticsstudiesthesimilaritiesanddifferencesamonglanguages?a・Diachroniclinguistics.b・Synchroniclinguistics.c.Prescriptivelinguistics.d.Comparativelinguistics.23.referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser^sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.a.Performanceb.Competencec.Langued.Parole24.dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.a.Linguisticgeographyb.Sociolinguisticsc.Appliedlinguisticsd.Comparativelinguistics.1ILDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)>25.Dualityisoneofthecharacteristicsofhumanlanguage*ItreferstoThefactthatlanguagehastwolevelsofstructures:thesystemofsoundsandthesystemofmeanings.26.Prescriptivelinguisticsismorepopularthandescriptivelinguistics,becauseitcantellushowtospeakcorrectlanguage.・•“27.Competenceandperformancereferrespectivelytoalanguageuser，sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesandtheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations*■■“2&Languageisameansofverbalcommunication>Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythe\ndeaf-muteisnotlanguage^—-29.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakesalanguagebepassedfromgenerationtogenerationsAsaforeignlanguagelearner,thelatterismoreimportantforus.30.Bydiachronicstudywemeantostudythechangesanddevelopmentoflanguage.・・・・31.Langueisrelativelystableandsystematicwhileparoleissubjecttopersonalandsituationalconstraints*■…32.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.■…33.Inlanguageclassroomsnowadaysthegrammartaughttostudentsisbasicallydescriptive,andmoreattentionispaidtothedevelopinglearners^communicativeskills.34Thisisanexampleforillustrating•4.InEnglishthereareanumberof,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions*10>referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbours.11•isthesmallestlinguisticuni仁12.Accordingto,whenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.ILChoosethebestanswer.13.Pitchvariationisknownaswhenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.a.intonationb.tonec.pronunciationd.voice14.Conventionallyaisputinslashes.a>allophoneb.phonec.phonemed.morpheme15.Anaspiratedp，anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpareofthepphoneme.a.analoguesb.tagmemesc.morphemesd.allophones16.Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas•a.glottisb.vocalcavityc.pharynxd.uvula17.Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownasdiphthongs.a.wideb.closingc.narrowd.centering1&Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled•a.minimalpairsb.allomorphsc.phonesd.allophones19.Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?a>acousticphonetics,b.Articulatoryphonetics,c.Auditoryphoneticsd.Neitherofthem20eWhichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtomannersofarticulation?a.[z]b.[w]c.[0]d.[v]21.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?a.[n]b.[m]c.[b]d.[p]22.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?a.[i：]b.[u]c.[e]d・[i]\n21.Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?a.Voicelessb.Voicedc.GlottalstopD・Consonant24eWhichconsonantrepresentsthefollowingdescription:voicelesslabiodentalfricative?\na.[f]b.[0]c.[z]d.[s]IILDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsare[T]or[F].25.Ofthethreephoneticsbranched,thelongestestablishedone,anduntilrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped,isacousticphonetics.26.Sound[p]intheword"spit”isunaspiratedstop.27.Supersegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme^suchassyllable,wordandsentence.28-Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirequalityofaspeechsound.29.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation*-…30>[p]isvoicedbilabialstop.—-31.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.・•“32.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.——33.Whenpureormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.—-34Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs・short35.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.■■“36・Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonsetKeystoChapterTwo:FillintheblanksLArticulatory2.airstream3.voiced;voiceless;voiced4.friction5.tongue6.height7.obstruction&minimalpairs9.diphthongs10>CoarticulationILPhonemes12.themaximalonsetprincipleILChoosethebestanswer13.A14.C15.D16・A17.A18・D19.B20・B2LA22.B23.B24.AIILDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsare[T]or[F]・25.[F]itshouldbearticulatoryphonetics.26.[T]27.[T]28.[T]29.[T]30.[F]31.[F]32.[T]33.[T]34.[T]35.[F]36.[F]ChapterThree\nFillintheblanks:1•Takeistheoftaking,takenandtook.2.Boundmorphninesareclassifiedintotwotypesandroot.3.Anispronouncedletterbyletter,whileanispronouncedasaword.4.Lexicon^inmostcases,issynonymouswith•5.Orthographically^compoundsarewritteninthreeways:,and•6.Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot•1.Asamllsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongstoclass,whilethelargestpartofnouns，verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongstoclass.1.isareverseprocessofderivative,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.2.isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeableasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa>3.Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsontheleveL4.Awordformedbyderivationiscalledaandawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda•5.Thepoorisanexampleofconversion.ILChoosethebestanswer.13>Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas•a.lexicalwordsb.grammaticalwordsc.functionwordd・formwords11.Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalledmorphemeInEnglish4seand-tionarecalled•a・prefixesb.suffixesc.infixesd・freemorphemes17.MorphologyisgenerallydividedintotwoHelds:thestudyofword・formationand•a.affixationb・etymologyc.inflection6.root.IS.Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand•a.derivationalaffixb・inflectionalaffixc.infixd・back・formation19.isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsby\nsubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.a*Affixationb.Back・formationc.Insertiond.Addition19.ThewordTBisformedinthewayof・acronymyb.clippingc.initialismd.blending2LTherearedifferenttypesofaffixesormorphemes.Theaffix"ed”intheword"learned”isknownasa(n)•a.derivationalmorphemeb・freemorphemec.inflectionalmorphemed.freeform22.Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby•a.blendingb.clippingc.backformationd・acronymy23.Thestemofdisagreementsis•a.agreementb・agreec.disagreed・disagreement24.Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor•a.lexemeb・phonemec・morphemed.allomorphIILDecidewhetherthestatementsare[T]or[F]・25.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.26.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.27>Basereferstothepartofwordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.28・Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningoftheword-classofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.29.Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofconversion.30.Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.31>Theword,whimper^whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.32.Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.33.BackformationisaproductivewayofformingnounsinModernEnglish*34.Inflectionisaparticularwayofword・formation・35.Wecanalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.36>Allrootsarefreeandallaffixesarebound.KeysI.Fillintheblanks:Llexeme2.affix;bound3.initialism;acronym\n4.vocabulary5.solid;hyphenated;open6.morpheme2.close;open8・Backformation9.Conversion4.morphemic11・derivative,compound12.partialILChoosethebestanswer:1.A14.A15.C16.B17.C1&C19.B20.C21.C22.A23.B24.BIILDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F]>22.[F]26.[T]27.[FJ2&[T]29.[T]30.[F]31.[T]32.[F]33.[F]34.[F]35・[F]36.[F]