英语语言学术语英汉对照 9页

英语语言学术语英汉对照[在其他地方发现了这个帖子,特发到这里,以供考中南外院的同学借鉴1.语言的普遍特征:任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性culturaltransmission2。语言的功能:传达信息功能informative人济功能:interpersonal行事功能erformative表情功能:Emotive寒暄功能:Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual3.语言学linguistics:包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics4.现代结构主义语言学创始人:Ferdinanddesaussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一:语言与言语languageandparole,语言之语言系统的整体,言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5.语法创始人:NoamChomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competenceandperformance1.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeusedtodescribedisplacement.oneoftheuniquepropertiesoflanguage:a.wecaneasilyteachourchildrentolearnacertainlanguageb.wecanuseboth'shu'and'tree'todescribethesamething.c.wecanuselanguagetorefertosomethingnot\npresentd.wecanproducesentencesthathaveneverbeenheardbefore.2.Whatisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?a.interpersonalb.phaticc.informatived.metallingual3.Thefunctionofthesentence"Aniceday,isn'tit?"is__ainformativeb.phaticc.directived.performative4.Thedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceisproposedby__asaussureb.hallidayc.chomskyd.thepragueschool5.Whoputforwardthedistinctionbetweenlanguageandparole?a.saussureb.chomskyc.hallidaydanomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带thevocalcords和三个回声腔组成2.辅音consonant:thereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音completeobstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞辅音partialobstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiratio\nn5.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置,舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowelglides1.Articulatoryphoneticsmainlystudies__.a.thephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeechb.theperceptionofsoundsc.thecombinationofsoundsd.theproductionofsounds2.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin__a.theplaceofarticulationb.theobstructionfairstreamc.thepositionofthetongued.theshapeofthelips3.Whatisthecommonfactorofthethreesounds:p,kta.voicelessb.spreadc.voicedd.nasal4.Whatphoneticfeaturedistinguishthepinpleaseandthepinspeak?a.voicingb.aspirationc.roundnessd.nasality5.WhichofthefollowingisnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglish?a.voicingb.nasalc.approximationd.aspiration6.Thephonologicalfeaturesoftheconsonantkare__a.voicedstopb.voicelessstopc.voicedfricatived.voicelessfricative7.pisdivverentfromkin__a.themannerofarticulationb.theshapeofthelipsc.thevibrationofthevocalcordsd.thepalceof\narticualtion8.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsin__a.aspirationb.nasalityc.obstructiond.voicing第三节音位学phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别:语音学着重于语音的自然属性,主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音;音位学则强调语音的社会功能,其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。2.音位phoneme:最小语音单位3.音位变体allophones:读音差别4.对比性分布:如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中,而且产生了两个不同的单词,5.互补性分布;如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中,那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系,如送气p绝不会出现在s之后,不送气的p绝不会出现在词首6.音节syllable,分为节首onset,节峰peak,节尾coda7.辅音群:一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音,节尾不能超过4个8.最小语音对minimalpairsI.Introduction1.WhatisLanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.WhatisLinguistics(语言学)Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.3.SomeBasicDistinctions(区分)inLinguistics3.1SpeechandWritingOnegeneralprinciple(原则)oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope(范畴)andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.3.2Descriptive(描述性)orPrescriptive(说明性)Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.3.3Synchronic(共时)andDiachronic(历时)StudiesThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.3.4Langue(语言)andParole(言语)ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussure(索绪尔)earlylastcentury.languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembers\nofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualized(实际的)language,orrealizationoflangue.3.5Competence(能力)andPerformance(行为)Competenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances(发声).4.TheScopeofLinguisticsGenerallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.Phonetics(语音学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.Phonology(音韵学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguages.Morphology(词法)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.Syntax(句法)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.Semantics(语义学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.Appliedlinguistics(应用语言学)isthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.HistoricalLinguistics(历史语言学)isthestudyoflanguagechanges.Anthropologicallinguistics(人文语言学)usesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.Neurolinguistics(神经语言学)studiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.Mathematicallinguistics(数学语言学)studiesthemathematicalfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.Computationallinguistics(计算语言学)isanapproachtolinguisticsinwhichmathematicaltechniquesandconceptsareapplied,oftenwiththeaidofacomputer.II.Phonetics(语音学)1.scopeofphoneticsSpeechsoundsmaybestudiedfromdifferentangles,thuswehaveatleastthreebranchesofphonetics:Articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学)wemayexaminethewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodiscoverwhichvocalorgansareinvolvedandhowtheycoordinate(协调)inthe\nprocess.Auditoryphonetics(听觉语音学)wemaylookintotheimpressionaspeakermakesonthehearerasmediated(调节)bytheear,theauditorynerve(神经)andthebrain.Acousticphonetics(声学语音学)westudythephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmitted(传送)betweenmouthandear.2.ThevocalorgansThevocalorgansmaybeviewedasconsistingofthreeparts,theinitiatoroftheair-stream,(气流发生器官)theproducerofvoice(声音发生器官)andtheresonatingcavities.(声音共振器官)3.Consonants(辅音)Placesofarticulation(发音部位):bilabial,(双唇)Labiodentals,(唇齿)dental,(齿)alveolar,(齿龈)retroflex,(卷舌)palate-alveolar,(上齿龈)palatal,(上颚)velar,(软腭)uvular,(小舌)glottal(声门)Mannersofarticulation:plosive,(暴破)nasal,(鼻音)trill,(颤音)lateral,(边音)fricative,(摩擦)approximant,(近似音)affricate(破擦)4.Vowels(元音)Theclassificationofvowels:theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low),thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back),andthedegreeofliprounding(rounded,unrounded)III.Phonology(音韵学)1.phonemes(音素):adistinctive(有区别的)soundinalanguage.2.Allophones(音位变体):Thenondistinctivesoundsaremembersofthesamephoneme.3.Minimalpairs(最小对立体):wordformswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.4.Freevariation(自由变异):Iftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironment(环境),theydoesnotproduceadifferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword.5.Complementarydistribution(补充分类):Notallthespeechsoundsoccurinthesameenvironment.Whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment.6.Suprasegmentalphonology(超音段音位):thestudyofphonologicalproperties(性质)ofunitslagerthanthesegment-phoneme.Theyaresyllable(音节),stress,(重音)wordstress,sentencestress.pitch(音调)andintonation(语调).IV.Morphology(词法)1.inflection(构形法):thegrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes.(屈折词缀)2.Word-formation(构词):theprocesses(过程)ofwordvariationssignalinglexical\nrelationships.(表明词法关系)Theyarecompound(合成)andderivation(派生).3.Morpheme(词素):thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.4.Allomorph(同质异象变体):somemorphemeshaveconsiderablevariation,forinstance,alternateshapesorphoneticforms.5.Typesofmorphemes:Theyareroots,(词根)affix(词缀)andstem(词干).6.Lexicon(语言词汇):initsmostgeneralsense,issynonymouswithvocabulary.7.Closed-classwords(封闭性)andopen-classwords(开放性):theformerwhosemembershipisfixedorlimitedandthelatterwhosemembershipisinprinciple(实际上)indefiniteorunlimited.8.Wordclass(词性):Itdisplaysawiderrangeofmorepreciselydefinedclasses.9.Lexeme(词位):thesmallestunitinthemeaningsystemofalanguagethatcanbedistinguishedfromothersmallerunits.10.Idiom(习语,成语):Mostphrasallexemesareidioms.Itisespeciallytrueforasequenceofwords(词序)whichissemantically(语义上)andoftensyntactically(句法上)restricted.(限制)11.Collocation(搭配):thehabitual(习惯的)co-occurrences(同时出现)ofindividuallexicalitems.V.Syntax(句法)1.Positionalrelationorwordorder(词序):thesequential(顺序)arrangementofwordsinalanguage.2.Constructionorconstituent(句子结构):theoverallprocessofinternal(内部)organizationofagrammaticalunit.3.Syntacticfunction(句法功能):therelationshipbetweenalinguisticformandotherpartsofthelinguisticpatterninwhichitisused.Thenamesoffunctionsareexpressedintermsofsubjects,objects,predicates,modifiers,(修饰语)complements(补语),etc.4.Category(范畴):Itreferstoclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,e.g.noun,verb,subject,predicate,nounphrase,verbphrase,etc.Thecategoriesofthenounincludenumber,gender,caseandcountability.5.Phrase:asingleelementofstructurecontainingmorethanoneword,andlackingthesubject-predicatestructuretypicalofclause.6.Clause:agroupofwordswithitsownsubjectandpredicate,ifitisincludedinalargersentence.7.Sentence:Itistheminimumpartoflanguagethatexpressesacompletethought.VI.\nSemantics1.Conceptualismormentalism(概念主义):FollowingF.DeSaussure(索学尔)'s"sign"theory,thelinguisticsignissaidtoconsistofasignifier(所指)andsignified(被指),i.e.,asoundimageandaconcept,likedbyapsychological(心理的)"associative"bond.(相关联系)2.Mechanism(机械主义):Somelinguists,Bloomfield,(布鲁费尔德)forexample,turnedtosciencetocounter(反)-acttheprecioustheoriesandthisleadstowhatcallthemechanisticapproach(方法).Thenatureofthistheoryhasnothingtodowiththescientificstudyofmentalphenomena.(智力现象)3.Contextualism(语境主义):Itisbasedonthepresumption(假定)thatonecanderivemeaningfromorreduceittoobservablecontext.4.Behaviorism(行为主义):Behavioristsattempttodefine(定义)themeaningofalanguageformas"thesituation(情景)inwhichthespeakerutters(说话)itandtheresponse(反应)itcallsforthinthehearer."5.functionalism(功能主义):functionalistsasrepresented(代表)bythePragueschool(布拉格学派)linguistsandneo-Firthian(新弗斯)linguists,approachtheproblemfromanentirelyneworientation(方法).Theyargue(争辩)thatmeaningcouldonlybeinterpreted(解释)fromitsuseorfunctioninsociallife.6.Senserelationships:Whilereferencedealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelements,words,sentences,etc.,andthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,senserelatestothecomplexsystemofrelationshipsthatholdbetweenthelinguisticelementsthemselves.Theyincludesynonymy(同义词),antonym(反义词),hyponymy(下层次)Polysemy(一词多义)andHomonymy(同音异义词)7.Semanticanalysis:Itincludes1)componential(成分)analysiswhichdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents.(意义成分)2)predication(表述)analysisinwhichthemeaningofasentenceisnotmerelythesumofthemeaningsofthewordswhichcomposeit.3)relationalcomponentsinwhichthesemanticanalysisofsomewordspresentsacomplicatedpicture,becausetheyshowrelationsbetweentwoandperhapsmoreterms.VII.Languagevariation(语言变化)1.Lexicalchange(词汇的变化):changesinlexis.2.Invention:(新造词)newentities.3.Compounding合成词)Newwordsaresometimesconstructedbycombiningtwooldwords.4.Blending:(混合词):Itisarelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtworootsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstrootandthefinalpartofthesecondroot,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetworoots.5.Abbreviationorclipping缩写)Anewwordiscreatedbycuttingthefinalpart\norcuttingtheinitialpart.6.acronym:(取首字母的缩写词)Itismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodified(修饰)headword.7.metanalysis:(再分化)Itreferstoaprocessthroughwhichadivisionismadewheretherewerenotebefore.8.Back-formation:(逆构词)Itreferstoanabnormal(非正常)typeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeleting(去掉)animaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage.9.Analogicalcreation:(类比造词)Itcanaccountfor(说明)theco-existenceoftwoforms,regularandirregular,intheconjugation(结合)ofsomeEnglishverbs.10.Borrowing(借用):Englishinitsdevelopmenthasmanagedtowidenhervocabularybyborrowingwordsfromotherlanguages.11.Phonologicalchange(音变):Itisrelatedtolanguagevariationinthephonologicalsystemoflanguage.Itincludesloss,(省音)addition,(加音)assimilation,(同化)dissimilation.(异化)12.Grammaticalchange:Changesinbothmorphology(词法)andsyntax(句法)arelistedunderthisheading.13.Semanticchange:(语义变化)Itincludesbroadening,(语义扩大)narrowing,(语义缩小)meaningshift,(意义转化)classshift(词性转换)andfolketymology.(词源变化)14.Orthographicchange:(正字法)Changescanalsobefoundatthegraphiticlevel.