《语言学》构词法 blend 5页

[Expand]SupportWikipedia:anon-profitproject—DonateNowBlendFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaJumpto:navigation,searchForotheruses,seeBlend(disambiguation)."Blending"redirectshere.Foralphablending,seeAlphacompositing.Inlinguistics,ablendisawordformedfrompartsoftwootherwords.Thesepartsaresometimes,butnotalways,morphemes.Contents[hide]1Linguisticso1.1Formation1.1.1Blendingoftworoots1.1.2LexicalSelection2Use3Seealso4References[edit]LinguisticsBlendsdealwiththeactionofabridgingandthencombiningvariouslexemestoformanewword.However,theprocessofdefiningwhichwordsaretrueblendsandwhicharenotismorecomplicated.Thedifficultycomesindeterminewhichpartsofanewwordare"recoverable"(itsrootcan[1]bedistinguished).Therearemanytypesofblends,basedonhowtheyareformed.Algeo,a[2]linguist,proposeddividingblendsintothreegroups:1.PhonemicOverlap:asyllableorpartofasyllableissharedbetweentwowords2.Clipping:theshorteningoftwowordsandthencompoundingthem\n3.PhenomicOverlapandClipping:shorteningoftwowordstoasharedsyllableandthencompoundingHowever,classificationoftypesofblendsisnotstandardamongalllinguists.[edit]FormationMostblendsareformedbyoneofthefollowingmethods:1.Thebeginningofonewordisaddedtotheendoftheother(seeportmanteauword.Forexample,brunchisablendofbreakfastandlunch.Oneofthetwomaybeawholewordifitisshort.Thisisthemostcommonmethodofblending.Amonosyllabicwordisdividedintoitsonsetandrimeifnecessary.Ablendofthistypetypicallyhasthesamenumberofsyllablesasthesecondword.obroccoli(3)+cauliflower(4)→broccoflower(4)obreakfast(2)+lunch(1)→brunch(1)ocamera(3)+recorder(3)→camcorder(3)oeducation(4)+entertainment(4)→edutainment(4)oinformation(4)+commercial(3)→infomercial(4,exception)omotor(2)+hotel(2)→motel(2)osimultaneous(5)+broadcast(2)→simulcast(3,exception)osmoke(1)+fog(1)→smog(1)ospoon(1)+fork(1)→spork(1)ostagnation(3)+inflation(3)→stagflation(3)2.Thebeginningsoftwowordsarecombined.Forexample,cyborgisablendofcyberneticandorganism.3.Twowordsareblendedaroundacommonsequenceofsounds.Forexample,thewordCalifornication,fromasongbytheRedHotChiliPeppers,isablendofCaliforniaandfornication.4.Multiplesoundsfromtwocomponentwordsareblended,whilemostlypreservingthesounds'order.PoetLewisCarrollwaswellknownforthesekindsofblends.Anexampleofthisisthewordslithy,ablendoflitheandslimy.ThismethodisdifficulttoachieveandisconsideredasignofCarroll'sverbalwit.Whentwowordsarecombinedintheirentirety,theresultisconsideredacompoundwordratherthanablend.Forexample,bagpipeisacompound,notablend,ofbagandpipe.[edit]Blendingoftworoots\nBlendingcanalsoapplytorootsratherthanwords,forinstanceinIsraeliHebrew."Israeli㘸ㄠ㄰氠dakhpór‘bulldozer’hybridizes(MishnaicHebrew>>)Israeliㄠ㄰氠√dħp‘push’and(BiblicalHebrew>>)Israeliㄠ㄰√ħpr‘dig’[...]Israeli㘸ʨshiltút‘zapping,surfingthechannels,flippingthroughthechannels’derivesfrom(i)(Hebrew>)Israeliʨshalát‘remotecontrol’,anellipsis–likeEnglishremote(butusingthenouninstead)–ofthe(widelyknown)compoundʨ㘸㄰shalátrakhók–cf.theAcademyoftheHebrewLanguage’sʨ㄰shalátrákhak;and(ii)(Hebrew>)Israeli㘸shitút‘wandering,vagrancy’.Israeli㘸ʨshiltútwasintroducedbytheAcademyoftheHebrewLanguagein[...]1996.Synchronically,itmightappeartoresultfromreduplicationofthefinalconsonantofshalát‘remotecontrol’.AnotherexampleofblendingwhichhasalsobeenexplainedasmerereduplicationisIsraeliʩʨʩʨ㄰gakhlilít‘fire-fly,glow-fly,Lampyris’.ThiscoinagebyHayyimNahmanBialikblends(Hebrew>)Israeliʨ㄰gakhélet‘burningcoal’with(Hebrew>)Israeliʨʩʨláyla‘night’.Comparethiswiththeunblendedʩʨʩʨʩ㄰khakhlilít‘(black)redstart,Phœnicurus’(<)Israeliٯʩkésef‘money’andthe(International/Hebrew>)Israeliagentivesuffix--ár.Thesecondisthatitisaquasi-portmanteauwordwhichblendsٯʩkésef‘money’and(Hebrew>)Israeliㄠٯ√spr‘count’.IsraeliHebrewㄠٯʩkaspárstartedasabrandnamebutsoonenteredthecommonlanguage.Evenifthesecondanalysisisthecorrectone,thefinalsyllable--árapparentlyfacilitatednativizationsinceitwasregardedastheHebrewsuffix--år(probablyofPersianpedigree),whichusuallyreferstocraftsmenandprofessionals,forinstanceasinMendeleMocherSforim’scoinage[5]㘸ʨٯsmartutár‘rag-dealer’."[edit]LexicalSelectionBlendingmayoccurwithanerrorinlexicalselection,theprocessbywhichaspeakeruseshissemanticknowledgetochoosewords.LewisCarroll'sexplanation,whichgaverisetotheuseof'portmanteau'forsuchcombinations,was:\nHumptyDumpty'stheory,oftwomeaningspackedintoonewordlikeaportmanteau,seemstometherightexplanationforall.Forinstance,takethetwowords"fuming"and"furious."Makeupyourmindthatyouwillsaybothwords...you[6]willsay"frumious."Theerrorsarebasedonsimilarityofmeanings,ratherthanphonologicalsimilarities,andthemorphemesorphonemesstayinthesameposition[7]withinthesyllable.[edit]UseSomelanguages,likeJapanese,encouragetheshorteningandmergingofborrowedforeignwords(asingairaigo),becausetheyarelongordifficulttopronounceinthetargetlanguage.Forexample,karaoke,acombinationoftheJapanesewordkara(meaningempty)andtheclippedformokeoftheEnglishloanword"orchestra"(J.ōkesutoraオーケストラ),isaJapaneseblendthathasenteredtheEnglishlanguage.(Fromthearticlegairaigo.)Manycorporatebrandnames,trademarks,andinitiatives,aswellasnamesofcorporationsandorganizationsthemselves,areblends.Forexample,Wiktionary,oneofWikipedia'ssisterprojects,isablendofwikianddictionary.Also,NabiscoisablendoftheinitialsyllablesofNationalBiscuitCompany.[edit]SeealsoLookupBlendinWiktionary,thefreedictionary.Amalgamation(names)Clipping(morphology)Compound(linguistics)Contraction(grammar)Phono-semanticmatchingPortmanteauwordoListofportmanteausSyllabicabbreviation[edit]References\n1.^Blends2.^Blends3.^Seep.97inKlein,Ernest(1987),AComprehensiveEtymologicalDictionaryoftheHebrewLanguage,Jerusalem:Carta.4.^Seep.66inZuckermann,Ghil'ad(2003),LanguageContactandLexicalEnrichmentinIsraeliHebrew,Houndmills:PalgraveMacmillan.ISBN1-4039-1723-X.5.^Seep.67inZuckermann,Ghil'ad(2003),LanguageContactandLexicalEnrichmentinIsraeliHebrew,Houndmills:PalgraveMacmillan.ISBN1-4039-1723-X.6.^LewisCarroll,AliceinWonderland.7.^Fromkin,V.,Rodman,R.,andHyams,N.(2007)AnIntroductiontoLanguage,EighthEdition.Boston:ThomsonWadsworth.ISBN1-4130-1773-8