语言学概论chap2 31页

Chapter2SpeechSounds\nI.Quickcheckdesignfeaturesarbitrarinessdualitydisplacementphaticcommunionmetalanguagemacrolinguisticssynchronicdiachronicprescriptivedescriptivelangueparolecompetenceperformance\nII.Warm-upquestions1.Howmanysounds(phonemes)arethereintheEnglishlanguage?Howmanyvowels?Howmanyconsonants?2.Whatisthemajordifferencebetweenvowelsandconsonants?3.WhatpronunciationoftheEnglishlanguageisusedasthestandardpronunciationrespectivelyintheUSandtheUK?\nReceivedPronunciationofBritishEnglish(inSouthernEngland)\nGeneralAmericanEnglish(ingreen)\n4.Whatisthemeaningoftheword“assimilation”youknow?5.CanstressmakeadifferenceinthebasicmeaningofaChineseword(ofmorethantwosyllables)?6.Howdoyoupronounce“我”inyourowndialect?CanyoumarkitoutusingtheIPA(InternationalPhoneticAlphabet)?\nIII.Majorpointstostudy1.TheIPAandsoundtranscription;2.Classificationofspeechsounds;3.Thephoneme,allophoneanddistinctivefeatures;4.Phonologicalprocessesandrules;5.Suprasegmentals\nIV.Discussionofthemajorpoints1.TheIPAandsoundtranscription:1)TheIPA–InternationalPhoneticAlphabet:TheIPAchart(p.28)\n2)Soundtranscription:e.g.English:London['lʌndən]little['litł]Chinese:农民[nó:ŋmín]哥们儿[ɡjəməג]\n2.Classificationofspeechsounds:1)Consonants:Consonantsaresounds,producedwithatleasttwoarticulators,whichhavesomerecognizableobstructionoftheairstreamsentfortheproductionofthesound(Cf.p.29).e.g.Englishsounds:/t,d;f,v;ts,dz;m,l/\n2)Vowels:Vowelsaresoundsproducedwithfreeflowofairstream,sentfortheproductionofthesound,whichisshapedintovariousformsbythetongueintheoralcavity(Cf.p.32).e.g.Englishsounds:/i:,æ,ɑ:,ɑu/Chinesesounds:i,e,o,u(Pinyin)TheEnglishsoundsystem(Cf.pp.34,35)\n3.Thephoneme,allophoneanddistinctivefeatures:1)Thephonemeandallophones:Thephonemeisanabstractconceptandthesmallestphonologicalunitthatreferstoafamilyofsoundswhicharesimilarinpronunciationandareincomplementarydistribution.Thevariousmembersofthephonemearecalleditsallophones(Cf.p.39).\ne.g.TheEnglishconsonantphoneme/p/isrealizedwithslightlydifferentpronunciationinthefollowingsyllables:port[phɔ:t](rounded,stronglyaspirated)sport[spɔ:t](rounded,unaspirated)slope[sləʊph](weakeraspiration)peel[phi:l](unrounded,stronglyaspirated)--Thefourmembersinthefourwordsareallophonesofthephoneme/p/.\n2)Distinctivefeaturesofphonemes:Phoneticfeaturesthatcandistinguishphonemesfromoneanother,includingfeaturesofvoiceandvoicelessness,featuresofthemannerofarticulation,andfeaturesoftheplaceofarticulation(Cf.p.45).\ne.g.ThedistinctivefeaturesoftheEnglishsounds(Cf.p.46):/θ/:[+consonantal,-voiced,+continuant(擦音),+anterior,-approximant(无摩擦延续音),-sonorant,-strident(刺耳的),-nasal,-lateral]/ð/:[…+voiced,…]--Thus,thesinglefeatureof“±voiced”issufficienttodistinguishthetwoEnglishconsonants.\n4.Phonologicalprocessesandrules:1)Assimilation:Assimilationisaphonologicalprocessinwhichonesoundisaffectedbyanotherandbecomessimilartoit,ortwosoundsaffecteachotherandbecomealike(Cf.p.41).\ne.g.tenmice:[tenmais]→[temmais](regressiveassimilation逆同化)teachstudents:[ti:tʃstju:dənts]→[ti:tʃʃtju:dənts](progressiveassimilation顺同化)don’tyou:[dəuntju:]→[dəuntʃu:](reciprocalassimilation相互同化)\n2)Epenthesis增音/插音:Epenthesisisaphonologicalprocessinwhichanextrasound(consonantorvowel)isinsertedoraddedbetweentwosoundsinawordorbetweentwowords.Itistoeasethepronunciationoftransitionbetweenthetwosoundsorwords(Cf.p.43).\ne.g.incredible:[inkredibl]→[inkəredibl]theideaofaparty:[ðiaidiəəvəpɑ:ti]→[ðiaidiərəvəpɑ:ti]\n5.Suprasegmentals(超切分音位)(Cf.p.47).:1)Syllable:Asyllableisagroupofphonemesoronephonemewhichisarelativelyindependentunitofpronunciationandisthebuildingblocksofwords.Asyllableisopenifitendsinavowel,closedifitendsinaconsonant(Cf.p.47).\ne.g.English:eye[ai](monosyllabicword)(Ithappenstobeasegmental)magic['mædʒik](polysyllabicword)Chinese:衣[ī:](Ithappenstobeasegmental)心[ʃīn](monosyllabicword)亏心事[kwēiʃīnshí](polysyllabicword)\nonset节首,nucleus节核,coda节尾:e.g.French:nage游泳[naʒ]--onset:[n-];nucleus:[-a-];coda:[-ʒ]\n2)Stress:Stressisarelativetermwhichreferstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingawordwithmorethanonesyllable.Theremaybeaprimarystressandasecondaryone,particularlywhenthewordcontainsthreeormoresyllables(Cf.p.49).\ne.g.devil['devil]increasen.['inkri:s]increasev.[ink'ri:s]interest-free[intrist'fri:]He’sgotfivegirlfriends.[hizɡɔt'faivɡə:lfrendz]--sentencestress\n3)Intonation:Intonationreferstothefalland/orriseofthevoiceinhumanspeech.Eachintonationpatternisusedwithasetofrelativelyconsistentmeanings,eitheronsinglewordsorongroupsofwords(Cf.p.50).e.g.↘Thankyou!↗Thankyou!∧Thankyou!∨Thankyou!\n4)Tone:Therising,falling,level,orfalling-risinginflectionofthevoiceinpronouncingwordswhich,insomelanguages,servesaphonemicpurposethatdistinguishesmeaningsofwords(Cf.p.50).e.g.yū,yú,yŭ,yù淤(泥),鱼，雨，玉\nV.Summaryofthemajorpoints1.TheIPAandsoundtranscription;2.Classificationofspeechsounds;3.Thephoneme,allophoneanddistinctivefeatures;4.Phonologicalprocessesandrules;5.Suprasegmentals\nVI.Questionsfordiscussioninclass1.Transcribethefollowingsentencesintonormalorthography:a.[ɒnə'klıədeɪjʊkn'si:fə'maɪlz]Key:Onacleardayyoucanseeformiles.b.['sʌmpi:pl'θɪŋkðət'fз:stɪm'pגɛʃnz'kaʊntfəə'lɒt]Key:Somepeoplethinkthatfirstimpressionscountforalot.\n2.AccordingtoyourobservationofChinesestudents,whataresomeofthemostdifficultproblemsinpronunciationwhentheyfirstlearntospeakEnglish?Whatadviceorsuggestionscanyougivetohelpthemavoidorcorrectthoseproblems?\nVII.Assignment1.ReviewthemajorpointsofChapter2;2.PreviewChapter3;3.GivethedescriptionofthefollowingsoundsegmentsofEnglish:1)[ð];2)[ʃ];3)[ŋ];4)[d];5)[p]6)[k];7)[l](consonant);8)[ɪ];9)[u:];10)[ɒ]4.GivetheIPAsymbolsforthesoundsthatcorrespondtothedescriptionsbelow:\n1)voicelesslabiodentalfricative;2)voicedpostalveolarfricative;3)palatalapproximant;4)voicelessglottalfricative;5)voicelessalveolarstop;6)high-midfrontunroundedvowel;7)highcentralroundedvowel;8)lowfrontroundedvowel;9)low-midbackroundedvowel;10)highbackroundedtensevowel(Exercises3and4aretobecollectednexttime)