语言学讲义 考研 3 morphology 60页

讲义三MorphologyGraceTan\nT/FPLURALisamorpheme.Morphemesareregardedasabstractconstructsinthesystemofsound.Arootisnotalwaysafreeform.Allboundmorphemesareaffixed.\n1.Compoundwordsconsistsof__morphemes.A.boundB.freeC.bothfreeandbound2.Ns,vs,adjsandmanyadvsare____A.grammaticalwordsB.lexicalwordsC.neithergrammaticalnorlexicalwords3.Radarisa(an)____A.acronymB.blendingC.coinageD.clipping\n填空题1.Polymorphemicwordsotherthancompoundshavetwoparts:therootsandthe_.2.On,beforeandtogetherare___words:theyarewordswhichdonottakeinflectionalendings.3.GivetheregularallormorphsofpluralinEnglish:_,_,_,_,_,_.4.nouns,verbsandadjectivesare___wordsratherthanfunctionwords.5.Intheadditionofnewwords,smogisa(an)_.6.Waltzisborrowedfrom___.\nLexiconInitsmostgeneralsense,issynonymouswithvocabulary;Initstechnicalsensehere,lexicondealswiththeanalysisandcreationofwords,idiomsandcollocations.\nWhatisword?TheWORDisaunitofexpressionwhichhasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynative-speakers,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.\n3.1.1Threesensesofword1.aphysicaldefinableunit:aclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentwopauseorblank2.WordbothasageneraltermandasaspecificformWritewriteswritten3.agrammaticalunite.g.Itiskindofyou,MissLi.Everywordplaysagrammaticalpartinthesentence.\n3.1.2IdentificationofwordsStability(稳定性)Relativeuninterruptibility(相对连续性)disappointment*disppointment/*dis#ppoint#mentAminimumfreeform（最小的自由形式）---IsJanecomingthisevening?---Possibly.\nINVARIABLEWORDSrefertothosewordssuch as"since","when","seldom","through","hello".Theydonottakeinflectiveendings.1)Variablevs.invariablewords可变词与不可变词InVARIABLEWORDS,onecouldfindorderedandregularseriesofgrammaticallydifferentwordforms;ontheotherhand,partofthewordremainsrelativelyconstant.3.1.3classificationofwords\nGRAMMATICALWORDS---FUNCTIONWORD,FORMWORD,FUNCTOR→awordwhoseroleislargelyorwhollygrammatical.LEXICALWORD→wordwhichcarriesthesemanticcontent2）Grammaticalwordsvs.lexicalwords\nCLOSED-CLASS---onewhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Newmembersarenotregularlyadded.Pron,Prep,Conj,ArtetcOpen-class:Noun,Verb,Adj,Adv3）Closed-classwordsandopen-classwords\nWordclass:knownasPartsofSpeechintraditionalgrammar.Noun,verb,adjective,adverb,preposition,pronoun,conjunction,interjection,article,etc.Somenewtermsinwordclass:Particle小品词:infinitiveto,negativenot,subordinateunitsinphrasalverbs“getby”,“lookback”,etc.Auxiliary助动词:do,have\nPro-forms代词形式:substitutesforotherterms.Pronoun:he,she,I,they,everyonePro-adjective:Yourcarisred.Soishis.Pro-verb:HespeaksEnglishbetterthanhedid.Pro-adverb:HehopestowinandIhopesotoo.Pro-locative:Hewentthere.\nDeterminer限定词:allthearticles,demonstratives,andquantifiersthatappearbeforethenounanditsmodifiers.Asmanyasthreedeterminersmaybeusedineachcaseandthereisafixedorderwhenthereismorethanone.\n\nPredeterminers:all,both;half,one-third,three-quarters…;double,twice,threetimes…;such,what(exclamative)Centraldeterminers:the;this,these,that,those;PossP;we,us;you;which,what(relative),what(interrogative);a,another,some,any,no,either,neither;each,enough,much,more,most,less;afew,alittlePostdeterminers:every;many,several,few,little;one,two,three…;(a)dozen\n3.2Theformationofword3.2.1MorphemeandMorphologyMorphologyisthebranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Twofields:inflectionalmorphologyandderivationalmorphologyMorpheme：Thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.\n3.2.2typesofmorphemedistemperedinfamous\nAsaresultof___,thenegativemorphemeinimperfectandimpossibleisim-ratherthanin-.GivetheregularallomorphsofpasttenseinEngilish:_,_,_.\n湖南大学2004EachofthefollowingPersianwordsispoly-morphemic.YouarerequiredtomatcheachofthenotionsgivenbelowwithamorphemeinPersian.(Notexarmeans“buy”and–iddesignatespasttense.)XaridiYou(sg.)bought.NaxaridamIdidnotbuy.NamixaridandTheywerenotbuying.MixaridHebought.NaxaridimWedidnotbuy.MixaridHewasbuying.MixarididYou(pl.)werebuying.XaridamIbought.Match:(1)I(2)you(sg.)(3)not(4)was/wereV-ING(contious)Key:(1)am(2)i(3)na(4)miVid另一题为刘版课后习题关于“-er”的。\nRootvs.stemPolymorphemicwordsotherthancompoundsmaydivideintoROOTSandAffixes.Root:partofthewordleftwhenallaffixesareremovedASTEMisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichanaffixcanbeadded.\nIAvs.DAInflectionalaffixes曲折词缀:8grammaticalmarkersAdj:-er–estNoun:-s,′sVerb:-s,-ing–ed–enDerivationalaffixes:prefixsuffixinfix中缀circumfix框缀infix:goose/geesefoot/feetCircumfix:anaffixmadeupoftwosepartepartswhichsurroundandattachtoarootorastemEg:ka-an→baddang(help)kabaddangan(helpfulness)\n清华2001DividethefollowingwordsintoRoots,IAandDA.1)transformations2)looseleaves)destructive4)geese5)misled湖大2004Labelthemorphologicalcategoryofthemorphemeunderlinedineachexpressions.1)I`vebeenhere.2)transform3)oxen4)recur\n南大2003Youmayhavenoticedthattheprefixofcombineandthatofcontaincamefromthesameorigin,meaingwithortogether,butwhyisitspelled“com-”incombinebut“con-”incontain?Useyourownwordstoanswerthisquestion.A:Thechangeof/n/(analveolarnasal)to/m/(abilabialnasal)isduetothefollowingphoneme/b/,whichisalsobilabial.\n华南理工2004ThefollowinginfsandpastparticipleverbformsarefoundinDutch.ROOTINFPPWandelwandelengewandeld“walk”Duwduwengeduwd“push”Zagzagengezegd“saw”Withreferencetothemorphologicalprocessesoftheprefixing,suffixing,infixingandcircumfixing:A:statethemorphologicalruleforforminganinfinDutch.B:statethemorphologicalruleforformingthePPinDutch.Key:inf=root+enpp=ge+root+d\n北外2002inderivingnewwordsviaaprefixsuchasmis-,thereseemstobesomeconstraintonwhatispermitted.Thewordsinthefirstcolumnbelowareacceptableformations,buttheformsintheothercolumnsarenot.Workouttherule(S)mightbeformakingnewadjswithmis-.misadventuremishappymismilkmisjudgementmismealmissadmisplacedmisgladmiswordmistrustfulmisrolemiscrazy\nThebasicmeaningoftheprefixmis-is“bad,badly,wrong,wrongly”.Thusmisfortunemeansbadfortuneandmishavemeanstobehavebadly.likewise,amisdeedisawrongdeed,andmisdomeanstodowrongly.Mis-formscompoundsprimarilybyattachingtoverbs:mishear,misremember.Mis-alsoformscompoundsbyattachingtonounsthatcomefromverbs:miscalculation,mismanagement,mispronunciation.\n湖南大学2004Considerchildren‘stendencytooverusemorphologicalrules,whatmightweexpectayoungchildtouseintheplaceofthefollowingadultwords?Justifyyourchoiceineachcase.A)fish(pl)b)wentc)miced)atee)broughtF)geeseg)himselfh)womeni)hit(pp)j)hasKey:Fishes,goed,mouseseatedbringedgooseshisselfwomanshittedhaveChildrenuseovergeneralizationerrorsbecausetheyusearegularproductiveprocessonexceptionalwords.childrenusegoosesasthepluralformofgooseinsteadofgeesebecauseregularnounsaddan–sintheplural.\n3.2.3Inflection&wordformationInflection:indicatesgrammaticalrelationshipsbyaddinginflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase.Eg:boy---boysWord-formation:Compoundingderivationconversion…\nCompoundingEndocentric&exocentricEndocentric:oneelementservesasthehead,therelationshipof“akindof”;egself-control:akindofcontrolarmchair:akindofchairExocentric:thereisnohead,sonotarelationshipof“akindofsomething”,egscarecrow:notakindofcrowbreakneck:notakindofneck\nDerivationClass-preserving:N>N:nonsmoker,ex-wife,bookletV>V:disobey,unfastenA>A:grayish,irrelevant\n湖南大学2003Itisafactthatmorphologicalprocessesmaybesensitivetocertainphonologicalcontext.Theenglishdatabelowillustratethisfact.Youarerequiredtostatethephonologicalcontextswheretheadditionof–enispossibleasshownin(b).(a)whitenmadden(b)*bluen*stupidenreddenfatten*greenen*vividenquickendeafen*slowen*fartherenlivenharden*angryen*difficultensoftendeepen*abstracten*shallowenKey:Thesuffix-en,whichattachestoadjstoformverbs,canonlyattachtomonosyllabicbasesendinginobstruents.Verb↗-enifadjendsinanobstrent(oralstoporfricative)↘-￠ifadfendsinasonorant(nasals,approximants,vowels)Meaning:“tomake(more)adj”广外试题：广州外语外贸大学考研试题涉及chapter3.doc\n3.3    Lexicalchange3.3.1    LexicalchangeproperInvention,blending,abbreviation,acronym,back-formation,analogicalcreation,borrowing3.3.2Phonol-ogicalchangeLossAdditionMetathesisAssimilation3.3.4Sema-nticchangeBroadening,Narrowing,Meaningshift,Classshift,Folketymology3.3.3morpho-syntacticalchangeMorpholo-gicalchange,Syntacticalchange3.3.5    Ortho-graphicchange\nBorrowingFrench:administration,parliament,public,court,crime,judge,army,enemy,officer,peace,soldier,war,faith,religion,coat,costume,dress,fashion,jewel,dinner,feast,fry,roast,supper,toast,customer,money,price,art,college,music,poet,prose,story,study\nLatin:admit,client,conviction,discuss,equal,index,library,medicine,minorGreek:catastrophe,cosmos,criterion,idiosyncrasySpanishandPortuguese:banana,barbecue,cafeteria,cargo,chocolate,cigar,cocaine,cockroach,cocoa,guitar,mosquito,negro,potato,tank,tobacco,tomato,vanilla\nItalian:aria,bandit,broccoli,casino,concerto,duet,finale,influenza,mafia,malaria,paparazzi(singularpaparazzo),piano,pizza,solo,soprano,spaghetti,studio,umbrella,volcanoDutch:boss,brandy,cookie,cruise,deck,dock,dollar,freight,gin,kit,knapsack,landscape,luck,sketch,slim,smuggle,snap,trek,yacht\nArabic:admiral,alchemy,alcohol,algebra,alkali,almanac,assassin,candy,hazard,lemon,magazine,safari,sofa,zeroIndian:bungalow,cashmere,curry,ginger,jungle,mango,polo,pyjamas(orpajamas),shampoo,swastika,thug,yogaChinese:chopsuey,chow,chowmein,ginseng,gung-ho,ketchup(orcatchuporcatsup),kungfu,tea,tofu(viaJapanese),typhoon\nTypesofloanwordsLoanwords:借词TheborrowingofLOANWORDSisaprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightchange,insomecases,tothephonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.“encore”and“aupair”fromFrench,“sputnik”fromRussian,etc.coupd’etat,kungfu,\nLoanblend混合借词LOANBLENDINGisaprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandtheresthasbeenborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.Thisismoretypicalwithwordsinwhichtherootisborrowedwhilethenativeaffixisadded.Forexample,troublesome,colourless,uncertain,etc.\nLoanshift转移借词LOANSHIFTisaprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.Bridge→whenitreferstoatypeofcardgame,themeaningwasborrowedfromtheItalianponte.artificialsatellite→Russiansputnik.AlltheborrowingsinChineseareloanshifts.\nLoantranslation翻译借词Thisisaspecialtypeofborrowing,inwhicheachmorphemeorwordistranslatedintheequivalentmorphemeorwordinanotherlanguage.almighty→Latinomnipotenssuperman→GermanUbermensch.ThisisalsocalledCALQUE(仿译词),whichmaybeaword,aphrase,orevenashortsentence.freeversedoes,goeth>goes,hath>has,findeth>finds,hopeth>hopesdo(e)st>do，playest>play，hearest>hear，speakest>speakthecampusoftheuniversity>theuniversity’scampus\n3.4SyntacticalchangeInthe15thc,thereweredoublecomparativesorsuperlativesinEnglish,buttodaytherearenot.moregladder>moreglad,morelower>lower,mostroyalest–mostroyalInoldEnglish，thenegativeparticle“not”wasusuallyputinfrontoftheverborattheendofasentence,buttodayitcomesafterthefiniteverb.Itnotbelongstoyou.>Itdoesn’tbelongtoyou.Wesawyounot.>Wedidn’tseeyou.\nFusionorblendingisalsousedinmakingnewphrasalandsententialstructures.Rarely+hardlyeven→rarelyevenEverandanon+nowandthen→everynowandthenEquallygood+justasgood→equallyasgoodIt'snousegettingtherebeforenine+There'snouseingettingtherebeforenine.→There'snousegettingtherebeforenine.\n3.5SemanticchangeBroadening词义扩大Broadingisaprocesstoextendorelevatethemeaningfromitsoriginallyspecificsensetoarelativelygeneralone.holiday-holyday>anydayforrestbird–youngbird>anykindofbirdpigeon–youngpigeon>thewholespeciestask–tax>anypieceofworkyouhavetodo\nNarrowing词义缩小Narrowingiscontrarytobroadening:theoriginalmeaningofawordcanbenarrowedorrestrictedtoaspecificsense.fowl–birdsingeneral>domesticbirdsmeat–anyfoodyoueat>ediblefleshofthemammalsdeer–anybeast>aparticularkindofbeastgirl–youngchildrenofbothsex>youngfemalestarve–dieinanyway>dieofhunger\nMeaningshiftHereMEANINGSHIFTisunderstoodinitsnarrowsense,thatis,thechangeofmeaninghasnothingtodowithgeneralizationorrestrictionasmentionedabove.Whatmakesthemeaningofaworddifferentisitsdeparturefromitsoriginaldomainasaresultofitsmetaphoricalusage.Sometimesthemeaningchangessomuchthatyoucan’tseeanyconnectionbetweenthenewmeaningandtheoriginalone.bead–prayer>theprayerbead>small,ball-shapedpieceofglass,metalorwoodpay–livestock>paymentcrafty–skilledinmakinghandcrafts>cunningknave–boy>boyservant>rascal,dishonestpersonsilly–(OE)happy>(ME)naïve>foolishnice–ignorant>foolishlyparticularaboutsmallthings>tobepreciseofrefinedtaste\nClassshift词类转变Byshiftingthewordclassonecanchangethemeaningofawordfromaconcreteentityornotiontoaprocessorattribution.ThisprocessofwordformationisalsoknownasZERO-DERIVATION,orCONVERSION.Verb–noun:smell,taste,walkAdj.–verb:dirty,empty,lowerNoun–verb:head,table,chair,noseConj.–verb:Butmenobuts.\nfolketymology民间词源FOLKETYMOLOGYreferstothechangeoftheformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnotionoftheoriginormeaningoftheterm,orfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous.history–hisstory>herstoryFakeetymology:akindoffolketymology,humorousplayofwordsManhattan:manwithhatonMBA:marriedbutavailablePhD:perhapshavedivorcedgolf:GentlemenOnly;LadiesForbidden\n3.6OrthographicchangeThisreferstothechangeofspelling.SincewritingisarecordingofthesoundsysteminEnglish,phonologicalchangeswillnodoubtsetoffgrapheticchanges.Iesus>Jesus,sate>sat,Sunne>SunThetwoletters“u”and“v”exchangedtheirpositioninOldEnglish.\n真题Discussthefollowingquestions:1)Discussthedifferenttypesofmorphemes.2)Discusswhethermorphemeisagrammaticalconceptorasemanticconcept.Whatisitsrelationshiptophoneme?Canamorphemeandaphonemeformanorganicwhole?\n大连外2002MatcheachexpressionsunderAwiththeonestatementunderB.AB1.anoisycrowa.compoundnoun2.eatcrowb.rootmorphemeplusderivationalprefix3.scarecrowc.phraseconsistingofaadjplusnoun4.thecrowd.rootmorphemeplusderivationalaffix5.crowlikee.rootmorphemeplusderivationalsuffix6.crowsf.grammaticalmorphemefollowedbylexicalmorphemeg.idiomKey:cgafed\n问答题同济大学Illustratethedifferenceofrootandstem.人大whatarethemethodsfortheadditionofnewwordsintheEnglishlg?浙大Explainthevariousword-formationprocessesandgiveanexampleforeachprocess.清华lgcanchangethroughblending,metanalysis,andborrowing.Givetwoexamplestoillustratethem.