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设计空间的含义MeaningsofDesignedSpacesMeaningsofDesignedSpacesSpacesofEverydayLife,Self,andSocialConstructionsSignificantspace,house,habitat,home,dwelling,gender,socialstatus,spatialarrangements,livingwell,escapism,semiology,culturalandvisualcontentanalysis,politicallysocialspaces,socialspaceconstruction,theatricalspaceconstruction,culturalspaceconstruction,publicandprivatespaces,politicalspaces,proxemics.AFTERREADINGTHISCHAPTER,YOUWILLBEABLETO:•Gleanideasaboutsocialspaces,spacesofliving,andhowspacesbecomeplacesofsocialconstructions.•Differentiatephilosophicalapproachestospacesofliving.•Considerwhatconstitutesasignificantspace.•Distinguishconceptsof"livingwell”versus’’homeasdefiningasenseofself."•Understandspacesoflivingandthesocialconstructionsofspaceandplace.•Identifycharacteristicsofhouseashome,dwellingashome,andhouseashabitat.•Considerculturalcontextstoissuesofdwelling,gender,andspace.•Understandhowidentityframesspacesasplacesofdwelling.INTRODUCTIONSpacesweliveinformulateourexperiences.Weattributemeaningtothethingsandspacesthatsurroundus.Oursenseofself,thewayweengageinourdailylife,dependsonoursurroundings,ourhome,ourplaceofwork,andtheplacesweholddear.Spacesoflivingimpactoursenseofself,whatwedo,andthewaysthatwedefineourselvesinsociety,andinturntheyprovideuswithmeaningsalongsideahostofmultipleperceptionsandreactions.Howmightspacesoftheeverydaybeunderstoodfromtheperspectivesofdomesticlife?Howdolivingspacesreflectsocialconstructionsthataffectoursenseofselfandwhoweareintheworld?Whilespacesarecreatedwithvisualandaestheticpropertiesinmind,theyareultimatelymeantforpeopletoexperience.Peopleappropriatespacestheyoccupyandchangethemtosuittheirpurposes.Peopleattachvaluetothethingsthattheyhave,whilevaluesarealsoimposedbysocietyandarecomplicatedbythefracturingofcontemporarysociety.Thisisnfurthercomplicatedbythewaysspacesareframedthatdeterminesocialstatusasmuchaswell-being.Whatvaluesweholdasasocietyalsoaffectbothourcapacitytomakechoicesandoursocialplaceintheworld,andofteninadvertentlyframeourdesigndecisionmaking.Allthesefactorsaffectthespacesweinhabit,thewayswedesignthesespaces,andtheunderlyingvaluesthatshapespatialconstructionswethenexperience.Weplacegreatvalueonculture,politics,andsocialnormsandcustomswhilewearealsocaughtupinchangingvalues.Amongtheunderlyingvaluesthatshapeasocietyaresocialcustoms,voicesofdiversepeople,orculturalcustoms.Althoughdwellingsvarygreatlyasspacesdependingonthesocietalvalues,economiclocation,andahostoffactorsthatdrivehowwelive,dwellingsalsoareplaceswherepeopleoftenlooktootherstohelpthemachievemeaning.ChristianNorberg-ShultzhasSuggestedthathomerepresentstheverynatureofhumanexistence.Itgivesmanaplacetobe,aplaceinwhichtostayandspendtimeinsafetyandcomfort.(Rengel,2003,pp.51-52)Andwhileouraspirationsaretoachievethesegoals,formanyinourworld,theirplacesandspacesoflivingarefarfromthisideal.Moreoftenthevalueswesetintermsofourdwellingplacesaretiedtotheacquisitionofmaterialgoods,whileforothersthisisadistantrealityastheyekeoutanexistenceonthefringe(Poldma,2008).Furthermore,thisproblemofvalue-settingcreatesaneedforsometoactualizevaluesthroughthedesignsoflivedspacesattheexpenseofthemeaningofhomeandhouse.Inaphilosophicalsense,themeaningsofhouseandhomehavebeensubjugated:Welookformeaninginourdwellings,andsomehirearchitectsanddesignerstoactualizetheirvaluesspatially....andmanydonotknowhowtodoso.Themeaningsofhomeandhousehavebecomelostinthequesttodwell,andthequestfordwellinghasbecomelostintheacquisitionofmoregoodsandculturalsymbolsofthatsamehouseandhomeinagivensociety.(Poldma,2008)Theseissueswillbeexaminedinthischapterfromtheperspectivesofdwellingandgenderassocialorphilosophicalspaces.Twotheoreticalpapersexaminemeaningsofhouseandhome.VirginieLaSalletakesaphilosophicalperspectiveabouthowtheconceptof"livingwell’’intersectswithnotionsofdesignspacesbyprovidingspacesthatformplacesofhabitationthatsymbolizebeautyandmaterialwealth.Sheexaminesthesenseofhomeasahabitat,andhowanindividual’sexperienceofinhabitingismorethanthephysicalandmaterialvisualattributesweassign.SheexploresBachelardandSerfaty-Garzon’sideasofintimatespaces.ShefurtherjuxtaposesthesymbolicviewsofhomewiththephilosophiesofnHeideggerandLevinas,whoexaminethedichotomyoftheenvironment/spacesoflivingasaconceptversusthedailyexperiencesoftheinhabitants.LaSalleispromotingtheconceptofa’’significantspace’’thatbridgestheformsandsubstancewiththemeaningsofthosewholiveandperceivethespaceasadynamicplace.HannaMendozaandMatthewDudzikprovideaprovocationthatcontrastslivingwellwithrealitiesinaculturalcontext.MendozaandDudzikexaminehowhomebecomesaculturallydefinedplaceofidentity,andhoweconomicsandculturalcontextschangenotonlyconceptsofhouseandhomebutalsodetermineterritorialityandsenseofselfinsocialstratification.UsingBrazilasthesetting,MendozaandDudzikexaminetheimpactofglobalizationandeconomicvaluesjuxtaposedagainsttherealitiesofdichotomies,wherewelookformeaninginourdwellings,andsomehirearchitectsanddesignerstoactualizetheirvaluesspatially,ownershipandcontrolofpersonalspacehasbecomebattlebetweenthemarginalizedandempoweredinBraziliansociety.Notionsoftribalism,nostalgia,andescapismareexploredinthesecontexts,asishowspacesbecomeframeworksforchangingterritorialandpersonalexperiences.Thesecondpartofthechapterexaminesthesociallyconstructednatureofgenderedspaces.TheoreticalconstructsofgenderandspacesaredefinedasIexaminebothgenderandphysicalspacesasdeterminantsinhowsocialrelationsareplayedout.Tracingtwoseminaltexts,fundamentalideasaboutspaceandgenderaredefinedbyShirleyArdener,whounfoldsconceptsofsocialspaces,whileDaphneSpainexamineswhatconstitutesgenderedspaces.Thepaperthenelaboratesonviewsaboutculturallydeterminedrulesintermsofspaceandgender.Finally,theDialoguesandPerspectivesclosesthechapterwithanexaminationofgenderandsocialrelationssetinanexaminationofawomanphotographer'sframingofspacesattheturnofthecentury.SusanClosepresentsthecontextofgenderedspacewithintheframeworkofthephotographicinteriorsofLadyClementinaHawarden,fromtheperspectiveofculturaltheoryandgenderedspaces.Theensuingdialogueexaminesissuesofboundary,makingitahistoriccontextwhilealsointroducingaresearchmethodologythatusesculturalanalysisastheframeworkforthemethodologyofreadingtheimages.Thissemioticapproachinresearchthatusesfoundimages(asinphotography)analyzestheinteriorspacesasameansofcomparingandcontrastingsocialspace,theatricalconstructionofspace,andgenderedspaceandinthecontextofsocialstatus.REFERENCESPoldma,T.(2008).DwellingFuturesandLivedExperience:TransformingInteriorSpace.DesignhilosophyPapers,http://www.desphilosophy.com/dpp/dppjournal/paper2/body.html.Rengel,R.(2003).ShapingInteriorSpace.NewYork:FairchildPublications.nTheSenseofHomeasHabitatVirginieLasalleWhathelpisit,tosolvephilosophicalproblems,if[one]cannotsettlethechief,mostimportantthing-howtoliveagoodandhappylife?"Livewell!”isthesupremephilosophicalcommandment.-LudwigWittgenstein(excerptfromShusterman,1997)Intheabovequote,Wittgensteinissuggestingthatone’swilltocontributetogoodlivingshouldguidethedesignofthephilosophicalapproach.Ifthethinkerconsidersthegoalofagoodandhealthyexistenceaspredominant,itisbecausethisexistenceunderliesaspirationsresidingineveryone.Forprofessionalsinthedisciplinesofdesign,thewilltocontributetothisgoodlivingofourpeersisaconsiderationthatalwaysinspiresandisechoedinourspatialconceptions.Thesameappliestothedesignofinteriorspace,notablywhenitcomestothinkingandtoshapingpeople’shabitations,aprovenmaterialsymbolofgoodandhappylivinginNorthAmericanculture.Theconceptofhomeisoftenusedasanarchetypalrefugefordwellersintheirintimacyandtheirwayofbeing.Asdesignersoftheinteriorinhabitedspace,wemustaskourselveswhatthisintention-toliveagoodandhappylife-meansintrinsicallyandtostrivetoendowthespacewithsolutionsthat,ifadequate,willcontributetosatisfyingofthisfundamentalneed.Inasuccinctlookatthephenomenonofhabitation,letusintroducetheperceptionsofthinkerstodiversedisciplinaryorientationsforwhichthereflectionsguidetheprocessofdesigningtheresidence.TheSensesofHabitationThiswilltodevelopthesenseofhomeashabitatandtofindthedesignapproachhasresidedwithinthinkersanddesignersforalongtime;thereiterationandexpansionofreflectionsclearlyconfirmtheimportancestillattributedtothehabitationtoday.Forexample,theversatilityofthehabitation’sforms,whichvarygreatlywithanumberofcriteria-includingthefunctionsofthespace,needs,thelivingandculturalhabitsoftheinhabitants,andthegeographicalsituation.Ifreflectiononthehabitat'sconstructedframeultimatelyconcernsdesignprofessionals,thenthetheoriesthatguidetheiractionsarefrequentlythefruitofthinkersfromdiversedisciplines;thewritingsofphilosophers,anthropologists,sociologists,andpsychologistsparticipateinthefoundingofthedesignapproach.Agoodpartofthissituationcanbeexplainedbythegreatcomplexityofthephenomenonofhabitation,whichfirmlyestablishesitselftoencompassamultitudeoffactorstobeconsidered.Amongthehostofsourcesexistingtoday,GastonBachelard,PerlaSerfaty-Garzon,MartinHeidegger,andEmmanuelLevinasareinvaluablereferencesfortheirstudyofthephenomenonofhabitation.Inhisphenomenologicalwork,TlzePoeticsofSpace(1957),GastonBachelardnexaminesthebeing’sinvariableessenceofinhabiting,whileanalyzingthepoeticsofhabitation,perceivedasanimageofintimacythroughitsmostauthenticobjectthatisthehome.AccordingtoBachelard,thehome,initsunityandcomplexity,representsthematerialsenseofthehumanexperienceandthematerializationofitspoetics.Itisman’sconcreteanchoring,hisprimaryworld,anditcharacterizeshiminhisfundamentaldimensionofhabitation:Weshouldthereforehavetosayhowweinhabitourvitalspace,inaccordwithallthedialecticsoflife,howwetakeroot,dayafterday,ina"corneroftheworld.”[•••]Forourhouseisourcorneroftheworld,f...],itisourfirstuniverse.(1957)Bachelard’sanalysisofthepoeticsofhabitationconsiderstwopredominantphasesofanalysisforthislivingspace.First,thehomeisapproachedasananalysisinstrumentofthesoul.Thenthehomeisregardedmoreasanobjecttobedeveloped,acollectionofsymbolsforphenomenologicalmaterialanalysis.Thissecondphaseofanalysisdealswiththematerialandsymbolicpropertiesofthehome.Throughformalobservationofhisobject,thephilosopherexpandsonthepoeticimagesthatarefound-suchasthefireside,thespaceconducivetoreverie-whichmakethehabitationsignificantandbringittothestatusofhomefortheresident.Withherinterestinthevarioussensesorhabitation,sociologistandenvironmentalpsychologistPerlaSerfaty-Garzonobservesthesemanticrichnessofthevarioustermsusedtodenotehabitation-residence,house,home,hearth,etc.inconnectionwiththeirmanifestationsconstructedovertime.AccordingtoSerfaty-Garzon,thisarchetypalinhabitedspacemeritstheappellationhome;foritistheanchoringpointthatprovideslifewithspatialrooting.Inhabitingmeanslivinginahistoricalperspective,insymbiosiswithaspaceandthepeoplewhoshareit.Thus,Serfaty-Garzonconsidersthephenomenonofhabitationinahistoricalandsociologicalperspective.Inherunderstanding,theemergenceofthesphereofprivatelifethatledtothedesignofintimacyinoccidentalsocietieswouldberelatedtothespecializationofspacesandwouldhavebroughtaboutasacralizationofthedwelling.TheappropriationenvisagedbySerfaty-Garzonasanactivecomponentofhome(2003,p.102)includesamoral,psychological,andaffectivesense.Shesuggeststhatthematerialcharacterandwaysthatwepersonalizethespacearcinpartidentifiedbyaculturalmodelandthenadjustedbyourownparticularindividualexpressionthataffirmsouridentityandhowweconstructoneselfthroughourinhabitedspace(p.92).Thesymbolicanalysisofthehomespremises,asperceivedbySerfaty-GarzoninaBachelardianspirit,leadshertoexaminethehiddenareas,suchasthecellarandtheatticnterritoriesoftheunconsciousthroughtheirownsymbolism,butalsothroughaconstituentanalysisthatconsiderstheverticalityoftheconstructionfilledwithdreamlikemeaningintheexperienceofhome(pp.182-183).Relatedtothestatesoftheperson’ssoul,thesespatialqualitiesfillthehome’spremiseswithmeaning.Theyalludetoanapparentirrationality(1999,p.83)associatedwiththesecretofwhatisconcealedtoforeignobservation,correspondingtoaninnerself(1999,p.86).Serfaty-Garzonsuggeststhattheroomsofthehomethusencompassmeanings,essentialtotherespectofthelivingspace’sboundariesthataremoreorlesspermeable.Thus,theentrancewouldrepresenttheareathatcivilizesintrusion;asamidway,itcancallfororinvitethepassagetotheinteriorspace,oritcanstopamovement.Theentranceisthetruein-betweenarea:itisneitherinsidenoroutside(2003,pp.143-145).Thelivingroomisdefinedinmodernitybythehome’sarchetypalspaceforsocializing.Itisthehome’sforeground,thespatialconveyanceoftheinhabitant’sconstructionandsocialconsolidationprocess(2003,p.162).Amongthewrittensourcesthatexaminethephenomenonofman’sinhabitation,thetext’’Building,Dwelling,Thinking”(EssaysandConferences,1954)byMartinHeideggerisachoicereference.ThroughasemanticstudyoftheGermanwordbauen,Heideggerdiscussestheexistentialdimensionofinhabiting,andthroughananalysisoftherelationshipsofmeaning,developingthesignificationsofbuilding.Thisetymologicalworkleadsthethinkertobuildtheactionofinhabitingasafundamentalfeatureofthehumancondition.Heidegger’sjudgmentofthecontext,whichtohimiscontemporary,underliesaflawbetweenmeaningandthetakingofshape,asheobservesdwelling.Heclaimsthatdwellingscanbewellunderstood,canfacilitatepracticalliving,canbeaffordable,andcanbeopentotheair,light,andsun,buthequestionswhethertheycanactuallyguaranteeinandofthemselvesthatdwellingtakesplace(p.171).Heideggerguidesustowardthisall-too-frequentdichotomythatcanbeobservedbetweentheenvironmentinaconceptualstate,thedwellingasaconstructedenvironment,and,ultimately,thedailyexperienceslivedbytheinhabitantsofthedesignedspace.ThisobservationisalsomadebyarchitectandtheoristJuhaniPallasmaa,whodeplorestherecurringimpertinenceofresponseslavishedbydesignerstosubtle,emotional,anddiffusedaspectsofthehome(1992).OneofthetheoriesthatphilosopherEmmanuelLevinasdevelopsinhisworkTotalityandInfinity.AnEssayonExteriority(1971)incitesonetothinkaboutthehabitationandtoseeitanewasmorethanaspaceexpectedtomeettherelativeneedsofhabitation.Onthepremiseofreasoningintrinsicallyrelatingtheneed,theactofsatisfyingthisneed-throughwhathecallscontentsoflife-andthepleasureoccasionedbythesatisfyingoftheneedorbythecontentsoflife,Levinaspresentshisideaofajoyessentialtohumanexistence:nEvenifthecontentoflifeensuresmylife,themeansisimmediatelysoughtasanend,andthepursuitofthisendbecomesanendinitsturn.Thusthingsarealwaysmorethanthestrictlynecessary;theymakeupthegraceoflife.(…)Quaobjecttheobjectseenoccupieslife;butthevisionoftheobjectmakesforthe"joy"oflife.(1971,p.114)Appliedtotheperson'shabitationspace,thisapproachcallsforaprojectionofthehabitatthatgoesfarbeyondstrictlyfunctionalconsiderationstowhichtheconstructionmustprovideandreferstoaqualificationoftheinteriorpremisesthatsupportsandpromulgatesthepleasureofinhabiting,thejoyofdwelling.Further,whenLevinasdiscussesthedwellingandthehabitation,heseesitfirstasatool,butinsistsonitsprivilegedpurpose:Thehomewouldserveforhabitationasthehammerforthedrivinginofanailorthepenforwriting.Foritdoesindeedbelongtothegearconsistingofthingsnecessaryforthelifeofman.Itservestoshelterhimfromtheinclemenciesoftheweather,tohidehimfromenemiesortheimportunate.Andyet,withinthesystemoffinalitiesinwhichhumanlifemaintainsitselfthehomeoccupiesaprivilegedplace.(1971,p.162)ForLevinas,thisdistinctionofthehomeamongothertoolscomesfromitsdimensionasthebeginningofhumanactivity,andintimacythepersonneedsinthisarchetypalprivatedomaintobeabletoengageinsubsequentsocialactivitieswithothers.DesigningSignificantLivingSpacesSuchtheoriesundoubtedlyfosterreflectioninagoodnumberofdesignerswhofocusonthehabitationqualitiesofthelivingspacesthattheyimagine.Onequestionremains:Howdocsoneconcretelyinterpretthesenotionssothatwithinthedesignedspace,thesefeaturesandqualitiescanparticipateintheexperienceofthehabitationspaceandenrichtheoccupants'living?BasedontheworkofselectedtheoristsEdwardT.Hall,JuhaniPallasmaa,andMauriceMerleau-Pontyletusexpandonthemeansbywhich,asthinkersofinhabitedarchitecture,wecanmovefromtheseinspiringtheoriestothedesignofsignificantspacesthatpromotegoodlivingthroughhabitation.Intheiranalysisoftheperson’sholisticexperience,andnotablyfromtheirspatialandhabitationexperience,anumberofthinkerstendtowardaninitialperceptualunderstandingofthephenomenon.InTheHiddenDimension(1966),EdwardT.Halladoptsananthropologicalapproachorientedtowardman'ssensoryperception;heassertsthatman」’aswithallothermembersoftheanimalkingdom-isuntiltheendandirrevocablyaprisonerofhisbiologicalorganism’’(p.8).Theoriginalityofhisapproachinvolveshissuppositionthatwhatisthehuman’sownistheexperiencingofhisculture,whichconditionshiminhisnrelationshipswiththeworld.Hallstatesthatweattachourselvestothistypeofprofound,general,nonverbalizedexperiencethatallthemembersofasinglecultureshareandcommunicatewithoutknowing,andthatconstitutesthebackdropinrelationtowhichalltheothereventsaresituated(p.8).ArchitectJuhaniPallasmaahasalsostudiedtheimportanceoftheperson’ssensoryperceptioninthearchitectedenvironment.Throughvariousessays,ofwhichthemostfamousislikelyTheEyesoftheSkin:ArchitectureandtheSenses(1995),Pallasmaaexpresseshisparticularconcernsabouthegemonicvisioninoccidentalarchitecturetothedetrimentoftheothersenses,thusleadingtothedisappearanceofsensoryandsensualqualitiesinartsandarchitecture.Thetactiledimensionoftheenvironmentandthesensoryexperienceofthebodyinfluenceourunderstandingoftheworld,aswellasthehabitationwemakeoutofit.Pallasmaaclaimsthatthroughourbodiesweareatthecenteroftheworld;notascentralobserversofanenvironment,orasspectators,butasaplaceofreference,memory,imagination,andintegrationintheworld(p.11).Consequently,heassertsthatthearchitecturalexperienceshouldprovidemorethanvisualcommunication;itshouldquestionthepersonshaptic(thatis,relatingtotouch)interestthroughthesensualqualitiesinvolved.Heidentifiesthethenaturalmaterials-suchasstone,brick,andwood-ascommunicatingeffectivelywiththeperson,asthesematerialsexpressacertainwearthattellsoftheirlife-theirage,marksleftfromwearandthepassageoftime,andtheirhistory(p.31).Pallasmaaadvocatesabuildingapproachaspiringtore-sensualizearchitecturethroughaheightenedsenseofitsmateriality,itshaptics,itstexture,itsweight,thedensityofitsspace,andthematerializationoflight(p.37)Finally,asasummaryofthesereflections,MauriceMerleau-Ponty(notablyinthe1945workPhenomenologiedelaperception)highlightstheconsiderationoftheperson’ssubjectivityintheexperienceofhissensesandhishumanhabitatintheworld,heremindsusthattheneedstobesatisfiedbythehomeanditsinteriorspacearenotsomuchaboutconsideringthedesign’sstrictlyphysicalattributes-suchasthefinishesofsurfacesandtheaesthetics-astheyareaboutoverallcommunicationwiththeforflexibility.Inhisview,theexperienceofspacecannotbereducedtoalistofperceptioncriteriasenses,culture,etc.-asitisanexperiencethroughwhichthemultitudeofpossiblecontributionscomestogetherandcombinesinalivingexperiencepropertoeachperson.Itisaprocessbothtemporalandspatial,createdandjustifiedthroughlivedexperiencesthatinteriordesignmustencompass,asabackdropfortheperson'sactivities.VariancesandConstanciesinHabitationAlthoughcertainjustifiedapriorielementsseemtoremainintactinthespace’sdesignprocess,wenoticethattheconstructedmanifestationsoftheauthentichabitationvaryasannechoofthecomplexityofthefactorsinvolvedduringthedesignprocess.Inthepracticeofinteriordesign-orinteriorarchitecture-designingthespacefrequentlymeansdevelopinganexistingspacewithform,material,andobjectsinthecreationofspatialsolutions.Itisalsoimportanttounderstandthatpeopleadaptthespaceintheirownmanner,afundamentalaspectthatmustbeconsideredduringtheproject’sdesign.Oursuccessasprofessionalsofinhabitedspacedependsonourabilitytodiscernwhatfacilitatesintheperson’srealandlivedexperiences-theadaptingofthespacethatishisorherownandhisorherpleasuretobethere.Finally,itappearstousthattheuseofspatialdevicesemergesintheinhabitedspace,andthatthesecomponentsappeartobeonthepathtoeffectivelysatisfyingcertainmanifestneedsoftheseresidents.Tonameonlyoneofthem,notethepassagefromatemporalspatiality(oneroomforoneactivity)toaspatialtemporality(amultifunctionalspace)thatdemonstratesapatentpotentialtobemodeledwiththepassingtime,themomentoftheday,theweek,ortheyear.DiscussionQuestions1.VirginieLaSalledescribesBachelarcTsconceptofhomeas’’unityandcomplexity,repositorymaterialsenseofhumanexperienceandmaterializedinitspoetics."a.Whatdoesthismean?b.Howishomea"collectionofsymbols’’?2.HowdoesSerfaty-Garzonunderstandhomeasananchorpoint?3.WhatisHeidegger’sideaofhomeasdwelling?4.Whatisthesignificanceoflivedspaceashome,asdwelling?设计空间的含义TiiuVaikla-Poldma关键词:空间结构居住空间空间价值社会习俗日常生活、自我和社会结构的空间读完这一章后,你就可以:•收集社会空间观念、空间的生活,以及如何成为社会建设的地方空间的想法。•通过生活空间来区分哲学方法。•考虑什么是显著的空间。•区分“好的生活”和“家是定义自我意识”的概念。•理解生活空间和空间的社会建设。•鉴定房子作为家的特点,居住在家里,且房子是栖息地。n•在文化背景下考虑居住、性别和空间的问题。•了解如何将身份框架空间作为居住场所。简介我们生活的空间制定我们的经验。我们的属性意味着围绕着我们的事物和空间。我们的自我意识,我们从事日常生活的方式,取决于我们周围的环境,我们的生活方式,我们工作的地方,和我们所珍视的地方。生活的空间影响着我们的自我意识,我们做什么,以及我们如何定义自己在社会中的方式,反过来又为我们提供了多种一起感受和反应的主机意义和方式。如何从日常生活的角度来理解日常生活中的空问?如何反映社会结构,生活空间如何影响着我们的自我意识及我们在这个世界上是谁?而空间是以视觉和审美的特性来创造的,它们最终意味着人们的体验。人们适当的空间,他们占据和改变他们以适应他们的目的。人们重视的是他们拥有的东西,而价值观是社会强加的,是复杂的,由当代社会的破裂。这是进一步复杂的方式空间是确定社会地位的框架,尽可能多的福祉。什么样的价值观,我们认为作为一个社会,也会影响我们的能力来做出选择,我们在世界上的社会地位,并经常不经意问影响我们的设计决策。所有这些因素都会影响我们所居住的空间,我们设计这些空间的方式,以及我们所体验到的空间结构的基本价值。我们在不断变化的价值观中,对文化、政治、社会规范和风俗习惯都很有价值。在基本价值观方而,塑造一个社会是社会习俗,声音不同的人,或文化习俗。尽管住房差异很大空间取决于社会价值观,经济位置,以及一系列因素来推动我们的生活方式,但住宅也是地方,人们常常期待别人来帮助他们实现意义。基督教的代表Norberg-Shultz建议我们归家。人类生存的木质。它给人一个地方,一个花时间在安全和舒适方面的住的地方。(Rengel,2003年,51-52页)。虽然我们的愿望是实现这些0标,对于许多在我们的世界里的人,他们的生活地点和空间是远离这个理想的。更多的价值在于我们在我们的住处与物质资料的采集,而对另一些人来说这是一个遥远的现实,因为他们勉强地维持着生活(Poldma,2008)。此外,这个问题值设置并创建一个需要一些实施价值观通过居住空间的设计以牺牲家庭和房子的含义。从哲学意义上说,房子和家的含义己被征服:我们在我们的住宅中寻找意义,一些雇佣建筑师和设计师来实现他们的价值空间,但很多人不知道怎么做。家庭和房子的含义己经迷失在追求居住的过程中,在一个特定的社会屮,为丫获得更多的商品和文化符号,在这一过程屮,居住的探索已变得越来越迷失了。(Poldma,2008)n这些问题将在本章中考察,从居住和性别的角度来作为社会或哲学的空间。两家理论论文研究的意义是房子和家。VirginieLaSalle以哲学的角度对如何“活得好”的概念与概念设计的空间提供了空间,形成居住的地方,象征着美丽和物质形式的地方设计空间的概念财富。她检查了家作为一个栖息地的感觉,以及如何一个人的经验,居住是物理和材料的视觉属性,这由我们来分配。她探索BachelardSerfaty-Garzon亲密空间的观念。她进-步将象征性的观点与Heidegger的15学和Levina的二分法检查谁的生活环境/空间作为一个概念来融入居民的日常经验。LaSalle是促进“意义空间”的概念,桥梁的形式和实质意义与那些生活和感知空间作为了一个动态的地方。HannaMendoza和MatthewDudzik提供•一种挑衅,将现实生活与文化背景相对比。Mendoza和Dudzik检查家庭如何成为一个文化身份的定义,以及经济和文化背景的变化不仅决定了房子和家庭的概念,还确定了领土权和社会分层的自我意识。以巴丙作为背景,Mendoza和Dudzik考察全球化的影响和经济价值与现实并存的二分法,我们寻找的意义在于我们的住所,和一些雇佣建筑师和设计师在空间上实现他们的价值。所有权和控制权的私人空间己成为巴西社会和边缘之间的战斗能力。在部落主义、怀旧的概念、逃避现实的背景下,作为空间是如何成为改变领土和个人经历的框架。本章的第二部分探讨社会建构性质的性别空间。性别与空间的理论结构被定义为我研究性别和生理空间的因素在社会关系是如何上演。跟踪两个开创性的文本,对空间和性别的基木思想是由ShirleyArdener来定义展开社会空间的概念,而DaphneSpain检查什么是性别空间。然后,木文阐述了在空间和性别的文化决定的规则的意见。最后,对话和观点与性别和社会关系建立在一位女性摄影师取景框架世纪之交的空间。SusanClose提出性别空间的上下文的框架内ClementinaHawarden夫人的摄影内饰,从文化的角度理论和性别空间。接下来的对话探讨了边界的问题,这是在一个历史性的竹景下,同时也引入了一种研宄方法,使用文化分析的框架的方法来读取图像。这种符号学方法在研究中使用的图像(如摄影)分析的内部空间,用来比较和对比的社会空间,突出了剧场建筑空间和性别空间的社会地位。引用Poldma,T.(2008).DwellingFuturesandLivedExperience:TransformingInteriorSpace.DesignhilosophyPapers,http://www.desphilosophy.com/dpp/dppjournal/paper2/body.html.Rengel,R.(2003).ShapingInteriorSpace.NewYork:FairchildPublications.拥有家的感觉的VirginieLasalle栖息地是什么帮助它来解决哲学问题,如果[1]不能解决的首要问题,最重要的事情是如何过好幸福的生活呢?“过得好!”是最高的哲学戒律。nLudwigWittgenstein(摘自Shustcrman,1997)在上面的诂中,Wittgenste是建议一个人应该将良好的生活指导设计运用于哲学方法内。如果思想家认为,以好、健康目标的存在为主导,正是因为这是每个人都渴望的存在。对于设计学科的专业人士,将为我们的这一良好的生活做出贡献,将为同行的良好的生活考虑,总是激发和呼应我们的空间观念。这同样适用于室内空间的设计,特别是当它涉及到思考和塑造人的习惯有关证明材料,好运和幸福的生活是北美文化的象征。在他们的亲密的方式中,家庭的概念通常被用作一个典型的避难者。作为室内居住空间的设计师,我们必须问自己,这个意图很好的生活和快乐的生活方式的本质和努力赋予空间的解决方案,如果适当,这将有助于满足基本需要。在一个拥有简洁外观的居住空间内,让我们介绍的是看法不同的思想家不同的学科方向,它的思考指导了设计住宅的过程。居住的感觉这将开发家里的栖息地的感觉和发现设计方法冇思想家和设计师很长一段吋间内居住;反射的重复和扩张显然证实的重要性仍然归因于当今居住。例如,多才多艺的居住形式,与一些有代表性的标准包括的功能空间,需求,居民的生活和文化习惯和地理情况。如果反思栖息地的构造框架最终设计专业人士的担忧,那么理论指导自己的行为经常思想家从不同学科的水果;作品的哲学家、人类学家、社会学家和心理学家参与的设计方法。可以解释这种情况的很大一部分大居住的现象的复杂性,它坚决建立木身含了大量的因素要考虑。源主机中现有的今天,GastonBachelard,PerlaSerfaty-Garzon,MartinHeidegger和EmmanuelLevinas是无价的参考他们的研究现象的居所。在他的现象学,Tlze诗学的空间(1957),GastonBachelard检查被居住的不变的本质,在分析居住的诗学,视力亲密的形象通过其最真实的对象。根据Bachelard,家,在其团结和复杂性,代表了物质意义上的人类经验和诗学的实体化。是男人的混凝土锚定,他的主要的世界,这是他居住的基本维度:我们因此应该说我们如何消耗我们的重要空间,符合所有的生活的辩证法,我们如何生根,日复一日,在“世界的角落。”[]为我们的房子是我们对世界的角落。[],这是我们的第一个宇宙。(1957)Bachelard居住的诗学的分析认为两个主要阶段的分析居住空间。首先,家是接近灵魂的分析仪器。然后回家被认为更多的开发作为对象,现象学材料分析符号的集合。第二阶段的分析处理的材料和象征性的属性。通过正式的观察对象,发现这样的哲学家扩展了诗意的图片炉边,空间有利于幻想一一这使居住地位重耍,把它的居民。与她兴趣的各种感官或居住,社会学家和环境心理学家PerlaSerfaty-Garzon观察语义丰富的各种术语用来表示居住住所,房子、家庭、壁炉,与他们的表现也是连接构造。根据Serfaty-Garzon,这种典型的居住空间优点回家的称谓为锚点,为生活提供空间加n油。居住意味着生活在一个历史的角度來看,在共生空间和分享的人。因此,Serfaty-Garzon考虑居住的现象在历史和社会学的视角。在她的理解,私人生活领域的出现导致亲密的设计在西方社会将相关的空间和专业化会带来骶骨化的住所。设想的拨款Serfaty-Garzon作为家里的活性成分(2003,第102页)包括道德、心理和情感意义。她建议我们个性化的材料特性和方法空间圆弧部分由文化模型,然后调整自己的个人表达,肯定我们的身份和我们如何构建自己通过我们的居住空间(92页)。家的象征意义分析的前提,被Serfaty-Garzon称为巴什拉精神,让她检查隐藏的区域,如地下室和阁楼领土无意识地通过自己的象征,但也通过成分分析,认为施工的®直度在回家的经历充满梦幻的意义(182-183页)。有关美国人的灵魂,这些空间品质填满家里的有意义的前提。他们提到一个明显的非理性(1999,第83页)与外国观察什么是隐藏的秘密,对应于一个内在的自我(1999,第86页)。Serfaty-Garzon表明,家里的房1X1包含的含义,基本的尊重生活空间的边界或多或少地渗透。因此,教化入侵的入门将代表该地区;屮途,可以要求或邀请室内空间的通道,也可以停止运动。入门之间的,是真正的面积:它既不是内部和外部(2003年,第145-143贞)。客厅是由家里的原型中定义的现代性的社交空间。是家里的前景,居民的空间运输建设和社会整合过程(2003,第162页)。在书面来源检查人的居住的现象,“建筑、住宅、思考”的文木(Conferences论文和会议,1954)是一种选择参考。通过语义研究的德国bauen,Heidegger讨论了居住的生存维度,并通过分析关系的意义,发展的内涵。这个词源的工作导致思想家构建的作用存在于人类状况的一个基本特征。Heidegger的上下文的判断,他是当代,构成一个缺陷之间的意义和采取的形状,正如他所观察到的住所。他声称住宅可以很好理解,能够促进实际生活,可以负担得起的,而且可以开放的空气,光,和太阳,但他本身问题是否可以保证住宅发生(171页)。Heidegger引导我们走向之间的频繁的二分法,可以观察到的环境概念状态,住宅作为构造环境,,最终,居民的日常生活经验的设计空间。这个观察也是由建筑师和理论家Juhani帕拉斯马可能,对反复出现的不恰当的反应由设计师微妙的挥霍、情感和家里的扩散方面(1992)。哲学家EmmanuelLevinas发展的理论之一,在他的作品中整体和无穷:一篇关于外在性(1971)煽动一个重新思考居住并看到它超过一个空间将满足居住的和对需求。在推理相关的内在需要的前提下,满足这个需要通过他所说的内容的行为所导致的生活快乐的满足需要或生活的内容,列维纳斯提出他的想法的快乐对人类生存至关重要:即使生活保障我的生活内容,意味着立即寻求结束,追求的这一端就结束。因此事总是比严格必要的;他们的优雅生活。()作为对象的对象占据了生命,但是对象的n视觉使生命的“快乐”。(1971,第114页)座用于人的居住空间,这种方法要求投影的栖息地远远超出严格施工必须提供的功能考虑,指的是一个合格的室内场所支持并揭示居住的乐趣,居住的乐趣。进一步,当列维纳斯讨论了住所和居住,他看到它作为一种工具,但坚持其特权的目的:居住的家将锤子钉或驾驶的钢笔写作。因为它确实属于齿轮组成的生活所需的东西的人。它庇护他严酷的天气,隐藏他的敌人或讨厌的。然而,系统内的人类生命维持的结尾本身占有特殊地位。(1971,第162页)EmmanuelLevinas,这种区别的其他工具来自其维度作为人类活动的开始。和亲密的人需要在这典型的私人领域能够与他人进行后续的社会活动。设计重要的生活空间这些理论无疑促进反射在很多设计师关注的居住品质生活空间想象。仍存在一个问题:如何文档中的一个具体解释这些概念设计空间,这些特性和品质可以参与居住空间和丰富的经验居住者的生活巧?基于选定的工作的理论家EdwardT.Hall,JuhaniPallasmaa和MauriceMerleau-Ponty让我们扩展的方式,作为居住建筑的思想家,我们可以从这些激励理论重要的设计空间,促进良好的生活居住。在人的整体经验的分析,特别是从他们的空间和居住体验,许多思想家倾向于最初的感性理解的现象。在隐藏的维度(1966),EdwardT.Hall采用人类学方法面向人的感官知觉,他断言一一“与所有其他动物王国的成员到最后和他的不可逆转地囚犯生物有机体”(8页)。他的创意方法涉及到他的推测,人类自己的是他文化的体验,哪些条件卜他与世界的关系。Hall指出,我们将这种类型的深刻的,一般情况I,非语言化体验单一文化的所有成员共享和交流不知道,这构成了背景与所有其他事件(8贞)。建筑师JuhaniPallasmaa可能也研究了人的感官知觉的重要性漿构环境。通过各种论文,其中最著名的可能是眼晴的皮肤:体系结构和感官(1995),Pallasmaa可能表达他的特定视觉霸权的担忧在西方建筑损害苏他的感官,从而导致消失的感觉和感官品质在艺术和建筑。环境的触觉维度和身体的感官体验影响我们对世界的理解,以及我们的居所。Pallasmaa可能声称,通过我们的身体,我们是世界的中心,而不是中央观察员的环境,或者是观众,但作为一个参考、记忆力、想象力和集成(11页)。因此,他说,建筑经验应该提供超过视觉传达;它应该问题人的触觉(即有关触摸)利息通过感官品质。他识别自然今天石、砖、木头和有效地与人交流,因为这些材料表达一定穿告诉他们生活的时代,标志着从磨损和时间的推移和他们的历史(31页)。Pallasmaa可能倡导迷立的方法n有抱负的rc-scnsualizc架构通过高度的重要性,其触觉,它的质地,它的重量、密度的空间,光的实体化(37页)最后,总结这®反射,MauriceMerleau-Ponty突出了人的主体性的考虑他的感官和经验的世界上人类栖息地。他提醒我们,需要满足的房屋及其室内空间与其说是考虑设计的严格的物理属性(完成的表面和美学,它们总体通信的灵活性。在他看来,空间不能被降低到一个列表的经验知觉标准的感觉、文化等。这是一个经验的多种可能的贡献是在一起,结合生活经验的每个人。它是一个过程的时间和空间,创建并合理通过室内设计必须包括生活经验为竹景的人的活动。方差和恒常性居住虽然某些合理的先天因素似乎保持不变在空间的设计过程中,我们注意到的构造表现真实的居住不同的回声在设计过程屮所涉及的因素的复杂性。室N设计或室内建筑设计实践的空间经常意味着发展屮现有的空间形式、材料和对象的空间解决方案。同样重要的是要理解,人们适应空间以他们&己的方式,过程屮必须考虑的一个基本方面项目的设计。我们成功的专业人士居住空间取决于我们的辨别能力促进人的真实生活经验空间的适应他或她自己的和他或她的快乐。最后,在我们看来,空间的使用设备出现的居住空间,似乎这些组件的路径能够有效地满足特定清单需要这些居民。名字只是其中之一,注意时间空间性的通道(一个房间为一个活动)空间暂时性(多功能空间),演示了一个专利可能被建模的传递时间,此刻的天、一周或一年。讨论问题1.小薇吉妮拉萨尔形容Bachelard的家的概念是“团结和复杂性,仓库材料的人类经验和物化在其诗学”。A.这是什么意思?B.家是“符号的集合”吗?2.Serfaty-Garzon如何理解家庭作为一个锚点呢?3.所示。海德格尔的家里居住的想法是什么?4.所示。居住空间的意义是什么家,居住吗?