农田水利课程设计报告--灌区灌排系统规划设计 26页

《农田水利学》课程设计马青河灌区灌排系统规划设计设计单位：西南大学XXXX级水文与水资源工程《农田水利学》课程设计设计人员：李雅.唐丽萍.王一殉设计时间：二O—六年六月n马青河灌区灌溉系统规划设计1灌区开发缘由1.1基本情况1.1.1地理位置灌区位于界荣山以南，马清河以北，（20m等高线以下的）总面积约12万亩。气候温和，无霜期长，适宜于农作物生长。年平均气温16・5°C,多年平均蒸发量1065mm,多年平均降水量1112mm,马清河灌区地形图见附图。灌区人口总数约8力，劳动力1.9万。中溪以西属兴隆乡，以东属大胜乡。根据农业规划，界荣山上以林、牧、副业为主，马头山以林为主，20m等高线以下则以大田作物为主,种植稻、麦、棉、豆等作物。1.1.2土壤条件灌区上游土质屈屮壤，下游龙尾河一带屈轻砂壤土。地下水埋深一般为4~5m,土壤及地下水的PH值屈中性，无盐碱化威胁。界荣山、龙尾山等属土质丘陵，表土属中粘壤土，地表5〜6m以下为岩层，中溪及吴家沟等沟溪均冇岩石露头，马头山陈村以南至马清河边岩石遍布地表。吴家沟等沟溪纵坡较大，下切较深，一般为7~8m,上游宽50~60m,卜•游宽70~90m,遇暴雨时易暴发洪水，近年来已在各沟、溪上游修建多处小型水库，山洪已基本得到控制，对灌区无威胁。1.1.3水源条件马清河灌区为马清河流域规划的组成部分。根据规划耍求，已在兴隆峪上游20km处（图外）建大型水库一座，坝顶高程50.2m,正常水位43.0m,兴利库容1.2x10备？，总库容2.3xl08m3o马清河灌区拟在该水库下游A-A断面处修建拦河坝式取水枢纽，引取水库水发电则利用尾水进行灌溉。A-A断面处河底高程30m,砂、卵石覆盖层厚2.5m,下为基岩，河道比降1/100,河底宽82m,河而宽120m。水库所供Z水水质良好，含沙量极微，水量亦能完全满足灌区用水要求。1.1.4气象条件根据当地气彖站资料，设计的屮等干旱年（相当于1972年）4~11月水而蒸发量（80cm口径蒸发皿）及降水量见表1及表2。n表1设计年蒸发量统计月份4567蒸发量（mm）97.5118.0143.7174.9月份891011蒸发量（nun）196.5144.7101.175.6表2设计年降水量统计0月份4567891017.64.6212.717.418.533.41.97.3492.055.31.210.864.87.92.878.62&582.5919.1103.6112.52.1121.96.4137.52.31412.11.91.91510.0166.04.13.532.81724.5181.3191.6204.312.611.5211.818.5222.110.649.22.53.6231.410.74.52435.47.4256.2261.5271.1281.53.7n日月份4567891029307.7313.6月计72.9198.5107.339.825.037.3103.51.1.5种植计划及灌溉经验灌区以种植水稻为主，兼有少量旱作物，各种作物种植比例见表3。表3作物种植比例作物旱稻中稻双季晚稻棉花种植比例（%）50305020根据该地区灌溉试验站观测资料，设计年（1972）早稻及棉花的基本观测数据如表4及表5所示；屮稻及晚稻的丰产灌溉制度列于表6。表4早稻试验基本数据生育阶段复苗分麋前分菓后孕穗抽穗乳熟黄熟全生育期起止日期（口/月）25/4〜4/55/5〜14/515/5〜1/62/6〜16/617/6〜30/61/7〜11/712/7〜20/725/4〜20/7天数101018151411987模比系数（％）78182521138100田间允许水层深（mm）10-30-5()10-40-8020-50-9020-50-10020-50-9010-40-50湿润渗透强度（mm/d）1.31.31.31.31.31.31.3注：全生育期需水系数沪1.0。表5棉花试验基本数据生冇阶段幼苗期现蕾期开花结铃期吐絮期全生冇期起止日期（日/月）21/4〜16/617/6-28/729/7〜26/827/8-6/1121/4-6/11模比系数（％）18302428100地下水补给量占作物需水量的（％）10202225让划湿润层深（m）0.4〜0.50.5〜0.60.6~0.70.7注：计划产量120kg；需水系数k=2.67m3/kg；土壤空隙率为48%（占土体的％,为体积含水率）；土壤适宜含水率上限为70%,下限为35%（占孔隙体积百分数）；田间最大持水率n为70%（占孔隙体积百分数）；播种Z前计划层（0.4m）内平均含水率为40%（占孔隙体积百分数）。增加计划湿润层的平均含水率可按50%（占孔隙体积百分数）计。1.2灌区开发的必要性和可行性灌区开发的必要性分析：（1）从作物需水要求来说：该灌区灌溉而积近12万亩，地形相对平坦，适宜农作物的生长，其种植的作物包括有早稻，中稻，双季晚稻和棉花。都是相对來说耗水的经济作物，种植比例为50:30:30:20.多年平均蒸发量和降雨量基本持平,现有的自然条件不能满足作物的需水要求。（2）就目前的灌溉与排水来水，在灌区有两条河流，但都是流量比较小的河流且分布不均匀，无法满足整个灌区的灌水要求，因此修建灌水渠系系统十分必要。灌区开发的可行性分析：就灌区开发的有利条件来说，该灌区位于河流冲击所形成的平原地带，其止南方有马清河通过，而在马清河上游有一兴利库容1.2*1380m,总库容2.3*1380m的水库，取水水源方便、水质良好，符合灌溉的基本条件。其次引取水库发电则利用尾水进行灌溉，既充分考虑了资源充分利用，乂兼顾经济效益综上所述，该地域修建灌溉系统，实际上必要，技术上可行，同时能实现经济效益，社会效益，生态效益的统一2灌溉制度2.1早稻灌溉制度求得各个阶段的水面蒸发量：用刀蒸发量/每个刀的天数郅介段数阶段需水量由以水面蒸发为参数的需水系数法，将各阶段水面蒸发量乘以各阶段需水系数得到各阶段的作物需水量。表6早稻逐日耗水量计算表牛育期复苗分麋前分麋后孕穗抽穗乳熟黄熟全生育期起止月日25/4-4/55/5〜14/515/5〜1/62/6〜16/617/6〜30/61/7〜11/712/7〜20/725/4-20/7天数1()1018151411987阶段水面蒸发量（mm）34.738.169.571.967.162.150.8394.2n阶段需水系数1111111阶段需水量(mm)27.631.571.098.682.851.231.5394.2阶段渗透量(mm)131323.419.51&214.311.7113.1阶段耗水最(mm)40.644.594.4118.1101.065.543.2507.3翌H耗水量(mm)4.064.455.247.877.215.964.80表7马清河灌区1972年早稻生育期灌溉制度计算表(mm)日期牛：育期设计淹灌水层逐日耗水量逐H降雨淹灌水层变化灌水量排水量刀U42410254.05925.9420264.05921.88274.05917.82284.0591.515.2629复苗10-30-504.05911.20304.05927.1420514.05923.0824.05919.0234.0593.418.3744.05992.050.0056.3154.4541.246.7464.4547.950.1974.45428.574.2484.45469.789分菓前10-40-804.45465.33104.45460.87114.4542.558.92124.4546.460.87134.45456.41144.45451.96155.24246.72165.2426.047.48175.24224.566.7318分菓后20-50-905.24261.49195.24256.25205.24251.01215.24245.77225.24210.651.12n232425262728293031612孕穗20-50-10034567891011121314151617抽穗20-50-901819202122232425262728293071乳熟10-40-50235.24210.756.585.24251.345.24246.105.24240.865.2421」36.715.2423.735.175.24229.935.24224.695.24219.455.24244.20307.87017.453.737.8701.947.767.87039.897.87032.027.87024.157.87016.287.87048.41407.87040.547.87032.677.87024.807.87046.93307.87039.067.8701.933.097.87025.227.87047.35307.21340.147.21332.937.21325.717.21348.503()7.21341.297.21349.283.287.21376.067.21335.490.0014.257.21382.797.2131.577.077.21369.867.21362.657.21355.447.21348.225.95942.265.95936.305.95930.35n45.95924.3955.95918.4365.95912.4775.95936.513085.95930.5595.95924.59105.95918.63115.95912.68124.8047.87134.8043.07144.8041&2620154.80410.023.4616黄熟湿润4.8044.122.76174.80417.95184.80413.15194.8048.34204.8043.54合计校核验算：h^SP-Sd+SM-SWC=h^则：10+250+321.4・507.3・70.56=3.54mm与7月6H淹灌水层相同，计算无误。例如：起始日4月24日末层水深10mm（泡田后建立的田面水层），则25口末水深为:h2=10+0+04059=5.94mm4月25H：小于蓄水下限，应进行灌水，灌水量按照灌水上限控制，即在4月26日灌水20mm,水层为25.94mm。4刀26H：h2=25.94+0+0・4.059=21.88mm5月4日:18.37+0+92-4.059=116.32mm,超过蓄水上限,应排水56.31mm使水层保持在50mmo如此进行计算，即可求得生育期灌溉制度成果表如图七所示。表8早稻灌溉制度表灌水次数灌水日期灌水定额mmn?/亩14/252013.324/302013.336/13020.046/84026.756/123020.066/163020.076/203020.0n87/73020.097/142013.3合计250166.752.2棉花灌溉制度计划产量120kg；需水系数k=2.67m3/kgo棉屁的总需水量：ET=2.67*120=320.4m3按照各生育阶段需水规律，以一定比例进行分配，即ETi=l/100*KiET计划湿润层增加的水量WTi=667（Hi-H2）n0；式中，0——增加的土层屮的平均含水率，以占孔隙率的百分数计，取为50%；H]——为计划时段初计划湿润层深度，H2——计划时段末计划湿润层深度，m；n——土壤孔隙率，以占土壤体积百分数计，取为48%求得各个阶段的计划湿润层增加的水量；计算地下水补给量；阶段净耗水量（ET・Wt・K）等于作物B间需水量（ET）减去计划湿润层增加的水量（Wt）减去地下水补给量（K）。求得土壤计划湿润层储水量后填入表9o有效降雨量P°=ccP,a——降雨入渗系数，其値与一次降雨量、降雨强度、降雨延续吋间、土壤性质、地面覆盖及地形等因素有关。当旬内有接连两天或两天以上的降雨时，看做一次降雨，将其累加，如不是则为一次降雨。一般认为当一次降雨小于5mm时，a为0；当一次降雨在5〜50mm时，a为0.9；降雨大于50mm时，a为0.75.由此可得入渗的有效降雨量根据水量平衡方程Wt-W0=Wr+P0+K+M-ET求得作物实际储水量。填入表10表9棉花耗水量计算成果表生育阶段幼苗期现蕾期开花结铃期吐絮期全生育期起止日期（日/月）21/4〜16/617/6〜28/729/7〜26/827/8〜6/1121/4〜6/11天数57422972200模比系数（％）18302428100地下水补给量占作物需水量的（％）10202225计划湿润层深（m）0.4〜0.50.5〜().60.6~0.70.7n需水量（m3/m）57.67296.12076.89689.712320.400需水量累积（H?/市）57.672153.792230.688320.400地下水补给量（m“/市）5.76719.22416.91722.428计划湿润层深加大而茯得的水量（D?/市）12.80612.80612.8060.000累加(m3/m)12.80625.61338.41938.419阶段净耗水量（n?/市）39.09864.09047.17267.284逐日耗水量（n?/市）0.6861.5261.6270.935土壤计划湿润层储水量（n?/亩）112.056134.467156.878156.878表10棉花灌溉计算表H期牛育期允许储水逐日降雨量（mm）逐日降雨量（/ill）降雨量入渗累计（/亩）净耗水累计（/亩）实际储水最（/亩）灌水量排水月H4204.32.8680.0051.226211.81.2010.00140.54090222」1.4010.00139.854231.40.9340.00139.16824().00138.482250.00137.796260.00137.110270.00136.424281.51.0010.00135.738290.0000.00135.052300.0000.00134.366510.0000.00133.68020.0000.00132.9943幼苗78.9-140.93.42.2680.000.686132.3084期9261.36469.00130.6227()51.20.80069.00129.93767.95.26976.11136.36172&519.010101.76131.3253080.000101.76130.63990.000101.76129.953100.000101.76129.267112.51.668101.76128.581126.44.269107.52133.655130.000107.52132.969140.000107.52132.283150.000107.52131.5971664.002112.92136.311n1724.516.342134.97117.67540180.000134.97116.989190.000134.97116.303200.000134.97115.617210.000134.97114.9322210.67.070144.51123.7862310.77.137154.14132.730240.000154.14132.044250.000154.14131.358260.000154.14130.672271.10.734154.14129.986283.72.468154.14129.300290.000154.14128.6143()0.000154.14127.928310.000154.14127.242610.000154.14126.556217.411.606169.80131.5301031.91.267169.80130.84440.000169.80130.15850.000169.80129.47360.000169.80128.78770.000169.8012&10180.000169.80127.41590.000169.80126.729100.000169.80126.043110.000169.80125.357120.000169.80124.671130.000169.80123.985141.91.267169.80123.299150.000169.80122.613160.000169.80121.927170.000169.80120.401180.000169.80118.875190.000169.80117.349200.000169.80115.82321现蕾期0.000169.80114.2972298.6-169.049.232.816214.081.526157.052230.000214.08155.5262435.423.612245.94155.8603()250.000245.94154.334261.51.001245.94152.808270.000245.94151.282n280.000245.94149.756290.000245.94148.230300.000245.94146.704310.000245.94145.178710.000245.94143.65220.000245.94142.12630.000245.94140.60040.000245.94139.07450.000245.94137.54860.000245.94136.02270.000245.94134.49680.000245.94132.97190.000245.94131.4451()0.000245.94129.919110.000245.94128.393120.000245.94126.867130.000245.94125.34114106.670254.94132.815154.12.735254.94131.289160.000254.94129.763170.000254.94128.237180.000254.94126.711190.000254.94125.185200.000254.94123.659212.51.668254.94122.133224.53.002254.94120.607237.44.936261.60125.741240.000261.60124.215250.000261.60122.689260.000261.60121.164270.000261.60119.638280.000261.6011&112297.75.136268.53123.415303.62.401268.53121.788310.000268.53120.16281开花结铃期0.000268.53118.5352118.3-197.20.000268.531.627186.9087030.000268.53185.282410.87.204278.25193.37550.000278.25191.74960.000278.25190.12270.000278.25188.495n80.000278.25186.86990.000278.25185.242100.000278.25183.615110.000278.25181.989120.000278.25180.362130.000278.25178.735140.000278.25177.109150.000278.25175.482160.000278.25173.856170.000278.25172.229181.61.067278.25170.6021912.68.404289.59180.316200.000289.59178.689210.000289.59177.062220.000289.59175.436230.000289.59173.809240.000289.59172.182250.000289.59170.556260.000289.59168.92927吐絮期138.1-197.20.000289.590.935167.995280.000289.59167.060290.000289.59166.126300.000289.59165.191310.000289.59164.257910.000289.59163.32227.34.869296.16168.95830.000296.16168.02340.000296.16167.08950.000296.16166.15460.000296.16165.22070.000296.16164.28580.000296.16163.35190.000296.16162.416102.11.401296.16161.482110.000296.16160.547122.31.534296.16159.613130.000296.16158.678140.000296.16157.744153.52.335296.16156.809160.000296.16155.875170.000296.16154.940180.000296.16154.006n192021222324252627282930101234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829300.000296.1618.512.340312.813.62.401312.810.000312.810.000312.810.000312.810.000312.810.000312.810.000312.810.000312.810.000312.814.63.068312.8118.512.340329.460.000329.460.000329.460.000329.462.81.868329.460.000329.462.51.668329.4619.112.740346.653.62.401346.650.000346.650.000346.650.000346.651.91.267346.650.000346.6532.821.878376.170.000376.170.000376.170.000376.1711.57.671386.520.000386.520.000386.520.000386.520.000386.526.24.135392.100.000392.100.000392.100.000392.100.000392.100.000392.100.000392.10153.07116&787167.852166.918165.983165.049164」14163.180162.245161.311160.376159.442175.157174.223173.288172.354171.419170.485169.550185.806184.871183.937183.0021X2.068⑻.133180.19918&78420187.8501X6.915185.981195.396194.462193.527192.593191.658196.304195.369194.435193.50()192.566191.631190.697n灌水次数灌水口期灌水定额mmm25/亩14.219060.0328.027046.69合计160106.723灌水率图3.1灌水延续时间采用的一次灌水延续时间如下：早、中稻泡田8〜12昼夜；双季晚稻泡出5〜7昼夜；各类水稻生育内一次灌水的延续时间3〜5昼夜。棉花生育期内一次灌水延续时间5〜10昼夜。3.2计算灌水率表12灌水率计算表作物作物所占血积（％）灌水次数灌水定额（/由）灌水时间（F1/月）灌水延续时间（d）灌水率［/（sX万亩）］早稻33.33113.344/25412.865213.344/30412.865320.016/1419.298426.686/8425.730520.016/12419.298620.016/16419.298720.016/20419.298820.017/7419.298913.347/14412.865中稻201757/51017.3612255/26424」103254/6424.11042510/6424.110n5306/20428.9326302/7428.93273()8/7428.9328307/14428.9329307/22428.93210257/29424」10112010/8419.288双季晚稻33.331707/19645.0062157/27414.4663251/8424.1104207/8419.28852512/8424.1106308/23428.9327308/27428.9328308/31428.9329306/9428.932103012/9428.93211309/19428.93212209/30419.288棉花13.34160.034/21811.586246.698/2822.5143.3灌水率图与设计率灌水率图修止原则:1.在修正灌水率图时，要以不影响作物需水要求为原则，尽量不要改变主要作物关键用水期的各次灌水吋间，若必须调整移动，以往前移动为主，前后移动不超过三天2.调整其它各次灌水时，要使修止后的灌水率图比较均匀，连续。3.为了减少输水损失，并使渠道工作制度比较平稳，在调整时不应使灌水率数值相差悬殊。一般最小灌水率不应小于最大灌水率的40%o初始灌水率图:n灌区初步灌水率图908070ff“"匚拠二ns竹m'/s半稱既轴棉知磁为••組二角二而访商"时更伞辛集M稠L作啟4二47%Ig斗煤羽沌和紐I办&件咖u十诙）二丼恣U+仏奶*厶冏）沖亦Wk⑷卄早嗽竦屏汝旳緘，如X2二7#如…如加％艾%舫幟；硼二徽X2二7力如“呢、朋加％A_M——2016-07-0210:30辨敏湮物材麒他札念>询确：切葩严一叫史ft輛怦舛那議g二期加普卅M柄询M屛？7创加牛集胡強州dt办&件咖c片碍）二Fwu+zZm=mg'k（卩林*谢支乗M没叶沁’.妇M矽朋％:2二％2热3二EmZk^AM_友埃毎遐用紂缺縫略细>^5^二莎7丽尹二。叫辭友細坪旳那議収二申g女煤她解妙必娅二％"什滋“）二切鸟77m%羽衬呼加G:"⑸切g耐—必:诃弘沙卩【・2.计耳吻果诃谨肿制縣数附二人计与匸三支以/破牛vb卷°处因二瘙｛顶mb制s令©购二0甲锣二2•仆拆二幺殆％今>一._、c..—L、.4/亠“._心必@9£n—**^(F'~—•~应・・■L■■巧門0尸・'‘戈“I亨用?”#3“2“nTwS<8|*/wTqTTv*^2①叫些卩支純怦沟那席41二厶他如头计二三孙為;險竹玮做19旳二二必屛％。(9/购二。项》净二2•仆3J*二針於k今&戈名必女谱二/呂"J=“加仏R的妬二分松禅紹朋仗升城3C%0川C段”洌■»烧⑵A炳询如f仞麦壊妣iH妙®4M=&<&屮心厶<八肿"77m%"仆彌谨加MV麻数附二籍二鑰"加Q耐u£?4^r二，?列二冷妙帜妆・&则谿「-麻杯二防"/s宜唏呻"*2016-07-0210:30殷妙屮述％$二陆伏&4二歧沏UH•呻2.W&7%啟仪畑二®m■畑川tS“y)-也、如％加乞二仏灼f必“川"棉“引二亦、冏m*〃殷州幽綁必枪乂加亦做)lit仏k)?4歼观卅〃4.6.3干渠设计流量设计流量支渠貝阪鬆计耀側S)157.877三支報魏(趾)67,661二支渠设廿癮(趾)90.215-支渠辭灌曲/0135.323干集干舸民跚'糧(他)158,794環爲蜩量圖S)228.505WW^t(i3/s)干勦鍛跚羅曲/s)320.487458.366不同渠道设计流量成果表翹第-礬厶沖―人不跚荒帥3/s)135.32390.21567.661157.877斗36063加卅縫族/s)148.85599.23774.428173.6644.6.4其它参数n表13加大流量加大系数选择依据设计流量(m3/s)<11—55—1010—30>30加大系数j1.3—1.301.30—1.251.25—1.201.20—1.151.15—1.10表14不同渠道设计流量成果表类型第一支渠第二支渠第三支渠第四支渠设计流量(m3/s)135.32390.21567.661157.877最小流量(m3/s)54362763加大流量(m3/s)148.85599.23774.428173.6645设计水位推算5.1选择参考点选择支渠四斗渠三农渠三小点为设计水位参考点；水位推算原理：进水II高程+参考点地面高程+灌水深度+渠道的沿程水头损失+渠系建筑物的局部水头损失。表15渠系建筑物水头损失最小数值表n渠別控制面积（万市）进水闸节制闸渡槽倒虹吸公路桥T•渠10-400.1-0.20.10.150.40.05支渠1.0-2.00.1-0.10.070.070.30.03斗渠0.3-0.40.05-0.150.050.050.20农渠0.055.2设计水位5・3确定引水方式有坝引水6渠道横断面设计6.1干渠断面设计干渠的设计采用经济实用断面干渠的偏离系数拟定为1.01,糙率为0.025,比降为0.00015,支渠的边坡比为1.25n底宽b边坡m水深h糙率n比降i面积A湿周P水力半径R谢才系数C流量Q流速V0A4.21.51.30.02251/500088.890.943.674.680.59AB3.21.51.30.02251/50006.77.890.8543.253.770.56BC2.41.51.20.02251/50005.246.730.7542.362.610.52CD1.151.51.10.02251/50003.085.120.640.821.420.456.2典型支渠断面设计底宽b边坡m水深h糙率n比降i面积A湿周P水力半径R谢才系数C流量Q流速V0A4.21.51.30.02251/500088.890.943.674.680.59AB3.21.51.30.02251/50006.77.890.8543.253.770.56BC2.41.51.20.02251/50005.246.730.7542.362.610.52CD1.151.51.10.02251/50003.085.120.640.821.420.456・3典型斗、农渠断面设计采用水力最优断面，水力最优断面具有工程量最小的优点，小型渠道和石方渠道可以采用；大型渠道采用宽浅断面。底宽b边坡m水深h糙率n比降i面积A湿周P水力半径R谢才系数C流量Q流速V斗渠0.51.50.760.02251/30001.253.250.43&150.60.48农渠0.31.50.450.02251/20000.431.90.2535.280.140.33n7渠道纵断面设计8结论与建议8.1结论n8.2建议