英语速读训练者经验总结 22页

英语速读训练者经验总结 Astronomers Planning Close-ups of Mars from a Baloon The two Mars rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, have aomplished more than their creators thought possible. They have muscled across the pla?s rugged terrain for more than two years,‎ collecting data about the position of its rocks and soils in the process.‎ Even the most dogged workhorses, however, have limitations.‎ In their entire time on the pla, the slow-moving rovers have traversed less than 10 square miles, and their sensors cannot collect data more than a few feet above the ground.‎ To survey areas of the pla that remain unknown, researchers affiliated with the privately financed German Mars Society in Munich are proposing a different kind of explorer: a vehicle inspired more by dirigibles ( 飞船) like the Hindenburg than by land-rover predecessors. Projected to reach Mars in xx, the balloon craft, namedArchimedes, would hover muchcloser to the pla?s surface than a satellite, snapping crisp, full-color images similar to those that an Earth photographer might take from a helicopter.‎ In an hour-long descent to the ground, the balloon craft would use an array of sensors to take temperature, wind and humidity readings. These data, collected at a variety of altitudes, would provide the raw material scientists need to understand Martian weather patterns.‎ The balloon craft was the brainchild of Hannes Griebel. In xx, as an advanced engineering student at the Technical University of Munich, Mr. Griebel was looking for a Mars project that would not retread ground that rover missions planned to cover. “There’ s so muchabout Mars we don?t know,” he said.‎ ‎“ I started to think, ?What are the data we haven?t been able to get?? ”‎ A helium ( 氢)-filled balloon craft, he reasoned, could obtain a more prehensive profile of the pla ’ s surface and atmosphere than any other vehicle. Best of all, the project would be cheap enough — under $2 million — that he could pursue it with money from private donors instead of depending on government financing.‎ Dr. Hausler, head of the Institute for Spaceflight Technology at the University of the Federal Armed Forces in Munich, was initially skeptical when Mr. Griebel approached him with the plan. “ Hannes was proposing this crazy idea that we try to put a balloon into Mars?s atmosphere, ” he said. Still,‎ seeing the project?s potential, he decided to offer Dr. Griebel a faculty position instead of turning him away. “ I told him, ?Let?s attack this.? ”‎ At first, Mr. Griebel envisioned a balloon that would inflate once its launch vehicle had entered the atmosphere. But in Mars?s thin carbon dioxide surroundings, “there isn?t much to slow the craft down as it falls, so you need to inflate something big in a very short time, ” he said. Achieving this would require a plicated and expensive ground based control system, so he scrapped( 放弃) the idea, in stead in favor of inflating the balloon in deep space and then propelling the buoyant ( 有浮力的 ) object into the Martian atmosphere. That option presented its own problems. As a spacecraft reaches the threshold between the vacuum of space and a pla?s outer atmosphere, large amounts of friction turn the energy its orbital motion has generated into heat.‎ At a little over 170 pounds, the craft would generate less than a quarter of the friction that a space shuttle might, but its filmy surface would still heat up to about 620 degrees Fahrenheit during atmospheric entry. The project team plans to coat the 33-foot-wide balloon with a heat-tolerant chemical material.‎ Making sure the inflation mechanism would work in a zero-gravity environment also proved daunting( 困 难 的 ). If pockets of gas becametrapped in the folded balloon ’ s plastic crevices( 缝隙), they would expand rapidly in the vacuum of space, possibly jamming the delicate mechanical ponents that position the balloon for inflation.‎ The team scheduled a test flight last spring on the Zero-G Airbus A300 of the French pany Novespace. The plane flied in an up-and-down pattern that made objects in the cabin weightless for seconds at a time. Project scientists deployed( 展开) the balloon more than 80 times during these weightless moments, and it inflated as expected about 90 percent of the time.‎ Last month, the researchers sent the craft into true zero gravity, strapping the balloon and a camera-containing module to a sounding rocket that went more than 60 miles above Earth?s surface. Although a few grainy images that cameras transmitted to Earth showed that the balloon inflated properly upon reaching deep space, the remainder of the test was a edy of errors. The rocket collided with the recently detached camera module, preventing it from acquiring planned high-resolution footage of the craft. Another trial is planned for October.‎ What chance of suess does the craft have, given the difficulties of deploying a balloon in space and the lack of financing from conventional space programs? The mission participants have no illusions, describing the project as a high-stakes gamble. “ The deployment system could fail, or the balloon could burst once it?s inflated, ” Dr. Griebel said.‎ ‎“ There are all kinds of things that could go wrong. ” In addition, to cut costs the craft will travel to Mars on a satellite owned by the private Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (Amsat), which will be launched from Germanyin xx aboard an Ariane-5 rocket. If the rocket experiences technical problems, they will be beyond the control of the project team.‎ Robert Zubrin, an aerospace engineer and the author of “The Case for Mars” , said that the greatest potential of the German craft lay not in turning up unexpected findings, but in adding detail and breadth to public conceptions of Mars. “Right now, the image of Mars most people have is either a small dot in the sky or an expanse of terrain a few miles wide, ” he said. “ With this mission, we?ll get the big picture. We?ll finally start to see Mars as an entire world in itself. ”‎ 1. The passage mainly introduces a new kind of explorer intended to the Mars.‎ 2. With the advanced technology, Spirit and Opportunity can collect data far away from the ground.‎ 3. 1. Archimedes is designed to collect more important data than the Mars rovers.‎ 2. Aording to Hannes Griebel, the helium-filled balloon craft can get a more prehensive picture of Mars-surface and atmosphere.‎ 3. Dr Hausler held that Griebel?s balloon craft was not practical, therefore he turned Griebel away.‎ 4. Mr. Griebel?s team has solved the problem to inflate the balloon in a very short time when the launch vehicle enters the atmosphere.‎ 5. Project scientists tested the balloon on an Airbus plane to see if the balloon can deploy well in the zero-gravity space.‎ 6. The balloon craft project team will use to protect the balloon from the heat generated in the friction.‎ 7. 1. The test carried out last month showedthat the inflation mechanism can work in deep space.‎ 2. The balloon craft will be launched to the deep space by in xx.‎ 做题点拨与全文翻译 说明文。前两段提出了现有的火星探测器的不足之处；第三到六 段讲述了气球飞船概念的提出与获得的支持； 第七到十二段讲述了气球飞船项目小组工作的具体内容。 最后介绍了其他人对这个项目小组的工作的意义的评价。‎ 解题思路 ‎1‎ ‎【线索】 The passage mainly introduces a new kind of explorer intended to the Mars.‎ ‎【定位】全文 ‎【解析】参考“结构剖析”内容，题干表述正确。选 Y。‎ ‎2‎ ‎【线索】With the advanced technology, Spirit and Opportunity can collect data far away from the ground.‎ ‎【定位】第二段 ‎【解析】本段讲到了勇气号和机遇号的局限性：运动速度慢、传 感器离地面几英尺高就收集不到数据了。 所以题干说“离地面很远也能收集数据”是错误的，选 N。‎ ‎3‎ ‎【线索】 Archimedes is designed to collect more important data than the Mars rovers.‎ ‎【定位】第三段 ‎【解析】原文只提到德国 Mars Society 正在研制新型的探测器， 即为 Archimedes。虽然文中也提到两个漫游者只是在一个小范围内 活动，而新的探测器将使人们对火星获得一个整体上的认识。 但是文中没有对两者获得的数据的重要性进行对比。选 NG。‎ ‎4‎ ‎【 线 索 】 Aording to HannesGriebel, the helium-filled balloon craft can get a more prehensive picture of Mars ’surface and atmosphere.‎ ‎【定位】第五段 ‎【解析】题干中的 can get a more prehensive picture 与原文中的 obtain a ... profile 对应。题干是原文的同义转述。选 Y。‎ ‎5‎ ‎【线索】 Dr Hausler held that Griebel ’s balloon craft was not practical, therefore he turned Griebel away.‎ ‎【定位】第六段 ‎【解析】原文提到， Hausler 博士起初对 Griebel 的项目持怀疑态度，不过他看到了这个项目的潜力， 所以他决心给 Griebel 提供一个教员的职位而不是将他打发走（ instead of turning him away）。题干与原文表达的意思正相反。选 N。‎ ‎6‎ ‎【线索】Mr. Griebel ’s team has solved the problem to inflate the balloon in a very short time when the launch vehicle enters the atmosphere.‎ ‎【定位】第七段 ‎【解析】本段提到了 Griebel 准备让气球何时充气的问题。题干所说的“在发射装置进入火星大气层后为气球快速充气”是 Griebel 一开始的想法。后来考虑到过于复杂和昂贵， Griebel 放弃了这个想法。所以题干的说法是错误的。选 N。‎ ‎7‎ ‎【线索】 Project scientists tested the balloon on an Airbus plane to see if the balloon can deploy well in the zero-gravity space.‎ ‎【定位】第十段 ‎【解析】上一段中提到了要确保气球的充气装置在零重力状态下 工作正常， 本段中讲到了研究小组人员的实验工作。 题干是对原文信息的正确综述。选 Y。‎ ‎8‎ ‎【线索】 The balloon craft project team will use to protect the balloon from the heat generated in the friction.‎ ‎【定位】第八段 ‎【解析】本段提到了研究小组对付摩擦产生的高温的方法：给飞 船体涂上一层防热化学物质。 所以答案是：a heat-tolerant chemical material 。‎ ‎9‎ ‎【线索】 The test carried out last month showed that the inflation mechanism can work in deep space.‎ ‎【定位】倒数第三段 ‎【解析】本段介绍了上个月进行的真实太空实验的情况。第二句 中提到，气球充气过程很理想（ properly ）。也就是说充气装置可以良好地工作。答案是： properly 。‎ ‎10‎ ‎【线索】 The balloon craft will be launched to the deep space by in xx.‎ ‎【定位】倒数第二段，倒数第二句 ‎【解析】本句介绍了气球飞船进入太空的方式： 与一颗卫星一起， 由一枚阿丽亚娜火箭发射升空。所以答案是： an Ariane-5 rocket 。‎ 全文翻译 天文学家计划利用气球飞船来仔细观察火星 ‎［2］两个火星漫游者，勇气号和机遇号，所完成的工作已经超出了它们的设计者的预想。 它们已经在火星崎岖不平的地表上闯荡了两年多时间，其间不断采集着火星岩石和土壤的成分的数据。‎ 然而，即使是最顽强的吃苦耐劳者也是有局限性的。在两个漫游者停留在火星上的全部时间里，它们缓缓移动，走过的地方还不到 10 平方英里，［ 2］而且在地表以上几英尺的地方，它们的传感器就无法采集数据了。‎ ‎［3］为了勘察这颗行星上的领域， 位于慕尼黑的由私人赞助的德国火星协会的研究人员正在计划采用一种与漫游者不同的探测器—‎ ‎—这个飞行器更多地受到了诸如“兴登堡号”之类的飞船的启发，而 不是那些登陆火星的先驱者们。这艘名为“阿基米德”的气球飞船计 划在 xx 年到达火星，它能以比人造卫星更近的距离在火星表面盘旋， 拍摄清晰的全色图像， 就像地球上的人在直升飞机上所拍摄的照片一样。在长达一小时的降落到地面的过程中， 气球飞船会用一系列传感器来测量温度、风力和湿度。这些从不同的高度采集而来的数据，将 是科学家们了解火星气候模式所需要的原始信息。‎ 气球飞船的设想是 Hannes Griebel 提出来的。 xx 年时，作为一名慕尼黑技术大学高级工程学专业的学生， 他在期待一项新的火星探索计划，这个计划不会重复火星漫游者准备完成的工作。 “关于火星的情况我们了解的很少。”他说。“我开始思考，‘我们目前还无法 采集到的数据是什么？’”‎ ‎［4］按照他的推测，与别的飞行器相比，一个充满氢气的气球飞 船能让人们对火星表面和大气层的认识更为全面。 最棒的是， 这个飞行计划非常便宜——花费 200 万美元以下——他可以从私人捐助者那里筹到资金而不是依靠政府赞助。‎ ‎［5］Hausler 博士是德国联邦国防大学航空技术学院的院长。当Griebel 将这个计划提交给他时， Hausler 起初也感到怀疑。“ Hannes 提出了这个疯狂的主意，让我们把气球放飞到火星的大气层去，”他 说。然而，由于看到了这个项目的潜力，他决心给 Griebel 博士提供 一个教员的职位而不是将他打发走。 “我告诉他，‘让我们开始吧！ ’”‎ ‎［6］起初， Griebel 先生设想的是，当搭载气球的飞行器进入火星的大气层时， 气球就开始充气膨胀。 但是火星大气层中的二氧化碳含量稀少， “没有足够的阻力来延缓飞行器坠落的速度，所以你得在很短的时间内将气球充大，”他说。要做到这些，需要一个复杂而昂 贵的地面控制系统， 所以他放弃了那个想法， 而倾向于在外层空间给 气球充气， 然后将这个有浮力的物体推进火星大气层。 这个想法也带来了新的问题， 当太空飞行器到达太空真空和行星的外部大气层之间时，大量的摩擦会将它在轨道运行中产生的能量转化成热量。‎ 气球飞船重 170 多磅，摩擦产生的热量 比一架航天飞机的四分之一还要少，但是在进入大气层时，它薄 薄的表面上的温度仍将达到大约 620 华氏度。［ 8］该项目小组计划在 33 英尺宽的气球表面涂上一层耐热的化学材料。 ［ 7］要确保充气装置在失重状态下可以正常工作也是十分困难的。 如果那些充气袋被夹在折叠着的气球的塑料缝隙中，它们在真空状态下会迅速膨胀， 这可能对那些调整气球状态进行充气的精密仪器装置造成干扰。‎ ‎［7］项目小组去年春天在法国新太空公司的零重力空客 A300 飞机上进行了飞行测试。 飞机飞行时不断上下起伏， 使得机舱内的物体每次能维持几秒钟的失重状态。 在这些失重的时段内， 从事该项目的科学家们充气展开气球 80 多次，充气所需要的时间正如所预料的那样，是在地面上充气所需时间的 90%。‎ ‎［9］上月，研究者们将气球飞船送到了真正的零重力的太空，他们把气球和一个含照相机 高中英语快速阅读训练实验研究 摘要：培养学生英语阅读能力，特别是英语快速阅读能力一直是 困扰英语教学的难题，同时也是英语教师喜欢探究的教学课改领域。 然而，如何改善学生的英语快速阅读能力？笔者根据自己多年的英语 阅读教学经验， 设计了英语快速阅读训练， 并通过所教班级进行实验研究，从而进一步检验快速阅读能力对学生英语学习的促进作用。‎ 关键词：英语快速阅读能力 阅读训练 实验研究 促进 随着中学英语教学改革的不断深入，探究如何培养或提高学生阅 读能力的方式、 方法成为中学英语教师参与中学英语教改的一个重要方向。培养中学生英语阅读能力，一般通过精读、泛读和速读等方式 进行。我们传统的中学英语教学比较注重精读和泛读， 但对快速阅读训练重视不够。 那什么是快速阅读训练？它是在保障学生对英语文章70%正确率理解的前提下， 改善和提高阅读速度的一种心智技能训练。通过这种训练，学生可以提高阅读效率，改善阅读能力。因此，研究 英语快速阅读训练， 特别是结合中学英语教学实践开展阅读速度训练是必要的。‎ 一、快速阅读训练的目标和学生阅读存在的问题 ‎（一）学生阅读存在的普遍问题 1. 发音读。在阅读时， 学生会发出声音， 发音读。其主要弊端是， 阅读受到说话速度的影响而限制了阅读速度。‎ 2. 默读。默读指每个词的发音清晰地在头脑中出现。其主要缺点 原文 Foreign Students at U.S. Colleges Have Several Ways to Get Financial Aid 美国大学的外国学生有多种方法来获得经济援助 Some international students want to know how to get a scholarships from an American college,and others want to know the differences among various kinds of financial aid. These include assistantships, grants, scholarships and fellowships.‎ 一些国际学生想知道如何获得美国大学的奖学金 , 和其他想知道的差异在各种金融援助。 这些包括助教奖学金 , 助学金, 奖学金和助学金。‎ An assistantship is a job a student does. In exchange, the student receives money or attends classes for free. Graduate students usually get assistantships. The student works about twenty hours a week helping a professor. The student may teach classes, help grade papers and tests, or do research in a laboratory.‎ 研究生助教奖学金是学生做一份工作。作为交换，学生收到钱或 参加类。毕业的学生通常可以得到奖学金。 学生工作一周帮助教授约二十个小时。学生可能会授课，帮助批改作业和测验，或在实验室里 做研究。‎ A grant is a gift of moneyto pay for someor all of the costs of college. Unlike loans, grants do not have to be re-paid.‎ Private groups or organizations generally give grants to students who need the money.‎ 格兰特是钱的一份礼物来支付一些或所有大学的费用。赠款与贷款不同， 不需要重新支付。 民间团体或组织一般需要这笔钱的学生给予补助。‎ Scholarships and fellowships also do not have to be re-paid.‎ A scholarship is financial aid to undergraduate students; a fellowship is the same kind of aid for graduate students.‎ Generally, scholarships and fellowships go to students with special abilities or athletic skills. Some scholarships are based on financial need. Others go to students who live in a certain area.‎ 奖学金和研究金也没有要重新付费。奖学金是对本科学生 ; 财政援助团契是援助的相同类型是援助的研究生。 一般来说， 奖学金和研究金去特殊能力或运动技能的学生。 一些奖学金基于金融需要。 其他人去住在某一地区的学生。‎ For example, the University of Missouri in Columbia has two financial aid programs for international students only. The Global Tiger Scholarship is supported by the group representing former university students. In return for scholarship money, the international student agrees to help the group during the school year. The other international scholarship or fellowship at the University of Missouri is called the grant-in-aid program. It provides moneyto students who need the help, get good grades and take part in university activities.‎ 例如，密苏里大学哥伦比亚国际学生只有有两个金融援助计划。 全球老虎奖学金支持的前大学学生代表组。 奖学金的款项， 国际学生同意在学年期间帮助集团。 其他国际奖学金或密苏里大学研究员被称为助学计划。 它提供的钱给那些需要帮助的学生， 取得好成绩和参加大学活动的一部分。‎ 翻译 一些国际学生想知道如何获得美国大学的奖学金 , 和其他想知道的差异在各种金融援助。 这些包括助教奖学金 , 助学金, 奖学金和助学金。‎ 研究生助教奖学金是学生做一份工作。作为交换，学生收到钱或 参加类。毕业的学生通常可以得到奖学金。 学生工作一周帮助教授约二十个小时。学生可能会授课，帮助批改作业和测验，或在实验室里 做研究。‎ 格兰特是钱的一份礼物来支付一些或所有大学的费用。赠款与贷款不同， 不需要重新支付。 民间团体或组织一般需要这笔钱的学生给予补助。‎ 奖学金和研究金也没有要重新付费。奖学金是对本科学生 ; 财政援助团契是援助的相同类型是援助的研究生。 一般来说， 奖学金和研究金去特殊能力或运动技能的学生。 一些奖学金基于金融需要。 其他人去住在某一地区的学生。‎ 例如，密苏里大学哥伦比亚国际学生只有有两个金融援助计划。 全球老虎奖学金支持的前大学学生代表组。 奖学金的款项， 国际学生同意在学年期间帮助集团。 其他国际奖学金或密苏里大学研究员被称为助学计划。 它提供的钱给那些需要帮助的学生， 取得好成绩和参加大学活动的一部分。‎ 内容仅供参考