大学英语本科论文-从唯英语运动浅析美国移民文化同化 25页

湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文题目AnalysisonAssimilatingAmericanImmigrantCulturefromtheEnglishOnlyMovement从唯英语运动浅析美国移民文化同化外国语系英语专业学号B1学生姓名章亭指导教师贺欢起讫日期2016.3～2017.3工作地点湖北大学知行学院\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文ContentsEnglishAbstract……………………………………………………………………...ⅠChineseAbstract……………………………………………………………………...ⅡChapteroneIntroduction1ChapterTwoLiteratureReview32.1Relatedresearchesonassimilationathomeandaboard32.2TheEnglishOnlyMovementsrelatedresearchesaboard3ChapterThreeTheRelationshipBetweenEnglishandImmigrantCultureContributestoAssimilation53.1ThefunctionandroleofEnglish53.1.1TheessenceoftheEnglishOnlyMovement53.1.2ThecarrierofAmericanculture-----English63.2ThetendencyofassimilatingAmericanimmigrantculture63.2.1TheWASPcultureformedbytheearlierimmigrants73.2.2TheconflictsbetweenWASPandAmericanlaterimmigrantcultureleadtothetendency73.3TheAmericanimmigrantculturewillbeassimilated-----takeAmericanimmigrantculturalvalueasanexample93.3.1Englishonlyleadstotheassimilationofimmigrantculturalvalue93.3.2TheimportantpositionofculturalvalueinAmerica113.4ThereasonsofassimilatingAmericanimmigrantculture11ChapterFourTheEffectsofAssimilatingofAmericanImmigrantCulture134.1Itisconducivetoavoidalleviateracialdiscrimination134.2ItisconducivetoimmigrantstoparticipateinAmericanpoliticallife134.3ItmakesAmericansbecomemoretolerant14ChapterfiveTheConclusion.15Bibliography16Acknowledgment17\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文目录英文摘要Ⅰ中文摘要Ⅱ第一章绪论1第二章文献综述32.1国内外“同化”研究的基本现状32.2国外唯英语运动研究基本现状3第三章英语与移民文化之间的关系促成了“同化”53.1英语的作用与其所扮演的角色53.1.1唯英语运动的本质53.1.2美国语言是美国移民文化的载体63.2美国移民文化同化的趋势63.2.1早期移民促成了美国主流文化73.2.2美国主流文化与后期移民文化之间的矛盾导致了同化的趋势73.3美国移民文化将被同化-----以美国移民文化价值观为例93.3.1唯英语促成移民价值观的同化93.3.2美国文化价值观的重要地位113.3美国移民文化同化的原因11第四章同化美国移民文化的影响…134.1有利于避免减轻种族歧视134.1有利于美国移民参与政治生活134.3使美国人变得更加宽容14第五章结论15参考文献16致谢1720\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文AbstractAmerica,asacountryconsistedofmanyimmigrants,theearliestimmigrantscarriedtheirowncultureandintegratedthemintotheculturethatalreadyexistedinAmerica,whichformedtheAmericandominantculture,alsocalledWASP.TheWASPreferstothedominantpatternofAmericanculture;theconnotationofitisbasedonregardingEnglishasthemainlanguageandistherepresentativeoftheProtestantpolitics,culture,religiousbeliefandvalue.TheProtestantswereborninAnglo—Saxon.ButImmigrantstodayreservetheirownculture,whichleadstotheconflictsbetweenWASPandthecultureofimmigrantcountries.Inordertoavoidtheconflicts,assimilatingimmigrantsisnecessary.AssimilationfirstappearsinALetterfromAmericanFarmerwrittenbyHectorSanJohnDirkLeif.“Thenewpeople”inhisbookstandsforassimilation.Basedonthisconcept,theauthor’sunderstandingtowardsassimilationisthattheimmigrantsacceptAmericanlanguage,nationalidentity,senseofworth(Americanculturalvalue).Inotherwords,theyhavethesenseofacceptancetowardsWASP.Allofthese,Americanculturalvalueplaysthekeyroles.ThispaperfocusesontheassimilationofAmericanimmigrantculturevalueandtriestostudyandanalyzetheAmericanimmigrantculturefromtheAmericanlanguagepolicy.First,theauthorputstheEnglishOnlyMovementsasthesuperficialphenomenonofassimilatinginAmericansocietyandwillanalysistheAmericanimmigrantculturefromthedevelopmentoflanguagepolicyandtheaims,theessenceandtheresultsoftheEnglishOnlyMovements.Second,theauthorwilltaketheassimilationofimmigrantculturevalueasanexampletostateassimilationmoreclearly.Third,theauthorwilldoresearchesonthereasonsofassimilatingAmericanimmigrantcultureandtheeffectsofassimilatingAmericanimmigrantculture.[KeyWords]theEnglishOnlyMovements;Americanimmigrantculture;Americanimmigrantculturalvalue;assimilation20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文摘要美国，作为一个移民国家，早期移民带着本民族的文化不断注入美国已有文化，形成了独具特色的美国主流文化，美国主流文化又可被称为WASP，它指的是美国文化的主导模式，它的含义是：以英语为中心，是出生于盎格鲁-撒克逊族的新教徒政治、文化、宗教信仰和价值观的代表。但是当代移民仍然保持着自己已有的文化，这就导致了美国主流文化和移民国家文化之间的冲突。为了避免冲突，同化移民势在必行。同化一词最早是赫克托·圣约翰·德·克雷弗克在1782年《一个美国农民的来信》中用“新人”的观点体现同化概念。在这种观点的基础上，笔者所理解的“同化”是表现在移民对美国语言，民族身份，价值观等方面的认同感。其中，美国移民文化价值观显得尤为重要。本论文的重点在于美国移民文化同化，试着从美国语言发展进程的角度去学习和分析美国移民文化的同化。笔者首先把唯英语运动看作是美国社会同化的表象，从美国语言的政策，即唯英语运动的目的，本质以及结果去分析美国移民文化同化这一发展趋势。其次，笔者以美国移民文化价值观同化为例进一步说明移民文化同化趋势。最后，分析其同化的原因和影响。[关键词]唯英语运动；美国移民文化；美国移民价值观；同化20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文ChapteroneIntroductionAmerica,whichisacountryconsistedofmanyimmigrants,isfullofvariouslanguages,cultures,valuesandsoon.However,withtheEnglishMovementsmovingforward,assimilationgraduallybecomesahotspotinAmericansociety.SomescholarseventhinkthatthechangeofAmericanlanguagepolicywillinfluencethedevelopmentofAmericanimmigrantculture,especiallythevalue.SounifyinglanguagehasaffectedAmericanimmigrantculturemore.Inthischapter,theauthorwillintroducethebackgroundandthesignificanceofthisresearch.WiththedeeperunderstandingofAmericanlanguage’spolicystudy,sociologisttendstotheimplicationoftheEnglishOnlyMovements.Thecontentofitcanbedividedintotwoparts:oneistolegislateforEnglishastheofficiallanguage.TheotheristolegislateforEnglishastheonlylanguageinAmerica.Fromtheofficiallanguagetotheonlylanguage,Americanlanguagefinallyisassimilated.TheassimilatingoflanguagehasgivenenlightenmenttoSociologist.Duetothecloserrelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture,theassimilationofAmericanimmigrantculturebecomesahotpotamongthem.SomescholarseventrytolookforthereasonswhichleadtounifyAmericanlanguage.Americanimmigrantculturevaluecrashesintotheireyes.Inonesliceoftime,debatecan’tbeintermittent.However,thepositionofAmericandominantculturecan’tbeshook.ThereisnodoubtthatthenewimmigrantsenrichAmericanculture,buttheycan’tchangethepatternofAmericansocietyandcan’tformthenewpatternandnationality.SotheassimilationoflanguageisjustthesuperficialphenomenonoftheassimilationofAmericanimmigrantculture.Languageisthecarrierofculture.Languageisalsotheacceptanceandsymbolofnationalidentity.ThesocialanthropologistMalinowskioncesaidthatlanguageisthespiritofanationality.ForAmericafilledwithimmigrantsfrommanycountries,languageisparticularlyimportant.From1980to2001,withthedevelopmentoftheEnglishOnlyMovements,Bilingualeducationisabolishedandistakenplacebymonolingualeducation,whichmeansAmericanimmigrantlanguageisassimilated.Inotherwords,theirownlanguagemaydisappearnosooner.Withthedisappearanceoflanguage,whataregonewitharethenationalspecialcognitiveapproach,cognitiveorigin,culturalcharacteristics,wordviewandvalue.Allofthese,whatismoreimportantistheimmigrantvalue,whichcanaffectimmigrants’behaviors.SoAmericanimmigrantculturewillbeassimilatedinashorttime.ThepaperaimsatanalyzingtheAmericanimmigrantculturefromAmericanlanguagepolicy,analyzingtheassimilationofAmericanimmigrantfromtheEnglishOnlyMovements.Fromtheangleofimmigrantfamilies,assimilationcanremovetheconflictsbetweenparentsandchildren.Inafamily,ifparentsareimmigrantsandtheirchildrenareborninAmerica.Insomeway,theirchildrenareAmerican.It’stheAmericaneducationthatthechildrenreceiveandtheculturetheyacceptisAmericandominant20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文culture(WASP).Ifparentsstillreservetheirownculture,conflictsbetweenparentscan’tbeavoided.Besides,assimilatingimmigrantscanhelpthemintegrateintoAmericansocietymorequickly.What’smore,assimilatingAmericanimmigrantcultureisconductiveforthedevelopmentofAmericanpoliticsandeconomy.UnifyingAmericanimmigrantculturevaluecanleadtoAmericanconsistentworldviewandviewoflife,whichcanavoidconflictsfromvariousnations.UnifyingAmericanimmigrantreligiousbeliefwhichisAmericannationalideologycancontributetopoliticlife.20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewBeforestartingwritingthispaper,theauthorhascollectedapileofbooksaboutassimilation;alsotheauthorhascollectedsomuchinformationinCNKI.Therefore,theauthorhasageneralknowledgeofassimilation’sconnotationandAmericanlanguagepolicy’shistory.2.1RelatedresearchesonassimilationataboardAssimilationfirstappearsinaletterfromafarmerwrittenbyLeif.Heusedtheword-“thenewpeople”embodyassimilation.Inthelate1900s,theAmericandistinguishedhistorianTenacanhadgivenhisapprovalforLeif’sidea,buthethoughtwhatAmericahadfusedis“amixedrace”.Intheearly2000s,JewishwriterIsraelZengerwellputforwardthatAmericaisthesmelterofthegodinhisworks--smelter.ItisagreatsmelterwhichhaschangedEuropeanvariousraces.Theconceptof“smelterhaspushedforwardwithassimilation.In1920s,themovementscalledahundredofAmericansocializedtheconceptofassimilation.In1960s,assimilationreferstovariousracesinAmericaadjustedthemselvestoacceptculturewhichregardedAnglo-Saxonasthecenter.SociologistGordonin1964inthe"assimilationofAmericanlife:race,religiousbeliefsandtheroleoftheoriginalethnic"dividedassimilationintoseveralparts:cultural,structural,marital,identity,attitudeacceptance,behavioralacceptance,andsecularfromthechangeofAmericanimmigrantsocietyfamilyevolution.GeorgeEatonSimpsondefiniteassimilationinits"nationalassimilation"thatitisaprocessthatpeoplewhosebackgroundsaredifferentliveinabiggercommunity,inwhichpeoplegetridoftheirintrinsicbackgroundandcultureandcommunicatewitheachother.Therearealsoresearcherswhothoughtthatassimilationistoleteachimmigrantapproveofimmigrant-acceptingsocialvauleandculturalpatternwithdiversifiedmethods.Meanwhile,theimmigrantsshouldgiveuptheirsenseofidentitytowardsowncountry’sculture.Therearefewresearchesaboutassimilationinourcountries.HuangYaoqungaveasimpleintroductiontotheexperienceandtheenvironmentofAmericanracesandthecharacterofculturein“UndertheFurnaceFlame-----Americanimmigrants,nationandraces”.AndhealsomadecommentsontheUnitStatenation’sconcept,theprocessofformationandcharacters.DengShusheng,intheAmericanDreams-AmericanImmigrationCourseandEthnicContradictionmakeresearchesonimmigrants,Americansocietytransition,andthechangeofAmericanimmigrantpolicyandthehistoricaldestinyofminorities.2.2TheEnglishOnlyMovementsrelatedresearchesataboardLanguage,asthebasicwaysofcommunicating,isalwaysthehotspotamongAmericanscholars.TherearealsomanyvariousopinionsaboutwhetheradaptsBilingualEducationorEnglishOnlyEducation.Americandistinguishedhistorian20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文ArthurMeierSchlesingerJr.ofthetimethinkthatAmericaisacountrywithmanynations,theonlywaytolinkthemtogetheristhecommonlanguage.In1997,Americanbillionaire·K·AngzeinSiliconValleyorganizedagroupnamed“Englishforthechildren”inCalifornia,aimingatabolishingBilingualEducation.Inordertoachievetheaim,theyalsodraftedproposition227.ThereisalonghistoryoftheEnglishOnlyidentification.Inthe"BibleGenesis”,theTowerofBabelstoryliterallyexplainsthereasonofvariouslanguagesinhumansociety,italsoexplainsakindofconcept:Atthebeginningoflife,usingonlylanguageisbetter,variouslanguagesmeanworse,whichwasthepunishmenttohumansfromtheGod.Asweallknow,BiblehasagreatinfluenceonEuropeansociety.Soatthebeginning,Europeanlanguageculturebelievedinmonolingualtraditionandthoughtonlyonelanguageisgood.Infact,thetraditionisakindofideologywhichhasagreatpowerandisthecenterofEuropeanlanguagecultureview.Inagesofcolonialismandearlynationalism,thereweremanypeoplewhosupportthemonolingualsocialistsuchasBenjaminFranklinandNoahWebster.Theystandfortheearlynativists’thoughts.Facingthedisorderedsituationwherelanguagesweremixed,JohnAdamswasworried.In1780,heproposedtotheCongresstoestablishanAmericanlanguagestudysothatitcanperfect,correctandpromoteEnglish.JohnJay(1745-1832)alsoexpressedhiswishesofunifyinglanguagesinthe"FederalistsCollection”,thelanguagehereferredabsolutelyisEnglish.NativistsregardedleaningEnglishasasymbolofpatriotism,andisalsoanimportantpartofAmericanization.AndsayingEnglishmeansAmerica.Inearly1800sand1900s,thenativistssucceededinmakingEnglishasoneofthenecessaryconditionsforcitizenshiptobecomecitizens.DuringtheFirstWorldWar,EnglishisamajorpartoftheAmericanmovementofthousandsofnewimmigrants(McClymer,1982).Peoplewhosaidotherlanguageshadtoyieldtothistendency.20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文ChapterThreeTheRelationshipBetweenEnglishandImmigrantCultureContributestoAssimilationInlastchapter,theauthorgivesageneralunderstandingofassimilation’sandtheEnglishMovement’sconcept.Thatishelpfulforlearnerstolearntheirrelationshipsinchapter3.Thereisnodoubtthatrelationshipisimportantfortwomattersthatcanaffecteachother,becausewithoutthat,weshouldn’thaveanalyzedclearly.Thereisnoexceptiontotheirrelationships,forthereasondifferentpeoplehavedifferentidea.Accordingtotheirstresspoints,theauthordiscussesasfollowed.3.1ThefunctionandroleofEnglishLanguageisnotonlytheimportantcommunicatetoolsforhumanbeingbutalsoisthemaincognitivechannel.Itsimportancealsoembodiesinitsrelationswithnations.Languageisnotonlythecarrierofculturebutalsoisthesurvivalanddevelopmentpowerofculture.Besidesit’sthefundamentalcharacterofanation,it’salsoalifelineofanation.Meanwhileithastheabilitytoassimilateandunifysociety.In1998,the"officialmovementofEnglish"highlightedtheimportanceoflanguageinthenationandculture.Also,itpromptedustoreflectonthelanguageofsocialunityandassimilationfunction.Following,theauthorwillanalyzethefunctionofEnglishthroughtheessenceoftheEnglishOnlyMovement.Also,theauthorwillintroducetheroleoflanguagetowardsculture(languageideology,socialvalue)3.1.1TheessenceoftheEnglishOnlyMovementTheAmericanlanguagepolicyhastwocharacters:oneistostronglymaintainthecenterofEnglish;theotheristocombatandcrowdoutotherlanguages.Withthesetwocharacters,theEnglishOnlyMovementcomesintobeing.Literally,itfocusesontheproblemoflanguage.Infact,theEnglishOnlyMovementhasaprofoundpoliticalconnotationandhistoricalroots.Itattemptstoachieveculturalcoherencethroughlinguisticunity,theessenceofwhichisthepublicityandcatharsisofAmericannationalismthatputsAnglo-culturalconvergenceconceptasthecorealsoisachallengetomulticulturaltrendsandcounter-action.First,thebackgroundoftheEnglishmovementshowsthatmovementisnotaccidental.FromthebeginningtotheendofEnglishofficialmovement,itisonethebehalfofaconsiderablenumberofconservativeforcesinAmericansociety.Andithappenedin1980swhenAmericansocialconservativeforcesprevail,Liberalismwasreplacedbynationalism.Variousanti-mainstreamsocialideologicaltrendscausedbythecivilrightsmovementinthe50–60slostitsformeredgebytheendof70s.Nationalautonomy,multilingualism,Doctrine,multiculturalismbegantobequestionedandattacked.Fordecades,theexclusionoftheUnitedStatesnationalism20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文andtheAnglo-Saxonspiritbegantorevive,boardingthepoliticalarenaagain.Second,theactivistsoftheEnglishOnlyMovementshowthatMovementisnotasimplelanguageandeducation.TheyclaimedthatEnglishisthesymboloftheUnitedStates’nations.EnglishisandmustbethesubstantivecharacteristicsofAmericansociety.Therefore,defendingtheofficialstatusofEnglishistodefendAmericanIndependenceandUnity.AstheAmericanpresentRooseveltoncesaidinhisspeech:WeonlyhaveoneflagthatisAmericanflag.Weonlyhaveonelanguage.ThatisEnglish.Weonlyhaveonekindofhonest.ThatisthehonesttowardsAmericanpeoplein1907.Third,thepurposeandconceptoftheEnglishOnlyMovementhasahistory.LanguageasatoolandmeansofassimilationofaliencivilizationisnottheinitiativeofEnglishActivists.Thisconcepthasalonghistory,especiallyinAmerica.Achievingculturalconsistentthroughunifyinglanguagehasalwaysbeenthemainstreamphilosophyofthecommunity,alsohasalwaysbeenthetraditionobeyed.AftertheAmericanRevolution,BilingualEducationwasmerelytoadaptAmericanizationeducationandamethodofrelaxingconflictsamongnations.3.1.2ThecarrierofAmericanculture-----EnglishTheconceptofAmericansocietylanguageideologyappearswiththeEnglishOfficialMovement,itreferstopeople’slanguageconceptionsofcognition,attitude,andopiniontowardslanguage.Schiffmancallsit“languageculture”.Hepointsoutthelanguageandcultureofaparticularsocietyistheimportantcomponentsofthesocialconsciousnessandisanimportantfactor.Soitisalsothekeytotheformationanddevelopmentoflanguagepatternandlanguagerelationshipinfluencingtheplanningandpoliciesofthesocietyindealingwithlanguagerelations.WhileAmericanofficialEnglishMovementreflectstheideologyofAmericanlanguage,italsorevealsandexplainssocialandculturalcharacteristicswhicharethemostimportantforlanguage.EnglishofficialmovementoriginatedfromtheAmericansociallanguageculture,andtheAmericansociety'slanguageideologyisthedeeperreasonforthesocialfunctionandfunctionoflanguageorthesocialvalueoflanguage.Thelanguageculturethatsupportsthemovementisakindoflanguagesocialvalueorientation.ThecoreofthesocialvalueoflanguageisthatlanguagehasirreplaceablesocialfunctionsandvitalculturalcharacteristicsMalinowskiGenerationclaimedLanguageisthespiritofthenation.Theresearchesofcontemporaryscholarsaremorespecific,theythinkthatlanguageisthemainhumancognitiveapproach;differentlanguagesreflectdifferentcognitiveapproaches.Andcognitiveapproachesaffectthechoicesofimmigrantstowardsculture.Therefore,languageisthecarrierofculture,isthesymbolofnationalidentity.3.1ThetendencyofassimilatingAmericanimmigrantcultureTheauthorgivesageneralideaoftherelationshipbetweenEnglishandimmigrantcultureinlastchapter.AndtheEnglishMovementisthetendencyofunifyingAmericanimmigrantculture.Scholarshavehelddifferentopinionstoward20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文Americanimmigrantculture.Forexample,thesociologistparksaid,thegrouplivewitheachotherinthewaysofmigrating,atbeginning,theywillcompeteorarguewitheachother,butwithgettingtoknoweachother,theconflictsandcompetitionturnsintoassimilation.PsychologistBerrybelievesthatimmigrantsintheoriginalcultureanddominantculturewillselectheattitudeandadaptationmodel.Basedontheseopinions,theauthor’sunderstandingtowardsassimilationisthattheimmigrantsacceptAmericanlanguage,nationalidentity,andsenseofworth.Inotherwords,theyhavethesenseofacceptancetowardsWASP.Inthischapter,theauthorwillintroducetheAmericandominantculture(WASP)andtheconflictsbetweenWASPandAmericanimmigrantculture3.2.1TheWASPcultureformedbytheearlierimmigrantsTherearethreemainconstituentpartsofAmericanspecialWASP:races,thecharacterofnationsandtheideology.WASPoriginatedfromAnglo-SaxonProtestantcultureofBritishEmpire,puttingtheWhite-Englishmenasthecenter.WhentheAmericannationwasformedin1800s,thebasiccharacteristicsofthisnewcountryareregardingEnglishasthemaincommunicationtool,theWhiteasthemaingroup,Anglo-Americanpeopleasthemainperson,ProtestantChristianityasthemainreligiousbeliefs.Theearlyimmigrantsbroughttheirownculture,language,religions,customsandpoliticsystemstothisnewcountry.Undertheinfluenceoftheirhomecountriesculture,theearlyimmigrantsinthedifficultenvironmenttransplantWASPcultureandbelittleothersculture,religionsandbelieves.ThusthedominantpositionofWASPcomesintobeing.TherearethreereasonsabouttheformationofWASP.First,theearlyimmigrantshavesimilarreasonstocrowdintothe“NewWorld”forthepoliticalpersecution,religiousoreconomicreasons.Thissimilaritycreatesthebasicconditionsfortheirintegration.Second,asthewhiterace,earlyimmigrantsrepresentedthemainstreamofEnglishsocietygroup.TheresemblanceofappearanceandthecommonalityoflanguagemaketheearlyimmigrantssettledownintheeastcoaststatesandalwaysadheretotheAnglo-Protestantculture.Third,theearlyimmigrantshadthesamereligiousbelief,becausemostofthemareprotestant.3.2.2TheconflictsbetweenWASPandAmericanlaterimmigrantcultureleadtothetendencyAccordingtotheabove,theauthorintroducedtheearlyimmigrantsalsocalledthefirstgenerationofimmigrantsformedtheWASP.Withasolidfoundationinthecolonialperiod,theculturehasalwaysbeenthedominantpositioninAmerica,andbecamethecorecultureoftheAmericannation.TheUnitedStateshasexperiencedthreeupsurgesofimmigrants.Theperiodofthefirsttimeisfrom1820to1860,whichwascalledagreathumanmigrationbecausethePuritanswhoimmigratedtoNorthAmericaregardedNorthAmericaasa"landofhope"forGod'sgifts,portrayingtheNewWorldasaparadiseoffertility,attractingalargenumberofEuropeanimmigrants.Duringthattime,theamountsofimmigrantsreachtofiftymillion.TheyaremainlyfromtheUnitedKingdom,aswellasother20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文WesternEuropeanandNordiccountries.ThemainlanguageofimmigrantsisEnglish,themainbeliefisProtestantism.Thesecondtimeisfrom1900to1920,aftertheCivilWar,theUnitedStatesgotintolarge-scaleindustrializationandurbanizationstage,requiringalotoflabors.Thethirdtimeisfrom1965tonowadays,TheUnitedStatespassedtheImmigrationandNaturalization.Americaalsopassedaseriesofrefugeelaw.Therelaxationofimmigrationpolicyhasbroughtathirdwaveofimmigrants.ThefirstgenerationofimmigrantsformedtheWASPculture.WhenthesecondandthethirdgenerationmeetwiththeWASPculture,whatwillhappen?Asweallknow,theUnitedStatesiscalled"immigrantstate".In2001,accordingtotheUSCensus,thenumberofnewAmericansincludingthefirstgenerationofimmigrantsorthechildrenoftheseimmigrantshitarecordhigh:therewasonepersonwhowasanimmigrantinfive.Inotherwords,56millionAmericanswasborninothercountries,theamountsofoneoftheparentswhoborninaforeigncountryis12.7million,bothparentsareimmigrantstotheUnitedStateshas14.8millionpeople.InAmerica,youcanseeallkindsofcomplexionsandhearthelanguagesyouhavenotheardbefore.Varietiesofculturesmeet,stirandshockwitheachother.Likemanyriversthatcrashintothesea,thisprocessisfullofvitalityandstruggle.SomeculturesgraduallyhavelostinthisprocessandultimatelyblendintheAmericanculture,turningintopartsofAmerican-made.Somehavebecomesourcesofconflict,andevenviolence,bloodshed.ThatisAmericanimmigrantculturewhichcarriesmanycharacters.TherearemanyconflictsbetweenimmigrantcultureandWASPsuchasintergenerationalconflictandreligiousconflict.IntergenerationalconflictisparticularlyprominentinimmigrantfamilieswhereparentsareimmigrantsandchildrenareborninAmerica.Intergenerationalconflictheremainlyreferstotheconflictbetweenimmigrantparentsandthesecondgeneration.Unliketheirimmigrantparents,theydon’thavemuchpersonalexperienceoftheirparents’motherland.Mostofthemagreewiththecountryoftheirownbirthorgrowth.Inotherwords,theybelieveintheWASPculture.However,growingintheimmigrantfamily,childrenhavebeenlivedintwocontradictorycultures---Americandominantcultureandtheirparents’homelandculture.Therearemanyconflictsinimmigrantfamilieslikethissuchaseducation,learningattitude,consumerbehavior.TakingAmericanconsumerbehaviorforexample,whatAmericansadvocateisaconceptofadvancedconsumption.InAmerica,loanconsumptionisaverycommonphenomenon,fromthehousetothecar,fromcreditcardstotelephonebills,loaniseverywhere.InAmerican’sopinion,theirdreamswillbeachievedonedaythroughpersonalefforts,sotheywillgotobankloanstobuyahousetoimprovetheirstandardoflivingwithouthesitations.Buttheconsumerbehaviorofothercountriesisnotlikethis.Forexample,inChina,TheChinesehavevirtuesofeconomy;theywillnotblindlyconsume,andwillnotgotospendaheadwithcreditcards.ReligiousconflictisanotherconflictbetweenWASPandAmericanimmigrantculture.ThoughtherearemanyreligionsinAmericasuchasChristian,Catholicand20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文Judaism,85%ofAmericansbelieveinChristian.ChristiangraduallybecomesthestatereligionofAmerica.AndtheChristianculturealsobecomestheAmericandominantculture.ImmigrantscarrydifferentreligionsintoAmericawhichleadstoconflictsofreligiousbeliefs.Christiansmustreceivepurebiblicaldoctrine,andalldoctrinesmustbeverifiedbytheinerrancyoftheBible.Thedoctrinesaccepted,believed,andpracticeddeterminetheperson'scharacter,behavior,anddestiny,whichiscontradictorytootherreligious.Forexample,immigrantsfromChinesebelieveinBuddhism.Buddhismconcentratesongoodandevilcausedbyeffectandpractice.ReligiousbeliefshavehadanimportantimpactinallpartsoftheUnitedStates.PresidentEisenhoweroncesaid:"Ourgovernmentdoesnotmakesenseifitisnotbasedondeepreligiousbeliefs."AndReligionisimportanttomostAmericansbecausetheUnitedStateschurchisanimportantplaceforpeopletointeractwitheachother.Thechurchisnotonlyaplaceforreligiousceremonies,butalsoaneducational,culturalandsocialcenter.Soreligiousconflictscanleadtomanyotherdisharmonies.3.1TheAmericanimmigrantculturewillbeassimilated-----takeAmericanimmigrantculturalvalueasanexampleNaturalrightsareoneofthecontentofAmericanimmigrantculturevalue.ItisalsotheessenceofthecorevaluesthatAmericanculturalvaluesembodied.Theideaof"naturalhumanrights"hasbeenreflectedinthreehistoricaldocuments-theDeclarationofIndependence,theConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaandtheBillofRightsatthebeginningofthefoundingofAmerica.Forexample,theDeclarationofIndependencedeclaressolemnlythat"allmenarecreatedequal",andthinkthateveryoneisentitledfromtheir"Creator"tocertainnon-transferablerights,includingtherighttolife,libertyandtherighttohappiness.SoAmericanshaveaspecialfeelingfornaturalrights,thebasicconnotationofwhichisfreedom,democracy,equality.Thisideagraduallybecomesstrongnationalismandself-center.Infact,"WASP"cultureistheoriginatorofthisvalue.ThisvaluecanalsoberegardedasonepartofAmericandominantculturalvalue.Therefore,thereiscloserelationshipbetweenWASPandAmericanculturalvalue.TherelationshipamongWASP,Americanimmigrantculture,AmericandominantculturalvalueandAmericanimmigrantculturalvaluecanbeseenasfollowed:20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文3.3.1EnglishonlyleadstotheassimilationofimmigrantculturevalueIntheformabove,theAmericanculturecanbedividedintoWASPandAmericanimmigrantculture,and"WASP"cultureistheoriginatorofAmericandominantculturalvalue.AndAmericanimmigrantcultureisassimilatedbyWASP.SothereisalsoacloserelationshipbetweenAmericanimmigrantcultureandAmericanimmigrantculturalvalue.IfimmigrantculturalvalueisassimilatedbyAmericanculturalvalue,theAmericanimmigrantculturealsowillbeassimilatedbyWASP.Linguistsandanthropologistscalltheinfluenceoflanguageonculture,inotherwords,theinfluenceoflanguageonthinking,as"linguisticrelativity".ThepersonwhoputforwardthisviewearlyisthefamousGermanlinguistnamedWilhelmvonHumboldt.Inhisview,alanguageindifferentwaystodescriberealityalsopromptedourmindsindifferentwaystosortoutourknowledge.Therefore,thediversityoflanguagesisnotthediversityofspeechandsymbols,butthediversityofworldview.ButholdingthesameopinionasWilhelmvonHumboldtandexplainingtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculturalvaluemostclearlyareE.SapirandB.Whorf.Intheirview,thespeaker'slanguagedeterminesaperson'swayofthinkingorworldviewthroughitsgrammaticalcategoriesandsemanticcategories.Inotherwords,aperson'smodeofthinkingorworldviewissubjecttothelanguagestructureofhisownlanguage.Hecanonlythink,observethings,lookattheworldaccordingtotheirownlanguagethatprovidesgrammaticalcategoriesorsemanticcategories.Sobasedontheresearchesabove,AmericanculturalvalueissubjecttotheAmericanlanguage.ButtheEnglishMovementhasunifiedAmericanlanguages,allkindsoflanguagesfromimmigranthomecountriesinAmericahavebeenturnedintoEnglish.Americanthink,observethingsandlookattheworldaccordingtoEnglishthatprovidesgrammaticalcategoriesorsemanticcategories.Therefore,Americanimmigrantculturalvaluewillbeassimilatedwiththeassimilationoflanguage.Americanculturalvaluecontributestotheassimilationoflanguage.ScholarshavemanydifferentviewsonthecontentofAmericanvalue.SomescholarshavedividedAmericanvaluesintofourcategories,includingpolitical,economic,cultural,andsocialvalues.TheyholdtheopinionthatculturalvaluesarepartoftheoverallvaluesofAmerica.SomescholarshavedividedtheAmericanculturalvaluesintoseveralcategories,suchasindividualability,pragmatism,mechanicalworldview,mobileview,evolutionaryview,optimism,individualism,competitionconsciousness,justice,loveandmorality.TherearealsoscholarsdividedAmericanculturalvalueintofourcharacteristicsmoreclearly,includingindividualism,successawareness,familyloveandfriendshipandreligiousbeliefs.AndAmericanculturalvalueisakindofculturalorientation.Culturalorientationcanalsobecalledculturalvalue.Itreferstoacountry'sdominantcultureandvaluesduringalongperiodoftime.Itaffectstheuseoflanguagetoagreatextent,resultinginthepragmaticdifferencesbetweendifferentlanguages.Americandominantculturalvalueortheculturalorientationaffectsthechoicesoflanguageforimmigrants,theytendtochooseorbelieveinEnglish.SotheEnglishMovementmovesunderthe20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文effectsofAmericandominantculturalvalue.SoAmericanculturalvalueissubjecttotheAmericanlanguageandaffectsthechoicesoflanguageforimmigrants.Withtheassimilationoflanguage,theimmigrantculturalvaluewillbeassimilatedassoon.Atthattime,theword—Americandominantculturalvaluewillbewelcomed.3.3.2TheimportantpositionofculturalvalueinAmericaTheauthorhasanalyzedtheassimilationofAmericanimmigrantculturalvalueontheEnglishOnlyMovementthroughtherelationshipbetweenAmericanlanguageandvalueabove.Inthischapter,theauthorwillbeontheAssimilationofAmericanculturefromtheimportantpositionofculturalvalueinAmerica.Therearemanydifferentviewsofacademicinterpretationoftheterm"value".ProfessorChuangLiweiputforwardseveralviewsonvalueinhisbook"TheHeightofAsia":Valueistheapparentorimplicitexpectationofagrouporindividualthatinfluencesthebehavioralchoicesofgroupsorindividuals;thestandardthathumansusetoinfluencetheirchoiceofbehavioristhevalue.Basedontheviewsofvalue,theculturalvaluecanbedefinedasthegeneralconceptofculturalidentity.Itisusedtodistinguishbetweenwordsanddeedsofthestandardandideas,butalsothehumanheartunwrittenlaw.Culturalvalueisanationalcultureoftheoverallpresentation.Onlyculture,culturalvalueisofgreatadvantage,canacountrycultivatealastingpowerofprosperity.AmericanculturalhegemonyisoneofthemanifestationsofAmericanculturalvalue.Letusnottalkabouttheworld,welookatChinawherehasbeenfullofAmericanculture,Kentucky,McDonald's,Coca-Cola,etc.,andbotharetheresultoftheinfiltrationofAmericancultureAsociety'sculturalvalueisimportant.Onereasonisthatitdirectlyaffectsthecontentofculturalnorms.AmericanculturalhistorianCarolinaVailwrote:"Theculturalparadigmconstrainsindividualsbyprovidingthemwithitisbasicvision,aswellasobservingandthinkingtoolsthatdefinetheframeworkoftheirlives.SotheAmericanculturalcanaffecttheirviewtowardmattersandconstraintheirbehaviors.Americanculturehascontainedmanyaspectssuchaslanguage,value,education,customsandsoon.Allofthese,theculturalvalueisthemostimportant.Itaffectsnotonlytheprosperityofthecountrybutalsoindividuals.Itcanalsoaffectotheraspectsthattheculturecontains.TheculturalvaluewillbeassimilatedundertheeffectofAmericanlanguage—theEnglishOnlyMovement.SotheAmericanculturewillbeassimilatedinthefuture.3.1ThereasonsofassimilatingAmericanimmigrantcultureTheauthorhasintroducedtheconflictsbetweenAmericanimmigrantcultureandWASPabove,inthischaptertheauthorwilltalkaboutthereasonofassimilatingAmericanimmigrantculture.InAmerica,bilingualeducationprevailedinatime.WhentheconflictsbetweenEnglishandlanguagefromimmigrantcountriesappear,theEnglishOnlyMovementscameintobeingtoassimilatelanguage.TheassimilationofAmericanlanguageisthe20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文superficialphenomenonofassimilationofimmigrantcultureasitreferredabove.Soinordertoavoidtheconflicts,itisnecessarytoassimilateAmericanimmigrantculture.AmericansociologistMilton·GordonputsforwardthatthereisonlythemainstreamstatusoftheWASPcultureinAmericaregardlessofnation,race,religion.TheimmigrantsandtheirdescendantsmustberequiredtoaccepttheAnglo-Saxonculturalstandards,andallforeignimmigrantethnicgroupsshouldbeinallaspectstorespectit.Buttheprocessofimmigrantnationalassimilationisnaturalnotcoercive.Assimilationisaprocessofmutualunderstandingandrecognition.Itistheprocessbywhichdifferentindividualsorgroupsofnationaltraditionsaredissolvedintothepredominantcultureofsociety.Usuallytheyareimmigrantsorstillareisolatedethnicminorities,losingmostoftheoriginalculturalfeaturesslowlyandacceptingnewfeaturesthatvarysomuchfromtherestofsocietybytheprocessofmakingcontactwiththemaincultureandparticipatinginthelifeofthemaincultureWiththesamecultureasWASP,immigrantsholdthesameeducation,learningattitude,consumerbehavior,religiousandsoon,conflictsnaturallywilldisappear.20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文ChapterFourTheEffectsofAssimilatingofAmericanImmigrantCultureInchapterthree,thereaderhaslearnedthereasonofassimilatingAmericancultureontheunifyingofAmericanlanguage—theEnglishOnlyMovementandthetendencyofassimilatingculturalvalue.Inthischapter,theauthorwillfocusontheeffectsorthesignificanceoftheassimilationofAmericanculture.4.1ItisconducivetoavoidalleviateracialdiscriminationAmericaasawhiterace-ledcountryandacountryfullofimmigrantnations,racialdiscriminationisveryserious.Workdiscriminationismostobvious.Inthisregard,themosttypicalexampleisthatonlyAmericalegallyrefusedtorecognizethequalificationsofmanythirdworldcountries.SoalargenumberofdoctorsandtechniciansfromothercountriesimmigrantstoAmerica,itisdifficultforthemtofindajob,theyhadtodiverttolow,engagedinasimplemanualandauxiliarywork.Besides,thoughmanypeoplewhoarenottheWhitehavegottheAmericancitizenshipformanyyears,eventhesecond,thethirdandtheforthgenerationswhoborninAmerica,theirhonesttowardsAmericanisstilldoubted.In2000,athird-generationChinese-AmericanyouthcompetedforapositionintheUSNationalSecurityAgencyandgethighmarks,butbecauseofhisparentshaveonlygreencard,ratherthantheAmericancitizenship,sohisloyaltytothecountrybytherecruitmentunitwasdoubted,andwasrefused.TheAmericanmainstreammediahasalsobeendifficultfortheethnicminoritiestogetinvolved.Forty-twopercentofnewspapersandmagazinesinAmericadonothireevenaminorityjournalistoreditor.Comparedwiththeirwhitecolleagues,promotionandmanagementofleadershippositionsarealsoverysmallforethnicminoritiesorpeopleofcolorinthefieldofwork.Thedifferentculturesamongthemareoneofthemainreasonsofracialdiscrimination.Assimilatingimmigrantculture,insomeway,canalleviateracialdiscrimination.IfimmigrantsaccepttheWASPcultureandintegrantinit,whattheywillgetistheWhites’trust.4.2ItisconducivetoimmigrantstoparticipateinAmericanpoliticallifeThepoliticalcharacteristicsoftheUnitedStatesareequalparticipation,itsmainformofexpressionistheelectoralsystem,includingtheparliament,thestatelegislatureisdemocraticallyelected,andthepresident,governor,mayoraredemocraticallyelected.ThedifferencebetweenanAmericancitizenandanimmigrantwhohastherightofabodeintheAmericaisthatAmericancitizenshavetherighttovotepoliticallyandcanparticipateinpoliticallife.Thisisnotanordinaryvote,itgivesthevotersandvotergroupsthewidespreadattentioninthecommunity,soasto20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文getmoreopportunitiesfordevelopment.SoassimilatingAmericanimmigrantculturalisawaytoeliminateimmigrationstatustobecome100%Americans.Inotherwords,immigrantscaneasilybecomeAmericancitizen.Therefore,theassimilationofAmericanimmigrantcultureisconducivetoimmigrantstoparticipateinAmericanpoliticallife.4.3ItmakesAmericansbecomemoretolerantTheassimilationofAmericanculturalletthetoleranceofAmericans’changeandbecometolerant.Perhapsthefanatics,super-patriotsareeverywhereinAmerica,butsomeofficialinstitutionsarealsotryingtoeliminatethenotionthatAmericanscannotbeoneandthedeep-seatedconcepttoexpresstheirunderstandingofimmigrantsandtheirculturalappreciation.TheprocessofimmigrantnationalassimilationistheprocessoftheassimilationofAmericanculture.Assimilationisaprocessofmutualunderstandingandrecognition;Itis"theprocessbywhichdifferentindividualsorgroupsofnationaltraditionsaredissolvedintothepredominantcultureofsociety,usuallytheyareimmigrantsorstillareisolatedethnicminorities,bytheprocessofmakingcontactwiththemaincultureandparticipatinginthelifeofthemainculture,slowlylosingmostoftheoriginalculturalfeaturesandacceptingnewfeaturesthatvarysomuchthattheyareindistinguishablefromtherestofsociety”.Duringtheprocessofunderstandingimmigrants,theAmericansbecomemoretolerant.20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文ChapterfiveTheConclusionThepaperisaculturalone,onethatanalyzesthetendencyofassimilatingAmericanimmigrantcultureontheEnglishOnlyMovement.Astheessayindicated,theessenceoftheEnglishonlymovementsistoachieveculturalcoherencethroughtheunityofthelanguage,andtheconflictsbetweenWASPandtheAmericanimmigrantculturealsocontributestotheassimilationofAmericanimmigrantculture.Besides,theassimilationofAmericanimmigrantcultureenjoyspopularamongnotonlyimmigrantsbutalsoAmericans.TheauthorusedtheliteratureresearchmethodtoknowtheassimilationandtheEnglishOnlymovementsrelatedresearcheswhichalsothebasisofchapteroneandchaptertwo.BasedonTenacan’s(1900s)andGordon’s(1964)opinionstowardsassimilation,theauthoranalyzedthereasonsofassimilatingAmericanimmigrantculture.TheassimilationofAmericanlanguageisthesuperficialphenomenonoftheunificationofculture.TheessenceoftheEnglishOnlyMovementistoputAnglo-culturalconvergenceconceptasthecore,whichcanbeembodiednotonlyinthebackgroundandtheactivistsof“theMovement”butalsothepurposeandtheconceptofitthathasalonghistory.What’smore,EnglishisthecarrierofAmericancarrier.Languageideologyaffectsimmigrants’choicestowardslanguage,theprocessofwhichalsocanbecalled“languageculture”basedonSchiffman.And“languageculture”influencestheplanningandthepoliciesofthesocietyindealngwithlanguagerelationssuchastheimmigrantculture.BesidestheEnglishOnlyMovementthatleadstotheassimilationofAmericanimmigrantcultureindirectlyordirectly,assimilationalsoenjoyspopularamongAmericansandimmigrants.Culturalvaluecanaffecttheculturalorientationofimmigrants,andmostimmigrantsaccepttheAmericandominateculturalvalueinordertointegrantinAmericansocietymorequickly."WASP"cultureistheoriginatorofthisvalue.ThisvaluecanalsoberegardedasonepartofAmericandominantculturalvalue.AndtheculturalvalueisimportantforAmericancultureforthereasonthatitanationalcultureoftheoverallpresentationanddirectlyaffectsthecontentofculturalnorms.SoimmigrantsgraduallyacceptWASPmeanwhiletheyagreewithAmericandominantvalue.Theassimilationenjoyspopularcanalsobeseenintheeffects:forAmericansociety,itisconducivetoavoidalleviateracialdiscrimination,forimmigrants,itisgoodforparticipatinginAmericanpoliticallifeandavoidingconflictsinimmigrantfamilies,forAmericansthemselves,itmakesthembecomemoretolerant.Allinall,assimilatingAmericanimmigrantcultureisnecessary.20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文Bibliography[1]Briggs,VernonM.JR,ImmigrationPolicyandtheAmericanLaborForce[M],Baltimore:TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1984[2]BernardSpolsky.Sociolinguistics[M].OxfordUniversity,1998[3]Bennett,DavidH.ThePartyofFear:theAmericanFarRightfromNativismtotheMilitiaMovement,NewYork:VintageBook,1995[4]Commons,JohnR.,RacesandImmigrantsinAmerica[M],NewYork:AugustusM.KelleyPublishers,1967[5]Divine,RobertA.,AmericanImmigrantPolicy,1924—1952[M],NewYork:DaCapoPress,1972,People[M],NewYork:Crosset&DunlapPublishers,Inc,1951[6]Daniels,John,AmericanizationStudiesVol.2:AmericaviatheNeighborhood[M],Montclair:PattersonSmithPress,1971[7]Dentler·A·Robert,AmericanSocialProblems.RandMCNallyCompanyChicago,1967[8]Feagin·R·Marjorie,IrishAmericans:IdentityandAssimilation.Prentice-Hall,IncEnglewoodCliffs,XJ1979[9]蔡永良.语言一致与文化趋同[J].江苏社会科学，2005,3：147-152[10]杜学增.语言与文化[J].德州学院学报.2011,1,27:3-8[11]丁夏林.试论美国唯英语运动的实质[N].南京农业大学学报，社会科学版2012,1-2：8-10[12]黄慧玲.美国文化观与文化霸权之研究[D].暨南大学博士论文.2008.1-15[13]潘月洲.美国语言政策中的语言意识形态[J].白华大学学报,2014,2:17-21[15]温瑛琳.美国移民文化的形成及其内容[J].中国商界,2008,4，197[16]徐冬梅.论美国的语言政策[D].上海外国语大学研究生论文.2009.12-18[17]杨飞云.美国学校价值观教育研究[D].河南大学,2009[18]张文清.美国双语教育的论争[J].全球教育展望,2001,12：64-6820\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文AcknowledgmentIwouldliketoexpressmygreatappreciationanddeepgratitudetoallthosewhocontributetothecompletionofmypaperdirectlyorindirectly.IamespeciallyindebtedtomysupervisorHeHuan,forhishelpingtochoosethetopicandcollectthedateofmypaper,andafterwardsgivingmestrictinstruction,constantencouragementandsupport.Hisinsightfulcriticismsandvaluablesuggestionshavehelpedmerealizethedeficienciesandmakeappropriateimprovements.Butforhisinstructionandhelp,Icouldnothavefinishedandreachedpresentstage.MyheartfeltgratitudeandthanksalsogotoalltheteacherswhohavetaughtmeandofferedmemuchhelpwithmystudyintheZhixingCollegeofHubeiUniversitytheseyears.20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文译文从唯英语运动浅析美国移民文化同化美国，作为一个移民国家，早期移民带着本民族的文化与美国已有文化融会贯通，形成了别具一格的美国主流文化，美国主流文化又可被称为WASP，它指的是美国文化的主导模式，以英语为中心的WASP文化是出生于盎格鲁-撒克逊族的新教徒政治、文化、宗教信仰和价值观的代表。但是当代美国移民仍然坚守自己固有文化，这就导致了美国主流文化和移民国家文化之间的冲突。本论文的重点在于美国移民文化同化，试着从美国语言政策的角度去学习和分析美国移民文化价值观的同化。语言是人类重要的沟通桥梁，是人类主要的认知渠道，是文化的载体，文化生存和发展的力量，是一个国家的生命线，1988年的英语官方化运动更是揭露了语言之与民族以及文化的重要性。美国语言政策有两个特点：一是强烈维护英语中心;另一种是打击和挤出其他语言。唯英语运动正是这连个特点的集中体现，它试图通过语言的统一来达到文化方面的同化，其本质是美国民族主义的宣传和宣泄，其核心是盎格鲁文化，是对多元文化趋势的挑战。从唯英语运动发生的背景，参与活动的积极分子的，其目的和概念角度都可以看出唯英语运动这一语言政策的更替是其移民文化同化的征兆，首先，从唯英语运动的背景可以看出运动并不是偶然的。在美国社会英语官方化运动代表相当数量的保守力量。20世纪80年代，美国社会保守势力占据优势，民族主义取代了自由主义。50-60年代的民权运动造成的各种反主流社会意识形态趋势在70年代末失去了前沿。国家自主权，多语言主义，多元文化主义开始受到质疑和攻击。几十年来，反对美国民族主义和盎格鲁-撒克逊精神再次兴起，登上政治舞台。其次，参与该活动的积极分子表明，英语运动不是一个简单的语言和教育的运动，他们声称英语是美国国家的象征，英语是也必须是美国社会的实质性特征。最后，英语运动的目的和概念具有一定的历史。语言作为一种工具和同化外来文明的手段不是参与唯英语运动的积极分子提出来的，在美国，这一目的和概念的提出具有悠久的历史，通过统一语言实现文化一致性一直是美国社会的主流哲学，也一直是美国人所遵守的传统。美国大革命后，双语教育只是为了适应美国化教育和缓和国家间冲突的一种手段。美国语言—英语也是美国文化的载体。随着美国官方化运动的展开，美国社会语言意识形态应时而生，语言意识形态指的是人们语言认知概念以及他们对于语言的态度和观点，席夫人称之为“语言文化”，他指出，一个特定社会的语言和文化是社会意识的重要组成部分，因此它也是影响社会规划和政策的语言模式和语言关系的形成和发展的关键。美国官方英语运动反映了美国语言的意识形态的同时，它也揭示和解释了对语言最重要的社会和文化特征，英国官方运动起源于美国社会语言文化，美国社会的语言意识形态是语言的社会功能，语言功能或语言的社会价值的深层次的原因，支持运动的语言文化是一种语言社会价值取向。语言的社会价值的核心是语言具有不可替代的社会功能和重要的文化特征。由此可见，唯英语运动对于语言的的统一仅仅是表象，真正的目的在于移民文化统一于WASP文化。美国独特的WASP有三个主要组成部分：种族，民族的特征和意识形态。20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文英国帝国的盎格鲁-撒克逊新教文化是WASP文化的起源，WASP把白色人种称为主要人种。美国建国之初，这个新国家的基本特征是：英语是人种沟通的主要语言，主要人群是白色人种，英美人是主要群种，主要宗教信仰为新教基督教。美国早期移民带来了自己国家的文化，语言，宗教，习俗和政治制度，与美国文化融合，排挤别人的文化，宗教和信仰，促就了WASP文化的主导地位。后来，美国经历了三次移民潮，第一次的时间是从1820年到1860年,在那段时间里，移民的数量达到了五千万。来自英国，以及其他西欧和北欧国家移民较多。移民的主要语言是英语，主要信念是新教。第二次是从1900年到1920年,内战后，美国进入了大规模的工业化和城市化阶段，需要大量的劳动力。第三次是从1965年到今天,美国通过了移民归化。美国还通过了一系列难民法。放宽移民政策带来了第三波移民高潮。第一代移民也就是早期移民形成了美国WASP这一主导文化，这就造成了与第二代移民，第三代移民母国文化之间的冲突。第二代第三代移民就像许多流入大海的河流一样，这个过程充满活力和斗争。在这一过程中，一些文化逐渐失去了，最终融入美国文化，变成美国制造的一部分。有些已成为冲突的根源，甚至暴力，流血事件。例如代际冲突和宗教冲突，代际冲突在移民家庭尤其突出，。在移民家庭中，父母是移民，孩子出生在美国，孩子生活在两种相互矛盾的文化中-美国主导文化和他们父母的家乡文化，不像他们的移民父母，他们没有太多的父母的祖国的个人经验。他们大多数同意自己出生或成长的国家。他们接受WASP文化，这就造成了孩子与父母之间的矛盾，表现在教育，学习态度，消费行为等等。宗教冲突是WASP和美国移民文化之间的另一个冲突。虽然美国有许多宗教，如基督教，天主教和犹太教，但85％的美国人信奉基督教。基督徒逐渐成为美国的国教。基督教文化也成为美国的主导文化。移民携带不同的宗教进入美国，导致宗教信仰的冲突。美国的双语教育盛行一时，当来自移民国家的语言和英语之间的冲突出现时，同化语言避免了冲突，美国语言的同化是移民文化同化的表面现象，因此，避免冲突的最好办法是同化美国移民文化。美国社会学家米尔顿·戈登提出，无论国家，种族，宗教,只有美国的WASP文化的主流地位，移民及其后代必须接受盎格鲁-撒克逊文化标准，但是移民国家同化的过程自然不是强制的。同化是相互理解和认同的过程，是不同的个人或群体的民族传统被融入社会主流文化的过程，通常是移民或仍然是孤立的少数民族，慢慢失去了大部分的原始文化特征，接受与社会其他部分有很大不同的新特征，通过与主要文化接触和参与主要生活的过程，移民持有与WASP相同的文化，拥有相同的教育，学习态度，消费者行为，宗教等等，冲突自然会消失。同化美国移民文化除了是美国唯英语运动的深层原因，是解决美国移民文化与WASP文化冲突的有效途径之外，移民文化同化众望所归。首先以移民文化价值观为例，自然权利是美国移民文化价值的内容之一。这也是美国文化价值观体现的核心价值观的本质。“自然人权”的想法已经反映在三个历史文件中-独立宣言，美利坚合众国宪法和人权法案在美国成立之初。例如，“独立宣言”庄严宣布“所有人都是平等的”，认为每个人都有权从其“创造者”获得某些不可转让的权利，包括生命权，自由权和幸福的权利。所以美国人对自然权利有一种特殊的感觉，其基本内涵是自由，民主，平等。这个想法逐渐成为强大的民族主义和自我中心。事实上，“WASP”文化是这个价值观的创造者。这个价值观也可以被看作是美国主要文化价值的一部分。因此，WASP与20\n湖北大学知行学院本科毕业论文美国文化价值之间存在着密切的关系。美国文化可以分为WASP和美国移民文化，美国主导文化价值起源于“WASP”文化。美国移民文化被WASP同化。所以美国移民文化和美国移民文化价值之间也有密切的关系。如果移民文化价值被美国文化价值同化，美国移民文化也将被WASP同化。语言学家和人类学家将语言对文化的影响，也就是语言对思维的影响称为“语言相对性”。著名的德语语言学家威廉认为一种以不同方式描述现实的语言也促使我们的思想以不同的方式来整理我们的知识，因此，语言的多样性不是语言和符号的多样性，而是世界观的多样性。E.Sapir和B.Whorf认为一个人的思维模式或世界观是受到他自己语言的语言结构的影响，他只能思考，观察事物，根据提供语法类别或语义类别的自己的语言来看世界。美国文化价值取决于美国语言，然而唯英语运动统一了美国语言，美国移民母国的各种语言已经变成英语，美国人认为，观察事物根据提供语法类别或语义类别的英语来看待世界，因此，随着语言的同化，美国移民的文化价值将同化。美国的文化价值有助于语言的同化。一些学者将美国价值观分为四类，包括政治，经济，文化和社会价值，而美国的文化价值是一种文化取向。文化取向也可以被称为文化价值，它是指一个国家长期以来的主导文化和价值观，语言的使用深受它的影响，导致不同语言之间的实用差异。美国主导文化价值或文化取向影响移民语言的选择，他们倾向于选择英语。因此，美国主导文化价值的影响唯英语运动的发展。其次，同化美国移民文化有利于避免缓和种族歧视，美国作为一个白种人主导的国家和一个充满移民国家的国家，种族歧视非常严重。它们之间的不同文化是种族歧视的主要原因之一，同化美国移民文化有利于移民参与美国政治生话，美国公民与在美国拥有居留权的移民之间的区别是，美国公民有权在政治上投票，并且可以参与政治生活。这不是简单的投票，它给予选民和选民团体在社会上广泛的关注，以便获得更多的发展机会。所以吸收美国移民文化是一种消除移民身份成为100％美国人的方式。换句话说，移民更容易成为美国公民，参与政治生活。它使美国人变得更宽容，也许狂热者，超爱国者在美国无处不在，但一些官方机构也试图消除美国人不能成为一个的概念，以及表达他们对移民和他们的文化欣赏的理解的深层次概念。在理解移民的过程中，美国人变得更加宽容。同化美国移民文化是美国唯英语运动的深层原因，是解决美国移民文化与WASP文化冲突的有效途径之外，同化美国移民文化众望所归。20