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- 2022-09-27 发布
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MenuTranslator:ChineseCuisine中餐菜谱不容易翻译,原因是中国人的饮食文化比较发达,对菜名特别讲究。菜谱翻译的核心内容是菜用什么原料做成,因为外国人在餐桌上最关心的是吃什么东西。其次要讲清楚的是茶的用料、刀法和烹调方法。由此可见,要译好菜谱,就必须知道一些主要的用料、刀法、烹调方法及某些准备步骤。1.常见的用料鸡 chicken 鸭 duck 鹅 goose 鱼类fish肉类meat 猪肉pork 牛肉beef 小牛肉veal羊肉mutton 小羊肉lamb 牛尾oxtail 里脊fillet排骨spareribs 腰子kidney 肚子tripe 肝 liver舌 tongue 下水offals 蹄子trotter 胗 gizzard鸡什giblets 鹿肉venison 鸡脯chickenbreast 甲鱼turtle海味seafood 虾 shrimp 干贝scallop 螃蟹crab鱿鱼squid 海蜇jellyfish 黄鳝finlesseel 海螺whelk野味game 兔 rabbit 鸽 pigeon 鹌鹑quail龙虾lobster 牡蛎oyster 田螺snail 田鸡frog蛇 snake 腌肉bacon 香肠sausage 火腿ham熊掌bear’spaw鱼翅shark’sfin燕窝bird’snest 鲍鱼 abalone2.切煮前的准备工作去骨boning 例如,去骨鸭掌bonedduckwebs打鳞scaling 例如,去鳞鱼scaledfish剥/去皮skinning 例如,去皮田鸡skinnedfrogs脱壳shelling 例如,虾仁 shelledshrimps腌制pickling 例如,咸酸菜pickledvegetables3.常用刀法及用料形状(1)常用刀法切片slice 切丝shred切丁dice 切柳fillet切碎mince捣烂mash酿入stuff(2)常用用料形状肉/鱼片slicedmeat/fish或meat/fishslices肉丝shreddedmeat或porkshreds肉/鸡丁dicedpork/chicken或meat/chickencubes肉末mincedmeat肉丸meatballs肉馅meatfilling4.中餐菜谱翻译法(1)直译法。英译时把对应的制作方法译出来,再以该菜的主要原料为中心词。如:炖牛肉 StewedBeef(2)直译加注法。英译时直接按中文菜名译出其意,然后再补充说明其内在含义。如:狮子头Lion’sHead——PorkMeatBalls全家福HappyFamily——Acombinationofshrimps,pork,beef,chicken,lobsterandmixedvegetableswithbrownsauce(3)意译法。此法可分为三种情况:1)原料+with+作料。以原料为中心词,有时捎带把烹调法也译出,再加上用介词with或in与作料构成的短语即可。如:海米白菜 ChineseCabbagewithDried\nShrimps鱼香肉丝 ShreddedPorkwithGarlicSauce2)作料+原料。即把作料用作修饰语,放在中心词原料的前面。如:咖喱牛肉 CurryBeef 古老肉 Sweet&SourPork3)以“实”对“虚”法。即舍去中菜名里的喻义、夸张等说法而用平直、明白的英语译出。如:以财好市 BlackMossCookedwithOysters采凤喜迎春 BakedChickenandFriedQuailEggs蚂蚁上树 VermicelliwithSpicyMincedPork龙虎凤大烩 ThickSoupofSnake,CatandChicken(4)“移花接木”法。借用西方人熟悉并了解的欧洲菜名或主食名来译部分中菜名与少数主食,因为它们之间有许多相似之处。译文地道、通俗易懂,能收到事半功倍的效果。如:烤排骨 BarbecuedSpareRibs 饺子 Chinese-styleRavioli(5)音译加释义法。先按中文用拼音译出,然后再加以解释性的英译,使英译文保留点“中国味”。如:包子Baozi——StuffedBun 馒头Mantou——SteamedBread(6)“随机应变”法:原料+地名+Style。应用此法可以灵活地处理一些难以对付的地方风味特色。如:广东龙虾LobsterCantoneseStyle 麻婆豆腐BeanCurdSichuanStyle5.中餐常见的烹调方法 中菜的烹调方法至少有50多种,但大体不离:煮(boiling)、煲/炖(stewing)、烧/焖/烩(braising)、煎(frying)、炒(stir-frying)、爆(quick-frying)、炸(deep-frying)、扒(fryingandsimmering)、煸(sautéing)、煨(simmering)、熏(smoking)、烤(roasting/barbecuing)、烘(baking)、蒸(steaming)、白灼(scalding)等基本方法。煮boiled 如“煮咸牛肉”(BoiledCornedBeef)煲/炖stewed 如“清炖牛尾”(StewedOxTailnClearSoup)煎(pan-)fried 如“红烧牛蹄”(BraisedOxTrottersinBrownSauce)炒stir-fried 如“炒鸡丁”(Stir-FriedChickenDices)爆quick-fried如“葱爆羊肉”(Quick-FriedLambwithScallioninGingerSauce)炸deep-fried 如“炸大虾”(Deep-FriedPrawns)扒friedandsimmered如“虾子扒海参”(FriedandSimmeredSeaCucumberwithShrimpRoe)煸sautéed 如“干煸鳝鱼”(SautéedEelSlices)煨simmered 如“煨牛肉”(SimmeredBeef)焖braised 如“黄酒焖猪排”(BraisedPorkChopsinRiceWine)烩braised 如“烩鸡丝”(BraisedChickenShredswithPeas)烘baked 如“烘鸽”(BakedPigeon)蒸steamed 如“蒸鲜鱼”(SteamedFreshFish)酱/醋marinated 如“酱鸡”(MarinatedChicken)卤spicy;stewedingravy如“卤鸭”(SpicyDuck)涮instant-boiled 如“涮羊肉”(Instant-BoiledMuttonSlices)酿stuffed 如“酿青椒”(StuffedGreenPepper)烤roast;barbecued 如“烤鹅”(RoastGoose)清蒸steamed(inclearsoup)如“清蒸桂鱼”(SteamedMandarinFish)清炖stewedinclearsoup如“清炖甲鱼”(StewedTurtleinClearSoup)白灼/嫩煮scalded 如“白灼海虾”(ScaldedPrawns)红烧braisedinbrownsauce如“红烧蹄筋”(BraisedPorkTendoninBrownSauce)干烧inpeppersauce 如“干烧干贝”(ScallopinPepperSauce)麻辣withhotpepper如“麻辣豆腐”(BeanCurdwithHotPepper/SpiceBean\nCurd)酱爆inbeansauce 如“酱爆肉丁”(DicedPorkinBeanSauce)鱼香in(spicy)garlicsauce如“鱼香肉丝”(ShreddedPorkinGarlicSauce)糖醋withsweetandsoursauce如“糖醋排骨”(SpareribswithSweetandSourSauce)宫保withchiliandpeanuts如“宫保鸡丁”(DicedChickenwithChiliandPeanuts)脆皮crisp(inspicysauce)如“脆皮鱼”(CrispFish)香酥crispfried 如“香酥鸡”(CrispFriedChicken)焦熘friedinsauce 如“焦溜鱼片”(FriedFishSlicesinSauce)甜酸sweetandsour 如“甜酸肉”(Sweet&SourPork)胡辣withpepperandchili如“胡辣海参”(SeaSlugwithPepperandChili)油淋drip-friedwithoil 如“油淋兔”(Drip-FriedRabbitwithoil)干煸dry-sautéed 如“干煸季豆”(Dry-SautéedStringBeans)盐水boiledinsaltwater 如“盐水虾”(BoiledShrimpsinSaltWater)家常homestyle 如“家常豆腐”(BeanCurdHomeStyle)陈皮withspicyorangepeel如“陈皮鸡”(ChickeninSpicyOrangePeel)回锅double-sautéed 如“回锅肉”(Double-SautéedPorkSlices)五香spiced 如“五香牛肉”(SpicedBeef)干炸drydeep-fried 如“干炸羊肉”(DryDeep-FriedLambBreast)软炸softdeep-fried 如“软炸里脊”(Soft-FriedPorkFillet)酥炸crispdeep-fried 如“酥炸羊脯”(CrispFriedLambBreast)串烤skewered如“串烤羊肉青椒”(SkeweredMuttonwithGreenPepper)铁扒grilled 如“铁扒乳鸽”(GrilledBabyPigeon)烧烤roast 如“烤乳猪”(RoastSucklingPig)砂锅incasserole 如“砂锅鱼翅”(Shark’sFininCasserole)锅巴withsizzling/crispyricecrust如“锅巴海参”(SeaSlugwithSizzling/CrispyRiceCrust)芙蓉witheggwhite 如“芙蓉海参”(SeaCucumberswithEggwhite)麻酱withsesamepaste 如“麻酱海参”(Beche-de-merwithSesamePaste)三鲜withtwootherdelicacies如“三鲜海参”(SeaCucumberswithOtherTwoDelicacies)醋溜sautéedinvinegarsauce/gravy如“醋溜白菜”(SautéedCabbageinVinegarSauce/Gravy)糟熘indistilledgrainssauce如“糟溜鸡片”(SlicedChickeninDistilledGrainsSauce)凉拌insoysauce 如“凉拌海蜇”(JellyfishinSoySauce)酸辣hotandsour 如“酸辣黄瓜”(HotandSourCucumber)姜汁ingingersauce 如“姜汁扁豆”(SnapBeansinGingerSauce)蚝油inoystersauce 如“蚝油香菇”(MushroomsinOysterSauce)蒜泥withmashedgarlic 如“蒜泥胡豆”(BroadBeanswithMashedGarlic)什锦mixed;assorted 如“什锦丝冬粉”(AssortedShredswithVermicelli)茄汁intomatosauce 如“茄汁鸡脯”(ChickenBreastinTomatoSauce)咖喱withcurry 如“咖喱牛肉”(FriedBeefwithCurry)八宝(stuffed)witheightdelicacies如“八宝鸡”(ChickenStuffedwithEightDelicacies)葱爆quick-friedwithscallioningingersauce如“葱爆羊肉”(Quick-FriedLambwithScallioninGingerSauce)粉蒸steamedinriceflour如“粉蒸牛肉”(SteamedBeefinRiceFlour)奶油increamsauce 如“奶油鱼肚”(FriedFishMawinCreamSauce)木犀withscrambledeggsandfungus如“木犀肉”(FriedPorkwithScrambledEggsandFungus)醉liquor-preserved 如“醉蟹”(Liquor-Preserved\nCrabs)辣味inchilisauce 如“辣味烩虾”(BraisedPrawnsinChiliSauce)豆豉inblackbeansauce如“豆豉桂鱼”(MandarinFishinBlackBeanSauce)黄焖braisedinricewine如“黄焖大虾”(BraisedPrawnsinRiceWine)椒盐withpepperandsalt如“椒盐排骨”(SpareRibswithPepperandSalt)怪味multi-flavored 如“怪味鸡”(Multi-flavoredChicken)常见蔬菜Vegetables芹菜celery 菠菜spinach 西葫芦summersquash/fieldpumpkin茄子eggplant 苦瓜bittergourd/balsam 冬瓜waxgourd/wintermelon辣椒hot/redpepper/chilli 韭菜Chineseleek 葱scallion 香菜coriander胡萝卜carrot 白萝卜whiteradish 蒜薹garlicstem白菜Chinesecabbage 菜花cauliflower 柿子椒sweetpepper豆芽beansprout竹笋bambooshoot芦笋asparagus 藕lotusroot荸荠waterchestnut 芸豆kidneybean 豇豆cowpea刀豆jack/swordbean 扁豆hyacinth 豌豆pea蚕豆broadbean 红豆adukibean 绿豆mungbean芥蓝kale/cabbagemustard 青菜greens/vegetables 红薯sweetpotato生菜romainelettuce 空心菜waterspinach 海带kelp紫菜laver粉条vermicelli/beannoodles醪糟fermentedglutinousrice油菜cole榨菜tubermustard 黄花菜day-lilybuds 丝瓜spongesquash木耳fungus 银耳tremella(whitewoodfungus) 芋头taro常见水果及干果蜜橘tangerine红橘mandarinorange 无花果fig 荔枝lichee枇杷loquat 龙眼longan 芒果mango 樱桃cherry葡萄柚grapefruit柿子persimmon 山楂haw 桑葚mulberry石榴pomegranate香瓜muskmelon 栗子chestnut 核桃walnut榛子hazelnut槟榔betelnut 椰子coconut 白果gingko枣date 甜瓜cantaloupe 开心果pistachio腰果cashew葡萄干raisin 杏仁almond 葵花子sunflowerseeds西瓜子watermelonseeds 南瓜子pumpkinseeds河鲜与海味桂鱼mandarinfish鲤鱼carp 黄花鱼yellowcroaker 鲫鱼cruciancarp银鱼whitebait带鱼hair-tailfish对虾prawn 鲇鱼catfish海参seacucumber/seaslug 墨鱼cuttlefish 鳝鱼eel草鱼grasscarp