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对朋友的祝福语1、山海可以阻隔彼此,却阻隔不了我的思念,距离可以拉开你我,却拉不开真挚的情谊,时间可以淡忘过去,却忘不了永远的朋友。2、所谓好朋友就像我们一样,可以畅谈心中的感觉,彼此关心,彼此照顾,时而哈哈大笑,时而争得面红赤,却不会放在心上。3、在我们相聚的日子里,有着最珍惜的情谊,在我们年轻的岁月中,有着最真挚的相知,这份缘值得我们珍惜。4、朋友,让我轻轻的说声你好,虽然人生难免有聚有散,但你却是我心中,最珍惜最难忘的朋友。5、在成长的岁月中,曾经陪你笑陪你愁的朋友,是一辈子都不会忘记的,愿彼此都能珍惜这份友谊,做个永远的朋友。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n7、人世间最珍贵的,莫过于真诚的友情,深切的怀念,像幽香的小花,开在深谷。8、在忙碌的生活中别忘了抽个时间,让自己轻松一睛,永远保持一颗年轻快乐的心。9、吵架也好,斗嘴也好,开心也好,出气也好,你永远是我心中最好的死党。10、陈酒最好喝,老友最知心,朋友认识越久越值得珍惜,只因共同拥有太多太多的回忆。11、风是透明的,雨是滴答的,云是流动的,歌是自由的,爱是用心的,恋是疯狂的,天是永恒的,你是难忘的。思念1、凡是阳光照耀的地方,就有我真挚的祝福,凡是有月亮照耀的地方,就有我深深的思念。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n2、无论相隔多遥远,对你思念的心,永不停歇。3、日子在不同的空间流逝,想念在不同的时间来临。4、最珍惜,好友的问候,纵然人生聚散无常,念你的心依旧。5、岁月把思念的影子,拖成修长而又曲折的色块,但一句温馨的祝福,却始终牢牢地牵系着我们彼此的心情。6、但愿美好的记忆,不要从岁月里匆匆走过,让它永驻我们的心中。7、在充满思念的季节里,满怀真挚的祝福,愿为你带来无限的喜悦与温馨。8、不是因为寂寞才想你,而是因为想你才寂寞。孤独的感觉之所以如此之重,只是因为想得太深。9、我没有多的言语!只有一句话要告诉你:和你在一起,你是一切!没有你在身边,一切是你!10、我不给你打电话是因为我想你,我给你送花是因为我忍不住不想你。11、思是一种痛;念是一种苦;想见又不能见是一种痛苦!12、远方的你可要好好照顾自己,不要感冒了流鼻涕,偶尔也可以打几个喷嚏,那是代表我在想你!13、鱼说:你看不到我的泪,因为我在水里!水说:我能感觉你的泪,因为你在我心中!14、天鹅湖边鸟飞绝,良无一点双人行。双木非林心相连,您若无心先自飞。(我很想你把昨天的烦恼交给风,让今天的感动化作笑容,给忙碌的心情放个假,让平凡的生活变得快乐。★草长莺飞七月天,转眼一晃又半年,发条短信寄祝愿:身体健康多赚钱!★茶要喝浓的,香到心里;酒要喝醉的,醒不来的;人要最爱的,下辈子接着爱的;朋友要永远的,看手机的这个,不错!officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n★大地知道天空的真诚,因为有雨滋润;海岸知道海的真诚,因为有潮抚弄;我知道你的真诚,因为有心语传递。★大海因浪花而美丽,人生因友谊而充实,我把快乐的音符作为礼物送给你,愿爱你的人更爱你,你爱的人更懂你!★当你收到这条短信时,同时也收到我送给你的忘忧草与幸运草,忘忧草能让你忘记烦恼,幸运草能带给你幸运与快乐。★轻轻拨动你的号码,让你知道我的到来;慢慢放飞我的祝福,让你感到我的存在。让风儿送去我的心声,让星星传递我的问候,希望你天天快乐。★当你早上开机时,能见到我对你的祝福,一朵心中的玫瑰,为你带来一天的好运。★对你的思念像袅袅的轻烟不绝如缕,对你的祝福似潺潺的小溪伴随一生一世。★方寸间,历数世上桑田沧海;时空里,细问人间暑往寒来;是朋友,星移斗转情不改;是知音,天涯海角记心怀。★风是透明的,雨是滴答的,云是流动的,歌是自由的,爱是用心的,恋是疯狂的,天是永恒的,你是难忘的。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n★初遇你的心情是温馨的,和你交友的时候是真心的,与你在一起的时候是开心的,认识你这个朋友是无怨无悔的。★风雨的街头,招牌能挂多久,爱过的老歌,你能记得几首,别忘了有像我这样的一位朋友!永远祝福你!★恭喜发财财运到,财神对你哈哈笑,自摸杠点随你挑,抓到手里都是宝,收钱收到手酸掉,牌友气得哇哇叫。★花是牡丹最美,人为朋友最亲,交友不交金和银,只交朋友一颗心。水流千里归大海,人走千里友谊在,大树之间根连根,朋友之间心连心。★家是避风的港湾,朋友是鼓风的海岸。家遮挡了苦雨风霜,朋友送来艳阳里一瓣心香。无家透心凉,有友透心亮。★见到你很开心,星空里万颗星,有一颗是我心,想我时看星星,失眠时数星星,许愿时等流星,好朋友天天要开心。★茫茫人海,你是我惟一不能放弃的牵挂,也是我最无法释怀的无奈,无论你走到天涯海角,我都会祝福你!★officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n没有你的日子里,我会更加去珍惜;没有钱的日子里,你要保重你自己;没有爱的日子里,请你和我在一起!★弄不清思绪万千,望不穿心湖微澜,看不透咫尺牵绊,数不尽月夜更换,舍不去情深缘浅,放不下无尽挂牵。★朋友不必很多,知心就好;牵挂不必很多,动情就好;不想说的太多,只是让你知道:认识你真好!★朋友不一定合情合理,但一定知心知意;不一定形影不离,但一定心心相惜;不一定锦上添花,但一定雪中送炭;不一定常常联系,但一定挂记在心!★朋友是快乐时忘掉的人,苦时去找的人,是你败走麦城不对你另眼看的人,是你高升对你称呼仍不变的人!★朋友总是心连心,知心朋友值千金,灯光之下思贤友,小小短信传佳音,望友见讯如见人,时刻勿忘朋友心。★千山万水难送礼,发条短信祝福你,健康美丽常伴你,财神老爷看上你,金钱上亿跟着你,朋友时刻祝福你。★清晨曙光初现,幸福落你身边;中午艳阳高照,微笑在你心间;傍晚日落西山,欢乐伴你一天。★officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n夜色茫茫照四周,天边新月如钩。往事恍如梦,梦境何处求。人隔千里,路悠悠,请明月,代问候。★让星星化为我的眼,整夜地看护你;让清风化为我的笑,抚平你驿动的心;让一切美好的事物化为我的祝福,永远陪伴着你……★日给你温暖,月给你温馨,星给你浪漫,风给你清爽,雨给你滋润,雪给你完美,霜给你晶莹,我给你祝福!★容颜易老,青春会跑,人生知己太少!父爱天高,母恩难报,痴情恋人难找!热血波涛,壮志凌霄,曾经沧海狂笑!痛苦忘掉,伤痕会好,难得认识你真好!★如果可以,请不要对我的祝福感到厌烦;如果可能,请时时想起关心你的我;如果愿意,请让我分享你的喜怒哀乐!★如果一滴水代表一个祝福,我送你一个东海;如果一颗星代表一份幸福,我送你一条银河;如果一棵树代表一份思念,我送你一片森林。★铃声是我的问候,歌声是我的祝福,雪花是我的贺卡,美酒是我的飞吻,清风是我的拥抱,快乐是我的礼物。★officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n山泉,像一根琴弦,日日夜夜弹奏着家乡的山歌,带着我的问候,飞出山谷,流入江海,寻觅着你的踪影。★山上青松山下花,花笑青松不如她,有招一日寒霜降,只见青松不见花。愿友学习青松志,祝你前途比梅红。★神说,所谓幸福是有一颗感恩的心,一个健康的身体,一份称心的工作,一位深爱你的爱人,一帮信赖的朋友,当你收到此信息,一切随之拥有!★手机一开笑口常开;手机一响黄金万两;短信一到一生好报;短信读到好事天天围你绕。★思念是一季的花香,漫过山谷,笼罩你我,而祝福是无边的关注,溢出眼睛,直到心底,愿愉快伴你一生。Premièrerègle:iln'existeaucunerègle.Toutcequicompte,c'estdegagnerdutemps...etdesefairecomprendre.Quelquesastucespeuventnéanmoinss'avérerutiles.-Laphonétiquerègneenmaître:savaparemplaceçanevapas;keskeseofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nsubstitueàqu'est-ceque;etainsidesuite.-Leschiffresetleslettresmajusculessontdécodéscommedansunrébus:Gselitj'ai;D100signifiedescend;etc.-Lesabréviationssontutiliséesàtouteslessauces,surtoutlesplusconnues,commemdr(pourmortderire)oubap(pourbonaprès-midi).Bjr= bonjourBsr=bonsoirKwad’9= quoideneufSltcv= salut,çavaMjvb1= moi,jevaisbienJsprktuvabi1= j’espèrequetuvasbienofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nG= j'aiJ= JeL=ellel8=luimwa=moiMtnoumnt=maintenantTuvi12m1= tuviensdemainChuisoqp= jesuisoccupéCpa5pa= c’estpassympaXact= exactPq=pourquoiG1id2kdo= j’aiuneidéedecadeauJt’apLDKejpe= jet’appelledèsquejepeuxAsap= aussivitequepossibleJeT'MouJTM=jet'aimeB1sur= biensûrWétu=Oùestu?vi1=vienstufékoi?=tufaisquoi?6néoucnéouciné=cinéofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nSQZ=excusemoiA12C4= àundecesquatreBizoubsxouBZoo= bisousoujet’embrassemr6=merciTs=tousNs=nousPoupr=pourGf1ouj’aif1111=j’aifaimkomensava=commentcava?A+=àplustardouabientôtouatoutal’heureofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nTOK=es-tud'accord?Keske=qu'est-ceque?STP=s'ilteplaîtPKOI=pourquoi?Tjs=toujoursKdo=cadeauKfé=caféMDR=mortderireNRV=énervéDPCH=dépêche!GKCKKCHOS=j'aicasséquelquechoseTufékoi?=qu’est-cequetufais ?Kesktufe7ap=qu'est-cequetufaiscetaprès-midi?A2m1=àdemainbap=bonapres-midi7=cet(te)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nL'StomB=laissetomberOQP=occupekeskeC=qu’est-cequec’estkesketudi=qu’est-cequetudisght=j’aiacheteckoioucékoi=c’estquoi ?Tou ?=tuesou ?G1pb=j’aiunproblemeofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nKC=casse,c’est-a-direfatigueRSTP=reponds-mois’ilteplait.Etvoilaunpetittexteinteressant :KOCHMARBjrlekter,koi29 ?jSpRKTUVABi1.Mjflip.IR,GD6D2TpaTenékrivanttmyéditoentexto.kLtaf!SamavrMenstrC,NRVpRturB.Bref,Jenémareten+,CridiQl,Dzolé.jm’XQze…Tpafâché ?Jvoulaijusttdoné1ID2lanouvLofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nortografDado.100arf,ilparaikilDpensttleurRjanauTléfon,comca,maikeCpagrave.Pagrave ?JdouT,entoutK,sas10kut,ImaJn1mnkeEpoksoitttentiéékricomsa :6né,muzik,foto,livretKoncR !KelorEr !Alé,L’StomB.YaoK1chans.4nou,c2L8.A12C4,Bizbiz.GraldinFasPS :Nézitpaarstp.CAHCHEMARofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nBonjourlecteur,quoideneuf ?j’esperequetuvasbien !Moi,jeflippe.Hier,j’aidedidedet’epaterenecrivantmoneditoentexto.Queltravail !Cam’aoccupeetoutl’apres-midi,cam’avraimentstressee,enervee,perturbee.Bref,j’enaimarreet,en plus,c’estridicule.Desole,jem’excuse…tun’espasfache ?jevoulaisjustetedonneruneideedelanouvelleorthographedesadolescents,Sansrire,ilparaitqu’ilsdepensenttoutleurargentdepocheautelephone,commeca,entextos,maisquecen’estpasgrave.Pasgrave ?j’endoute.Entouscas,casediscute.Imagineuneminutequ’Epoksoitentierementecritcommeca :cinema,musique,photos,livresetconcerts !quellehorreur !Allez,laissetomber.Iln’yaaucunechancequecelaarrive.Pournous,ilesttroptard.officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nAundecesjours,bise.GeraldineFase.P-S :N’hesitepasamerepondre世博远大馆8级模拟地震体验记[组图]2010年5月11日19:34 来源:东方网 作者:孙晓菲 选稿:实习生周皓玥officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n 东方网世博报道组记者孙晓菲5月11日现场报道:一间密闭的黑屋子来回剧烈摆动,里面传来了众人的惊声尖叫……在上海世博会远大馆的门前,每隔3分钟左右,这样“恐怖”的场景便会重现一次。在这里,模拟版的8级地震将来到你脚下,毫不夸张地重现地震发生时的场面。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n在远大馆,模拟版的8级地震将来到你脚下,毫不夸张地重现地震发生时的场面。 黑屋子内被模拟成公交车车厢的模样,每一位进入的体验者都在上方有一个拉环,地震开始时用来保持身体平衡。体验者进入黑屋子后,外面将上锁,整座屋子一下子变得黑漆漆的,更平添了地震将至的恐惧感。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n黑屋子内被模拟成公交车车厢的模样,每一位进入的体验者都在上方有一个拉环,地震开始时用来保持身体平衡。 黑屋子模仿的是8级地震的烈度,假设所有的体验者都身在汶川地震的震中。地震刚开始时,屋子只是轻轻地晃动,随后越来越猛烈,直到所有体验者能感觉到脚底的地面在剧烈摇晃,身体无法掌握平衡。据说,这种震动中有很大的部分是横向的不规则运动,对建筑的杀伤力最大。最后,屋子仍会轻轻地摆动,真实地告诉你余震仍在进行。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n在远大馆的地震科技体验馆,你可以看到汶川地震现场断壁残垣的真实再现。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n 随后,在远大馆的地震科技体验馆,你可以看到汶川地震现场断壁残垣的真实再现,并了解到“斜撑+轻量+工厂化”的建筑抗震定律。其实,地震破坏力主要是横推力,即使柱子再强也抗不住横推力,因此可在建筑的四周每隔3.9米的距离增设一个斜撑,因为三角形的固定方式是最稳固的。远大馆建筑自身的重量只有传统建筑的六分之一,一旦地震发生,建筑材料压在人身上也不会产生巨大的压力。此外,远大馆所有的零部件和所有的模块都可以抗9级地震。 明天正值汶川地震2周年,去远大馆亲身体会下“模拟地震”,也不失为加深对地震了解、表达对震区同胞惦念的好方式之一。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.日语假名及其发音一览平片罗平片罗平片罗平片罗平片罗假假马假假马假假马假假马假假马音音音音音______________________________________________________________________________あアaいイiうウuえエeおオoofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nかカkaきキkiくクkuけケkeこコkoさサsaしシsi/shiすスsuせセseそソsoたタtaちチchiつツtsuてテteとトtoなナnaにニniぬヌnuねネneのノnoはハhaひヒhiふフfuへヘheほホhoまマmaみミmiむムmuめメmeもモmoofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nやヤyaゆユyuよヨyoらラraりリriるルruれレreろロroわワwaをヲo/woんンnがガgaぎギgiぐグguげゲgeごゴgoざザzaじジzi/jiずズzuぜゼzeぞゾzoofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nだダdaぢヂji/diづヅzu/duでデdeどドdoばバbaびビbiぶブbuべベbeぼボboぱパpaぴピpiぷプpuぺペpeぽポpoきゃキャkyaきゅキュkyuきょキョkyoしゃシャsyaしゅシュsyuしょショsyoちゃチャcyaちゅチュcyuちょチョcyoofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nにゃニャnyaにゅニュnyuにょニョnyoひゃヒャhyaひゅヒュhyuひょヒョhyoみゃミャmyaみゅミュmyuみょミョmyoりゃリャryaりゅリュryuりょリョryoぎゃギャgyaぎゅギュgyuぎょギョgyoじゃジャzya/jaじゅジュyu/juじょジョzyo/joofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nびゃビャbyaびゅビュbyuびょビョbyoぴゃピャpyaぴゅピュpyuぴょピョpyo说明:*拨音(ん/ツ)用“n”表示。如:新聞(しんぶん)sinbun、民族(みんぞく)minzoku。*促音(小つ)将后面的子音重写两个来表示。如:国家(こっか)kokka、雑誌(ざっし)zasshi。但在つ的前面则加“t”来表示,如:発着(はっちゃく)hatchaku。(但在输入时仍应输入hacchaku)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n*ぢ/ヂ其读音为ji,但在输入时应该输入di。而づ/ヅ的读音虽为zu,但在输入时应该输入du。*要输入し/シ时可以输入si或shi。要输入じ/ジ可以输入ji或zi。*は在作助词用时,读作wa,但输入仍为ha。を/ヲ的读音为o,但输入时为wo。1.常识1.1.外来语officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n外来语是指在日本的国语中使用的来源于外国语言的词汇。但狭义上的外来语则是指来源于欧美国家语言的词汇,其中大部分是来源于英美语系的词汇。日语中的汉语词汇很多,大多是自古以来从中国引进的,从外来语的定义看,汉语词汇也应该属于外来语的一种。但是,从惯用的角度看,汉语词汇不包括在外来语中。较早引进的外来语,有些已经完全融入到日语中,几乎已经没有了来自外国语的感觉。这一类词汇历史上多采用平假名或者汉字来书写,现在一般用平假名来书写。例如:たばこ(煙草)、てんぷら(天婦羅)、かっぱ(合羽)、じゅばん(襦袢)、きせる(煙管)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n已经日本语化、但仍然有来自外国语的感觉的词汇,一般用片假名书写。这一类词汇的词形比较固定。例如:ラジオ、ナイフ,スタート,オーバー,ガラス,パン,ピアノ明显地带有来自外国语的感觉的词汇,用片假名书写。这一类词汇往往词形(即写法)不大固定,但部分有习惯写法的一般按照习惯写法来书写。这类词汇可能会使用现代日语中的和语词汇和汉语词汇所没有的音节来进行书写。这些特殊的音节假名用于书写比较接近原音或原拼写方法的外来语、外国地名和人名等。这些特殊音节假名包括:イェ(ye),ウィ(wi),ウェ(we),ウオ,クァ(qwa),グァ(gwa),クィ(qwi),クェ(qwe),クォ(qwo),シェ(she),ジェ(je),チェ(che),ツァ(tsa),ツィ(tsi),ツェ(tse),ツォ(tso),テイ,デイ,テユ,デユ,トゥ(twu),ドゥ(dwuofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n),ファ(fa),フィ(fi),フェ(fe),フォ(fo),フュ(fyu),チィ(tyi),ヂィ(dyi),等等。外来语的长音原则上是用长音符号“—”来书写。例如:オーバーコート。但也有不写长音符号而添写元音的习惯,例如:ミイラ,バレエ,レイアウト,ボウリング等。相当于英语词尾的-er、-or、-ar的音,原则上作为ア段长音用长音符号“—”来书写,但也经常按习惯省去“—”。例如:エレベータ(-),コンピュータ(ー)等。而接在イ段和エ段音后面的、相当于ア音节的音原则上写作“ア”,例如:ピアノ,フェアプレー,イタリア等。但是,按习惯也有部分词汇写作“ヤ”的。例如:タイヤ,ダイヤル等。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.日语的音调(重音)词语中的各个音节之间存在的高低、轻重的配置关系叫做声调(アクセント)。声调具有区别语言意义的作用。日语的声调是高低型的,由高而低或由低而高。一个假名代表一拍,包括表示清音、浊音、半浊音、促音、拨音以及长音的假名,但是不包括组成拗音中的小"や"、"ゆ"和"よ",即一个拗音整体上作为一个音拍来看待,如“きゅ”是一个音拍,而不是两拍。而“きゅう”和“くう”等长音则是两拍。日语以东京音为标准音,其声调可以分为如下几种类型:0型、①型、②型、③型、④型、⑤型、⑥型以及⑦型等。高声调表示重音,低声调表示轻音。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n0型:表示只有第一拍低,其他各拍都高。①型:表示只有第一拍高,以下各拍都低。②型:表示只有第二拍高,第一拍和第三拍以下各拍都低。③型:表示第二拍、第三拍高,第一拍和第四拍以下各拍都低。④型:表示第二拍至第四拍高,第一拍和第五拍以下各拍都低。⑤型:表示第二拍至第五拍高,第一拍和第六拍以下各拍都低。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n⑥型:表示第二拍至第六拍高,第一拍和第七拍以下各拍都低。⑦型以及以下各型的声调依次类推。0型单词后面接续的助词为高声调;除了0型以外的各类型的单词,后面接续的助词全部是低声调。有的单词有两种或多种不同的声调类型,即该单词在不同场合下有不同的声调读法。有的单词在一个词内有两个或多个相连接的重音符号(即声调类型符号),表示该单词有两个或多个重音。如:“せいはんごう(正反合)”的声调类型为①-①-①型,表示这个单词有三个重音,即“せ”、“は”和“ご”三拍都是高声调(即重音)。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n日语的高音节不能分在两处。即一个单词(包括后续的助词在内)中只能有“高低低”、“低高低”、及“低高高”等声调配置形式,而不可能出现类似“高低高”、“低高低高”或“高低高低”等声调配置。无论多长的单词,其声调配置都必须符合这个规律。1.1.常用中国姓氏读法中文日文中文日文____________________________________________________赵趙ちょう黄黄こう张張ちょう王王おうofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n章章しょう曾曾そ蒋蒋しょう宋宋そう肖肖しょう曹曹そう李李り孙孫そん黎黎れい罗羅ら林林りん韩韓かん朱朱しゅ吴呉ご周周しゅう梁梁りょうofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n齐斉さい江江こう杨楊よう刘劉りゅう许許きょ柳柳りゅう徐徐じょ吕呂ろ秦秦しん陈陳ちん包包ほう胡胡こ方方ほう毛毛もう钱銭せん韦韋いofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n冯ひょう/フォン潘ぱん1.1.常用日本姓氏读法中文日文中文日文_____________________________________________________________________山田山田やまだ丰田豊田とよた田中田中たなか本田本田ほんだ齐藤斎藤さいとう山本山本officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nやまもと佐藤佐藤さとう森森もり木村木村きむら林林はやし木下木下きのした小林小林こばやし川边川辺かあべ藤原藤原ふじはら佐佐木佐々木ささき佐野佐野さのofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n铃木鈴木すずき熊野熊野くまの村上村上むらかみ竹下竹下たけした1.1.语法术语名称日文中文_________________________________________________________________主語しゅご主语述語じゅつご谓语officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n客語きゃくご宾语補語ほご补语連体修飾語れんたいしゅうしょくご连体修饰语(体修)連用修飾語れんようしゅうしょくご连用修饰语(用修)提示語ていじご外位语(提示语)同格語どうかくご同位语(同格语)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n自動詞じどうし自动词(不及物动词)他動詞たどうし他动词(及物动词)単語たんご单词文ぶん句子文節ぶんせつ(文节)連文節れんぶんせつ词组(连文节)単文たんぶん单句officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n複文ふくぶん复句重文じゅうぶん并列句平叙文へいじょぶん叙述句疑問文ぎもんぶん疑问句命令文めいれいぶん祈使句(命令句)感動文かんどうぶん感叹句officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.日语词汇分类按照日语词汇的意义、形态或者功能来进行分类,可以分成如下12个类别(12品词):单词独立词有词尾变化可以作谓语用言动词形容词形容动词没有词尾变化可以作主语体言名词数词officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n代名词不可以作主语作修饰语修饰体言——连体词修饰用言——副词不可以作修饰语起接续作用——接续词没有接续作用——感叹词附属词有词尾变化助动词没有词尾变化助词officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n说明:独立词在句子里具有独立的概念,在句子里具有独立的能力。而附属词没有独立的概念,在句子里不能单独存在,只能附在独立词的后面起一定的语法作用。1.1.地名的读法以下是表示地名的日语词汇。单词读音声调词性释义————————————————————————————————————あきはばら(秋葉原)③型名词秋叶原(著名电器街)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nあらかわく(荒川区)④型名词荒川区いけぶくろ(池袋)③型名词池袋いたばしく(板橋区)④型名词板桥区うえの(上野)0型名词上野(有著名上野动物园)えどがわく(江戸川区)④型名词江户川区おおたく(大田区)③型名词大田区officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nかさはら(笠原)②型名词笠原かしま(鹿島)0型名词鹿岛かすみがせき(霞ヶ関)④型名词霞关しながわく(品川区)④型名词品川区しぶやく(渋谷区)③型名词涩谷区しんじゅくく(新宿区)④型名词新宿区officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nしんばし(新橋)①型名词新桥すぎなみく(杉並区)④型名词杉并区せたがやく(世田谷区)④型名词世田谷区たいとうく(台東区)③型名词台东区たてやま(館山)②型名词馆山ちゅうおうく(中央区)③型名词中央区officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nちよだく(千代田区)③型名词千代田区としまく(豊島区)③型名词丰岛区なかのく(中野区)③型名词中野区ぶんきょうく(文京区)③型名词文京区めぐろく(目黒区)③型名词目黑区officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.英文字母日语读法英文字母日语读法英文字母日语读法_____________________________________________________________AaエーNnエヌ,エンBbビーOoオーCcシーPpピーDdデイーQqキューofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nEeイーRrアールFfエフSsエスGgジーTtテイーHhエイチUuユーIiアイVvブイJjジェーWwダブリュKkケーXxエックスofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nLlエルYyワイMmエムZzゼット1.各种常用词1.1.数词和量词1.1.1.数词______________________________________________________________________________零零れい①型officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n0ゼロ①型一1一いち②型二2二に①型三3三さん0型四4四し/よん/よ①型五5五ご①型officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n六6六ろく②型七7七しち/なな①型八8八はち①型九9九く/きゅう①型十10十じゅう①型十一11十一じゅういちofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n十二12十二じゅうに十三13十三じゅうさん十四14十四じゅうし/じゅうよん十五15十五じゅうご十六16十六じゅうろく十七17十七じゅうしち/じゅうななofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n十八18十八じゅうはち十九19十九じゅうきゅう/じゅうく二十20二十にじゅう二十一21二十一にじゅういち三十30三十さんじゅう四十40四十よんじゅうofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n五十50五十ごじゅう六十60六十ろくじゅう七十70七十ななじゅう/しちじゅう八十80八十はちじゅう九十90九十きゅうじゅう(一)百100百ひゃくofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n一百零一101百一ひゃくいち一百一十九119百十九ひゃくじゅうきゅう二百200二百にひゃく三百300三百さんびゃく四百400四百よんひゃく五百500五百ごひゃく六百600六百ろっぴゃくofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n七百700七百ななひゃく八百800八百はっぴゃく九百900九百きゅうひゃく(一)千1000千せん一千零一1001千一せんいち二千2000二千二千二千零四十2040二千四十にせんよんじゅうofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n三千3000三千さんぜん三千六百九十七3697三千六百九十七さんぜんろっぴゃくきゅうじゅうなな四千4000四千よんせん五千5000五千ごせん六千6000六千ろくせん七千7000七千ななせん八千8000八千はっせんofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n九千9000九千きゅうせん一万1万一万いちまん十万10万十万じゅうまん六十三万63万六十三万ろくじゅうさんまん百万100万百万ひゃくまん一千万1000万一千万いっせんまんofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n一亿1亿一億いちおく一兆1兆一兆いちちょう百位数与千位数有音变,读法如下:一百百ひゃく二百ニ百にひゃく二千ニ千にせん三百三百さんびゃく三千三千さんせん四百四百よんひゃく四千四千よんぜんofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n五百五百ごひゃく五千五千ごせん六百六百ろっぴゃく六千六千ろくせん七百七百ななひゃく七千七千ななせん八百八百はっぴゃく八千八千はっせん九百九百きゅうひゃう九千九千きゅうせん一千千せん一万一万いちまんofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.量词________________________________________________________________一个一つひとつ②型二个/两个二つふたつ③型三个三つみっつ③型四个四つよっつ③型officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n五个五ついつつ②型六个六つむっつ③型七个七つななつ②型八个八つやっつ③型九个九つここのつ②型十个十とお①型officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.数量、顺序词汇的读法以下是表示数量、顺序的日语词汇。单词读音声调词性释义__________________________________________________________________________ひとり(一人)②型名词一(个)人。ふたり(二人)0型名词二人;两个人;さんにん(三人)③型名词officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n三(个)人。よにん(四人)②型名词四(个)人。ごにん(五人)②型名词五(个)人。ろくにん(六人)②型名词六(个)人。しちにん(七人)②型名词七(个)人。はちにん(八人)②型名词八(个)人。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nきゅうにん(九人)②型名词九(个)人。じゅうにん(十人)②型名词十(个)人。なんにん(何人)②型名词几个人;多少个人。注意:一个人/两个人是特殊读法(ひとり/ふたり),其它的在基数词后加“人(にん)”即可1.1.星期的表示何曜日(なんようび):星期几officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n月曜日(げつようび):星期一火曜日(かようび):星期二水曜日(すいようび):星期三木曜日(もくようび):星期四金曜日(きんようび):星期五土曜日(どようび):星期六日曜日(にちようび):星期日officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.日期表达法一日(一号)(ついたち)一天(いちにち)二日(ふつか)三日(みっか)四日(よっか)五日(いつか)六日(むいか)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n七日(なのか)八日(ようか)九日(ここのか)十日(とおか)十一日(じゅういちにち)十二日(じゅうににち)十三日(じゅうさんにち)十四日(じゅうよっか)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n十五日(じゅうごにち)十六日(じゅうろくにち)十七日(じゅうしちにち)十八日(じゅうはちにち)十九日(じゅうきゅうにち)二十日(はつか)二十一日(にじゅういちにち)二十二日(にじゅうににち)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n二十三日(にじゅうさんにち)二十四日(にじゅうよんにち)/(にじゅうよっか)二十五日(にじゅうごにち)二十六日(にじゅうろくにち)二十七日(にじゅうななにち)二十八日(にじゅうはちにち)二十九日(にじゅうきゅうにち)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n三十日(さんじゅうにち/みそか)三十一日(さんじゅういちにち)何日(なんにち)/几日,几号1.1.月份表达法一月(いちがつ)一ヵ月(いっかげつ)二月(にがつ)ニヵ月(にかげつ)三月(さんがつ)三ヵ月officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n(さんかげつ)四月(よんがつ)四ヵ月(よんかげつ)五月(ごがつ)五ヵ月(ごかげつ)六月(ろくがつ)六ヵ月(ろっかげつ)七月(しちがつ)七ヵ月(ななかげつ)八月(はちがつ)八ヵ月(はっかげつ)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n九月(くがつ)九ヵ月(きゅうかげつ)十月(じゅうがつ)十ヵ月(じっかげつ)十一月(じゅういちがつ)十一ヵ月(じゅういっかげつ)十二月(じゅうにがつ)十ニヵ月(じゅうにかげつ)何月(なんがつ)/几月何ヵ月(なんかげつ)/几个月officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.四季表达法春(春/はる)、夏(夏/なつ)、秋(秋/あき)、冬(冬/ふゆ)春季(しゅんき)、夏季(かき)、秋季(しゅうき)、冬季(とうき)1.2.时分秒表达法×时/点钟:×時(じ)×小时:×時間(じかん)×分:×分(ふん)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n×分钟:×分間(ふんかん)×秒:×秒(びょう)×秒钟:×秒間(びょうかん)1.1.其它时间相关表达法世纪——世紀(せいき)年——年(ねん)光年——光年(こうねん)前年——前年(ぜんねん)/officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n一昨年(おととし)去年——去年(きょねん)/昨年(さくねん)今年——今年(ことし)明年——明年(みょうねん)/来年(らいねん)后年——後年(こうねん)/再来年(さらいねん)上上个月——先々月(せんせんげつ)上个月——先月(せんげつ)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n这个月(本月)——今月(こんげつ)下个月——来月(らいげつ)下下个月——再来月(さらいげつ)上上周(上上个星期)——先々週(せんせんしゅう)上周(上星期)——先週(せんしゅう)本周(本星期)——今週(こんしゅう)下周(下星期)——来週(らいしゅう)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n下下周(下下个星期)——再来週(さらいしゅう)前天——昨日(おととい)昨天——昨日(きのう)今天——今日(きょう)明天——明日(あした/みょうにち)后天——明後日(あさって)早上——朝(あさ)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n上午——午前(ごぜん)中午——昼(ひる)下午——午後(ごご)傍晚——夕方(ゆうがた)晚上——夜(よる)白天——昼(ひる)周末——週末(しゅうまつ)月末——月末(げつまつ)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n年末——年末(ねんまつ)1.语法1.1.判断句1.1.1.基本句型(肯定式)…は(读wa)…です…是…例:わたしは日本語専攻の一年生です。我是日语专业一年级学生。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.过去肯定式…は…でした…(过去)是…例:王さんは先生でした。老王以前是老师。1.1.2.否定式…は…ではありません…不是…officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:これはわたしの本ではありません。这不是我的书。1.1.1.过去否定式…は…ではありませんでした…(过去)不是…例:きのうは日曜日ではありませんでした。昨天不是星期天。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.将来推测式…は…でしょう…(大概)是…例:王さんも一年生でしょう。小王大概也是一年级学生吧。1.1.2.疑问式判断句各句式+か…吗(呢)?officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:あしたは休みではありませんか。明天不是休息日吗?1.1.1.特殊疑问式疑问词成分+が…(です)か…是…?以疑问词成分作主语的问句叫特殊疑问句。与一般疑问句不同的是:主语必须用主格助词[が]表示,并且,其相应的答句主语也必须用[が]表示例:だれが小林さんですか。--->officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nわたしが小林です。谁是小林?--->我就是小林。1.1.1.中顿式…で,…(です)…是…,(是)…一句话中间停顿打逗号时,[です]要用其中顿形式[で]例:これはクラスの新聞で,先生のではありません。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n这是班里的报纸,不是老师的1.1.存在句以存在动词[ある、いる、(おる)]作谓语的句子叫作存在句。存在动词的敬体形式为[あります、います]1.1.1.存在动词的含义存在动词具有“有”和“在”两种含义。含义的区分,主要取决于动词前的助词,基本规律为:…があります(、います)/…有…officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n…にあります(、います)/…在…例:庭があります。/有(一个)院子。庭にあります。/在院子里。1.1.1.存在动词的分工存在动词[あります]和[います(おります)]分别用于不同场合,具体分工如下:あります——用于表示事、物います——用于表示人、动物officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nおります——用于表示第一人称及相关场合,含自谦语气例:きょう映画があります。/今天有电影。犬と猫がいます。/有狗和猫。土曜日なら家におります。/如果是星期六的话,我在家里。1.1.1.存在句句型1.1.1.1.表示“有”含义的基本句型…に(は)…があります(或います)/officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n在…有……には…はありません(或いません)/在…没有…(は用于加强否定语气)例:庭にきれいな花や木があります。/在院子里有美丽的花和树木。テーブルの上には果物はありません。/(在)桌子上没有水果。1.1.1.1.表示"在"含义的基本句型…が(或は)…にあります(或います)/…在…officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n…は…にはありません(或いません)/…不在…(は用于加强否定语气)例:猫が居間にいます。/猫在客厅里。田中さんは映画館にはいません。/田中先生不在电影院。1.1.愿望句式愿望句式通常由愿望助动词「たい」、动词推量形加推量助动词「う·よう」以及在「たい」、「う·よう」之后加动词「と思う」构成。现代日语中常见的愿望句式有三种。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.(第一人称+は)…が/を…たいです。/(第一人称)想…例:わたしたちは日本語を勉強したいです。/我们想学日语。(わたしは)テレビが見たいです。/我想看电视。1.1.2.(第一人称+は)…が/を…たいと思います。/(第一人称)想…例:日本へ留学に行きたいと思っています。/我(现在)想去日本留学。いい辞書(じしょ)を買いたいと思います。/我想买本好辞典。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.(第一人称+は)…を…う/ようと思います。/(第一人称)想要…例:卒業して,医者(いしゃ)になろうと思います。/毕业后我想要当医生。新(あたら)しいテレビを買おうと思います。/我想要每一台新的电视机。1.2.形容词1.2.1.词形特征形容词由词干和词尾构成,词干不变化,词尾是变化部分,普通词尾为[い]officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.词尾变化词尾变化通常称为“活用”,形容词共有五种活用形1.1.1.1.连用形即连接活用词的形式,形容词有两个连用形:[く]和[かっ][く]后续否定形容词[ない],表示否定;后续其它各类词(万能形),后续用言,后续接续助词[て],中顿[かっ]后续过去完了动词[た],表示过去完了时态(单一形)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:おいしい--->おいしくない(不好吃)--->おいしかった(真好吃)すずしい--->すずしくなる(变凉爽)--->すずしかった(以前凉爽)あつい--->あつくありません(不热)--->あつかった(以前热)1.1.1.1.终止形即终止句子的形式,终止形是不变化的形式,即原形。除终止句子外,终止形后面还可以跟某些助词、助动词,给句子增添某种意义。后续助词如[から][が],后续助动词如[でしょう]例:きょうは暑いね。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n今天好热呀!夏が暑いです。夏天炎热。冬は寒いでしょう。冬天大概很冷吧。1.1.1.1.连体形即连接体言的形式,形容词的连体形与原形相同,用于修饰体言,做定语。此外,亦可后续某些助词,为句子增添某种意义。后续助词如[ので][のに]officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:暖かい春/温暖的春天甘いりんご/甜苹果1.1.1.1.假定形即表示假定条件的形式,词尾[い]变成[けれ],后续假定助词[ば],表示假定条件。例:寒い--->さむければ/如果冷的话甘くない--->あまくなければ/如果不甜的话officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.推量形即表示推测的形式。词尾[い]变成[かろ],后续推量助动词[う],表示推测例:涼しい--->すずしかろう/大概凉爽吧よい--->よかろう/大概好吧不过,现代日语中,除了少数约定俗成的惯用形式中还可见[かろう]形式外,表示推测时,已经改用了更简便的[终止形+でしょう(.だろう)]方式了例:涼しい--->すずしいでしょう/大概凉爽吧officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.形容词的简体与敬体在形容词原有活用形式后加上[です],形容词句就变为敬体了,这里的[です]在形容词后没有“是”的意思,仅仅是一个敬体标志,不参与任何活用变化。例:きのうは暑かった。(简体)--->きのうは暑かったです。(敬体)上海の冬は寒くない。(简体)--->上海の冬は寒くないです。(敬体)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.形容动词1.1.1.词形特征辞书中一般只给出形容动词的词干,形容动词的词尾均为[だ]1.1.2.词尾变化(活用)1.1.2.1.连用形形容动词的连用形比形容词多一种,即三个连用形:[で]:用于后续[ない],表示否定;或者表示中顿等officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n[に]:用于后续动词等各类活用词;或者作副词[だっ]:用于后续过去完了助动词[た],表示过去完了时态例:わたしは西洋料理が好きではない。/我不喜欢西餐。きれいだ--->きれいになる上海はきれいになりました。/上海变漂亮了。王さんは元気だった。/老王以前身体很好。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.终止形终止形即原形。除可结束句子外,还可后续某些助词、助动词。例:日本語が上手だ。/日语很棒。料理が好きだから,上手だ。/因为喜欢烹饪,所以菜做得好。1.1.1.2.连体形词尾[だ]变成[な],修饰体言,作定语例:これはわたしが大好きだ料理です。/这是我最喜欢吃的菜。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nあれはきらいなものです。/那是很讨厌的东西。1.1.1.1.假定形词尾[だ]变成[なら],可以后续假定助词[ば](但通常省略),表示假定条件。例:元気ならいいですね。/要是身体好的话,就好了。お好きなら,どうぞ。/您若喜欢的话,请便。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.推量形词尾[だ]变成[だろ],后续推量助动词[う],表示推测。例:大丈夫だろう。/大概不要紧吧。王さんは日本語が好きだろう。/小王大概喜欢日语吧。1.1.2.判断助动词[だ]与形容动词词尾[だ]判断助动词[です]其实只是判断助动词简体形式[だ]的敬体形式。由于其词形与形容动词词尾完全一样,所以二者的活用变化形式相通,也因此形容动词的敬体形式也由[です]officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n及其派生形式构成。1.1.1.形容动词的简体、敬体及其应用如前所述,形容动词的简体是由[だ]及其派生出来的各种活用形构成,敬体则是由[です]及其派生出来的各种形式构成。在实际应用中,形容动词的简体形式与敬体形式常常呈现互补关系,如下所示:活用形词尾变化主要用法常用形式______________________________________________________________________________连用形で简officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n体否定式(ではない)ではありませんに后续助词にだっ简体过去时(だった)でした(敬体)______________________________________________________________________________终止形だ简体结句(だ)です(敬体)后续助词、助动词officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n______________________________________________________________________________连体形な做定语な后续助词(如[ので][のに]...)______________________________________________________________________________假定形なら表示假设条件なら______________________________________________________________________________officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n推量形だろ简体推测(だろう)でしょう(敬体)1.1.动词1.1.1.动词分类1.1.1.1.按活用形式分类动词按其词尾活用变化的形式,可分为四大类:1.1.1.1.1.五段活用动词五段活用动词的词尾分布在[う]段上,为:officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nくぐすつぬぶむるう在日语动词中,五段活用动词最多,且活用变化最复杂。例:行く,泳ぐ,出す,立つ,死ぬ,呼ぶ,飲む,作る,買う1.1.1.1.1.一段活用动词一段活用动词又可分为上一段活用动词和下一段活用动词。其词尾由两个假名组成,其中最后一个假名为[る];[る]前面的词尾假名分别为[い]段(即含元音的)假名和[え]段(即含[e]元音的)假名。由于[い]段和[え]段分别在五段的中间段[う]段之上一段和之下一段,故分别称之为“上一段动词”和“下一段动词”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n因上下一段动词的词尾变化规律完全一样,故简称为一段动词。一段动词的活用变化比较简单。例:起(お)きる,見(み)る,疲(つか)れる,迎(むか)える,受(う)ける类似[見る]这种词干词尾一共只有两个假名的一段动词为数不多。此时第一假名既是词干又是词尾的一部分。1.1.1.1.1.カ行变格活用动词只有一个动词,即[来(く)る]1.1.1.1.2.サ行变格活用动词サ变动词的基本形式只有一个,即[する]。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n[する]还可接在部分名词后面,构成新的サ变动词,如:掃除する,料理する1.1.1.1.按语法作用分类可分为:自动词和他动词;自动词相当于英语的不及物动词;他动词相当于英语的及物动词,他动词通常要带宾语,宾语以宾格助词[を]示之。例:買い物をする。/买东西。料理を作る。/做菜。1.1.2.动词的活用形officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n动词共有七种活用形:未然形,连用形,终止形,连体形,假定形,命令形,推量形。1.1.1.1.动词的终止形动词的终止形与原形相同,主要用于终止句子,以及后续某些助词、助动词,已增添某种意义。例:映画を見る。/看电影。友だちが来るから,部屋をきれいに掃除します。/因为朋友要来,所以要把房间打扫干净。(后续助词)妹も行くでしょう。/妹妹也要去吧。(后续助动词)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.动词的连体形动词的连体形亦与原形相同,主要用于修饰体言,作定语。此外,可以后续某些助词。例:買い物をする母/(要)买东西的妈妈。テレビを見る妹/(要)看电视的妹妹1.1.1.2.动词的连用形不同分类的动词,其连用形不尽相同,动词连用形的用法很多,包括作(动)名词、表示中顿、后续敬体助动词[ます]构成敬体等等。其活用规律如下所示:officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.1.五段动词的连用形词尾[う]段假名变为[い]段假名。例:行く--->いき呼ぶ--->よび泳ぐ--->およぎ飲む--->のみ出す--->だし作る--->つくり立つ--->たち買う--->かいofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n死ぬ--->しに1.1.1.1.1.一段动词的连用形去掉最后的词尾假名[る]。例:起きる--->おき迎える--->むかえ見る--->み受ける--->うけ疲れる--->つかれofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.1.カ行变格活用动词的连用形くる--->き1.1.1.1.2.サ行变格活用动词的连用形する--->し1.1.1.1.3.五段动词的音便形五段动词有两种连用形,一种用于后续敬体助动词[ます]、以及作(动)名词、中顿形等;另一种用于后续过去完了助动词[た]及接续助词[て]等。前者属一般连用形,通称连用形,如6.7.2.3.1中所示;后者属特殊连用形,又称音便形。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n音便形共有三种,即[ツ促音(又称“促音便”)·イ音便·ン音便(又称“拨音便”)]。音便因词尾不同而异。如下表所示:音便形种类动词词尾原形词尾音便形后续成分______________________________________________________________________________促音便つ,う,るった、てイ音便くいた、てぐいofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nだ、で拨音便ぬ,ぶ,むんだ、で五段动词词尾[す]无音便形,只有一般连用形,故无论后续[ます]还是后续[た]、[て],均用其连用形[し]。一段动词、カ变动词(くる)、サ变动词(する)亦只有一般连用形,故无论后续[ます]还是后续[た]、[て],均为同一形式。五段动词音便形示例:立つ——〉たった/站起来了,たってofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n買う——〉かった/买了,かって作る——〉つくった/做了,つくって書く——〉かいた/写了,かいて泳ぐ——〉およいだ/游泳了,およいで死ぬ——〉しんだ/死了,しんで呼ぶ——〉よんだ/叫了,よんで飲む——〉のんだ/喝了,のんでofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n(出す——〉だした/寄了,交了,だして)特例:五段动词中特殊音便的词仅有一个,即[行く],不按[イ音便]变化,而属于[ツ音便]。即行く——〉行った/去了,行って1.1.1.1.动词的未然形未然形即后续否定助动词「ない」的形式。活用变化规律如下。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.1.五段活用动词的未然形变化规律为:词尾「う」段假名变成「あ」段假名。例:行く→いか·ない/不去泳ぐ→およが·ない/不游泳壊す→こわさ·ない/不破坏打つ→うた·ない/不打死ぬ→しな·ない/不死officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n学ぶ→まなば·ない/不学住む→すま·ない/不住造る→つくら·ない/不造使う→つかわ·ない/不使用特例:唯一与上述规律有违的是「ある/有·在」。「ある」的否定形式不是「あら·ない」,而是「ない/没有·不在」。1.1.1.1.1.一段活用动词的未然形变化规律为:去掉词尾最后一个假名「る」。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:できる→でき·ない/不会着る→き·ない/不穿食べる→たべ·ない/不吃入れる→いれ·ない/不放人1.1.1.1.1.カ行变格活用动词的未然形「来(く)る」变为「こ」,「こ」即是か变动词的未然形。后续否定助动词「ない」即可表示否定。例:来(く)る→こ·ない/不来officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.1.サ行变格活用动词的未然形「する」变为「し」,即为未然形。后续否定助动词「ない」即可表示否定。例:する→し·ない/不做加工する→加工し·ない/不加工勉強する→勉強し·ない/不学习1.1.1.2.动词的假定形officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n动词假定形的变化规律,不分类别,完全一致。即:任何动词,只须将其词尾(最后一个)假名由「う」段变至「え」段即可。如:(五段动词)やる→やれ|打つ→うて|(一段动词)考える→かんがえれ|->+ば/如果…的话隔てる→へだてれ|(カ变动词)来る→くれ|(サ变动词)する→すれ|officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:君が行けばわたし行きます。/如果你去的话,我也去。六時に起きれば間(ま)に合(あ)います。/如果六点起床的话,就来得及。いっしょに来ればいい。/可以一起来(如果要一起来的话,可以的)。勉強すれば上手になります。/如果用功,就会进步。1.1.1.1.动词的命令形动词自身活用变化来的命令形,是一种非常简慢(不礼貌)的命令形式,一般用于军队口令、训斥等场合。各类动词的命令形式如下。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.1.五段动词的命令形将词尾假名由「う」段变为「え」段即可,无须后续。例:行く→いれ!/滚!出发!言う→いえ!/说!飲む→のめ!/喝!1.1.1.1.2.一段动词的命令形将词尾最后一个假名「る」去掉,并后续「ろ」或「よ」。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:起きる→おきろ。おきよ。/起来!逃げる→にげろ。にげよ。/快逃!見る→みろ。みよ。/看!1.1.1.1.1.カ变动词的命令形来る→こい。/来!过来!1.1.1.1.2.サ变动词的命令形「する」的命令形有两种,即「し」和「せ」,二者还要分别后续「ろ」和「よ」。即:officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nする→しろ/せよ勉強する→勉強しろ。勉強せよ。/用功!好好学!日常生活中,多用「…なさい」、「…(て)ください」来表示较为客气的命令式,相当于汉语的“请”。例:行く→行きなさい。行ってください。/请去。飲む→飲みなさい。飲んでください。/请喝。起きる→起きなさい。起きてください。/请起床。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n来る→来(き)なさい。来(き)てください。/请(过)来。注意する→注意しなさい。注意してください。/请注意。1.1.1.1.动词的推量形及推量助动词「う·よう」动词推量形主要用于表示第一人称的意志、愿望、决心,或表示第一人称对他人的劝诱。不同类别的动词的推量形各异。推量助动词「う」接于五段活用动词的推量形后;「よう」接在「一段、カ变、サ变」三类动词的推量形后。具体形式如下:officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.1.五段动词的推量形将词尾由「う」段假名变成「お」段假名即可。然后附上推量助动词「う」。例:聞く→きこ·う/想要听休む→やすも·う/想要休息買う→かお·う/想要买走る→はしろ·う/想要跑延す→のばそ·う/想要延长officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.1.一段动词的推量形将词尾最后一个假名「る」去掉即可。然后接上推量助动词「よう」。例:見る→み·よう/想要看起きる→おき·よう/想要起床怠ける→なまけ·よう/想要偷懒忘れる→わすれ·よう/想要忘掉officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.1.カ变动词的推量形将「くる」变为「こ」,然后附上「よう」。即:例:来(く)る→来(こ)·よう/想要来1.1.1.1.2.サ变动词的推量形将「する」变为「し」,然后附上「よう」。即:例:する→し·よう/想要做旅行(りょこう)する→officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n旅行し·よう/想要旅行運転(うんてん)する→運転し·よう/想要开车1.1.1.授受关系动词及其用法1.1.1.1.授受关系动词在日语中,表示“给予”及“接受”的动词统称为“授受关系动词”。授受关系动词分为三类,共七个,即:a类:くれる/くださる给(第一人称)…(注:含与第一人称有关的人)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nb类:やる/あげる/さしあげる给(第二、三人称)…c类:もらう/いただく得到…上述三类动词的用法分别如下所示。a类:…は(一人称に)…[をくれる|くださる]/…给(第一人称)…其中,「くださる」为尊敬动词,故其主语地位应高于对象语。例:先生は(わたしに)本をくださいました。/老师给我了一本书。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n王さんは弟(おとうと)にボールをくれます。/小王要给我弟弟一个球。b类:…は(二、三人称に)…を[やる|あげる|さしあげる]/…给(他人)…其中,「やる」原则上应该用于人对动物、植物动作的场合,但男性及中小学生、儿童之间亦常用;「さしあげる」因是自谦动词,故其主语应为地位相对低下者。现代日语中,一般以「あげる」为常用通用形式。例:奥さんは毎日お花に水(みず)をやります。/夫人每天给花浇水。わたしたちは日本人留学生に会話(かいわ)の本をあげました。/我们给了日本留学生会话书。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n王さんは部長(ぶちょう)にレポートをさしあげました。/小王给了部长一份报告。c类:…は(任意人称)[から|に]…を[もらう|いただく]/…从…得到…其中,「いただく」为自谦动词,故句中主语地位应低于授予者。例:王さんは社長(しゃちょう)から写真をいただきました。/小王从总经理那儿得到了照片。王さんは李さんからペンをもらいました。/小王从小李那儿得到了一支钢笔。(句中的[から]可以与[に]互换)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n王さんは李さんにノートをもらいました。/小王从小李那儿得到了笔记本。1.1.1.1.授受关系动词构成的补助动词句授受关系动词亦可接在「て」后作补助动词用,并构成补助动词句。即:a类:…は(一人称に)…を(し)て[くれる|くださる]/…为(第一人称)做…例:父は(わたしに)自転車を買ってくれました。/爸爸给我买了自行车。お母さんは兄(にい)さんにセーターを編(あ)んでくださいました。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n/爸爸给妈妈织了件毛衣。先生はをたしたちに日本語を教えてくださいます。/老师教我们日语。b类:…は(二、三人称に)…を(し)て[やる|あげる|さしあげる]/…为(他人)做…例:母は犬や猫に餌(えさ)を買ってやります。/妈妈给狗和猫买食用。をたしはときどき友だちに手紙(てがみ)を書いてあげます。/我常给朋友写信。李さんは恩師(おんし)に年賀状(ねんがじょう)を出(だ)してさしあげました。/小李给恩师寄了贺年卡。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nc类:…は(任意人称)[から|に]…を(し)て[もらう|いただく]/…请(某人为自己)做…例:友だちはわたしに新聞をとってもらいます。/朋友让我帮他拿报纸。王さんは学部長(がくぶちょう)に推薦(すいせん)状(じょう)を書いていただきました。/小王请系主任为他写了推荐信。1.1.1.1.授受关系三原则上下有别、内外有别、内外有别优先使用授受关系动词,首先要严格遵循“上下有别”、“内外有别”两原则,即要“officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n上尊下谦”、“外尊内谦”。例:お母さん(长辈)は兄さん(晚辈)にセーターをくださいました(尊敬动词)。/妈妈给了哥哥(一件)毛衣。わたし(下级)は社長(上级)から写真をいただきました(自谦动词)。/我从总经理那儿得到了照片。当“上下”关系及“内外”关系同时出现时,应本着“内外有别优先”的原则,忽略不计内部的上下关系,而将外部的相关人物及相关事情相对抬高,以示敬意。例:うちの社長(公司内人物)はお宅(たく)の部長(其它公司人物)さんから手紙をいただきました(自谦动词)。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n/敝公司总经理收到了贵公司部长的函件。母(长辈)は兄(晚辈)にセーターをくれました(一般动词)。/妈妈给了哥哥(一件)毛衣。注:将家庭内部事务讲给外人听的场合,对家人家事不可用尊敬词语。1.1.1.动词的使役态、使役助动词「せる·させる」、使役句含有“使…(做)”、“让…(做)”之意的动词为使役态动词。五段动词未然形后接「せる」、「一段动词、カ变动词、サ变动词」未然形后接「させる」,便构成了使役动词。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n五段动词未然形:词尾「う」段假名→「あ」段假名+せる行く→いか·せる/让去,使…去話す→はなさ·せる/让说,使…说持つ→もた·せる/让拿,使…拿喜ぶ→よろこば·せる/让高兴,使…高兴休む→やすま·せる/让休息,使…休息officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n困る→こまら·せる/让为难,使…为难笑う→わらわ·せる/让笑,使…笑一段动词未然形:去「る」|カ变动词未然形:くる→こ|->+させるサ变动词未然形:する→せ|止める→やめ·させる/让中止起きる→おき·させる/让起床officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nくる→こ·させる/让来担当する→担当せ·させる/让担任此外,サ变动词还可采用「词干+させる」的形式。如:担当する→担当·させる心配する→心配·させる使役助动词「せる·させる」活用变化与一段动词相同。使役句的基本形式如下:officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n…は…[を|に]动词未然形+[せる|させる]使役句不能对尊长使用。表示使役对象的助词「を」和「に」要区别应用。一般来说,谓语动词为自动词的句中用「を」;谓语动词为他动词的句中用「に」。例:先生は生徒に本を読ませる。/(他动词句)老师让学生读书。父は弟を郵便局へ行かせる。/(自动词句)父亲让弟弟去邮局。田中先生はわたしにテープを聞かせる。/(他动词句)田中先生让我听录音。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nお医者(いしゃ)さんは王さんを休ませる。/(自动词句)医生让小王休息。1.1.1.动词的被动态及被动助动词「れる·られる」含有“被…”之意的动词为被动态动词。五段动词未然形后接「れる」、「一段动词、カ变动词、サ变动词」未然形后接「られる」,便构成了被动动词。如:五段动词未然形:词尾「う」段假名→「あ」段假名+れる書く→かか·れる/被写呼ぶ→よば·れる/被叫作officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n取る→とら·れる/被取言う→いわ·れる/被说一段动词未然形:去「る」+られる開ける→あけ·られる/被打开食べる→たべ·られる/被吃見る→み·られる/被看原则上,五段和一段动词构成被动态必须是未然形后分别加上「れる」或「られる」;但实际操作中可以简单划一地记为:除「くる(カ変)」和「する(サ変)」两个动词外,其余动词(五段·officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n一段)均将其词尾最后一个假名由「う」段变为「あ」段后再加上「れる」即可。カ变动词未然形:くる→こ+られるサ变动词未然形:する→せ+られる或サ变动词词干+される例:来る→来·られる/被来する→せ·られる→される/被做代表する→代表される/被代表加工する→加工される/被加工officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n被动句的基本句型:…[が|は]…[に|から|によって]动词未然形+[れる|られる]表示“被…”部分的三个助词中,「に」、「から」主要用于口语,可互换;「によって」通常用于书面语。例:王さんはお父さん[に|から]ひどく言われました。/小王被他父亲狠狠的训了一顿。ドアは李さん[に|から]開けられました。/门被小李打开了。当被动主体为团体或群体时,通常省略。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:この花は(人々(ひとびと)[に|から])バラと呼ばれます。/这种花被(人们)叫作玫瑰。運動会が(大学によって)開かれました。/运动会被(大学)举行了。被动句的扩展句型…[が|は]…[に|から|によって]…を动词未然形+[れる|られる]扩展句型比基本句型多了一个宾语成分(「…を」),主要用于以下两种情况。a)处理双宾语句officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:学生问了老师(间接宾语)一道难题(直接宾语)。→老师(主语)被学生问了一道难题(宾语)。→先生は学生に難しい問題を聞かれました。推销员卖给我(间宾)假货(直宾)。→我(主语)被推销员卖了假货(宾语)。→わたしはセールスマンに偽物(にせもの)売(う)り付(つ)けられました。b)处理汉语“…的…”结构例:小王踩了我的脚。→我的脚被小王踩了。→我被小王踩了脚。→わたしは王さんに足を踏(ふ)まれました。扒手扒了小李的钱包。→小李的钱包被扒手扒了。→小李被扒手扒了钱包。→officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n李さんはすりに財布(さいふ)をすられました。日语的被动句多数含“受害感”,其中尤以自动词为最。例:(私は)雨に降られて風邪になった。/我因被雨淋而感冒了。両親(りょうしん)に死なれて孤児(こじ)になった。/因父母亡故而成为孤儿。1.1.1.可能态及可能动词日语动词变为可能态有四种方法。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\na.动词原形+ことができる这是适用于任何动词的通用形式。例:大学に入ることができます。/能够上大学。暇(ひま)がないので,旅行することができません。/因为没空,所以不能旅游。お金がないから,テレビを買うことができません。/因为没有钱,所以不能买电视机。一人で来ることができますか。/你一个人能来吗?officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nb.动词未然形+[れる|られる]这也是通用形式,适用于任何动词。此时句中宾语助词「を」原则上应改用「が」。例:わたしは日本料理が作られます。/我会做日本菜。熱(ねつ)で起きられません。/因为发烧而起不来(不能起床)。一人で来(こ)られますか。/你一个人能来吗?この機械で加工されます。/用这台机器能加工。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nc.五段动词词尾「う」段假名→「え」段假名+る专用形式,仅适用于五段动词。句中宾格助词「を」原则上要改用「が」。例:わたしは日本語が少(すこ)し話せます。/我会说一点日语。奥さんは日本料理が作れますか。/夫人您会做日本菜吗?一人で行けますよ。/我自己一个人能去。d.サ变动词词干+できるofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n专用形式,仅适用于「サ」变动词。此时句中宾格助词「を」原则上要改用「が」。例:暇(ひま)がないので,旅行できません。/因为没空,所以不能旅行。車が運転できます。/我会开车。1.1.助词、助动词1.1.1.提示助词[は]在判断句中,[は]提示主语例:これは日本語のテープではありません。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.提示助词[も][も]表示兼提,有“也”的意思例:土曜日も日曜日も休みです。接于数量词之后,表示数量之最(之多或之少),意为“竟有…之多”、“(一个)…也没有”例:一日に,友だちが五回も来ました。/一天之中,朋友竟来了五次之多。(之多)部屋には一人(ひとり)もいません。/房间里一个人也没有。(之少)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.助词[が]1.1.1.1.主格助词[が][が]通常用于表示主语,但在判断句中,[が]只在疑问词做主语的问句及其答句中表示主语例:どのぺんが王さんのですか。--->このぺんが王さんのです。1.1.1.2.格助词[が]格助词[が]接在体言之后,除了可以作为主格助词、表示主语之外,还常常用在描写句中,表示形容词、形容动词所描述的对象,故又称“对象格”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:李さんは日本語が上手だそうです。/听说小李日语挺棒。1.1.1.1.接续助词[が]接续助词[が]接在各类活用词终止形(简体、敬体均可)后,起两种语法作用,一种表示逆接(转折)关系,意为“虽然…但是…”,另一种表示顺接关系,起有机连接前后句的作用。例:病気でしたが,もう大丈夫です。/虽然病了一场,但已经不要紧了。(逆接)こちらは小林さんですが,こちらは鈴木さんです。/这位是小林先生,这位是铃木先生。(顺接)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.领格助词[の][の]表示所属,为“的”之意例:日本語クラスの先生は小林先生です。1.1.2.终助词[か][か]接在句末,表示疑问,相当于汉语的“吗”,“呢”之意例:きのうは金曜日でしたか。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.接续助词[て]接形容词连用形[く]后,表示并列、因果关系例:このみかんは甘くてすっぱいです。/这种桔子又甜又酸。(并列)あのぶどうは甘くておいしいです。/那种葡萄又甜又好吃。(并列)/那种葡萄很甜,所以好吃。(因果)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.提示助词[は]接否定式[ない.(あり)ません]之前,加强否定语气。例:少し寒くはありません。/一点儿也不冷。1.1.2.接续助词[から]接活用词终止形(简体敬体均可)之后,表示因果关系。例:甘いですから,おいしいです。/因为甜,所以好吃。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.补格助词[より][より]接在体言后,表示肯定的比较对象,以为“比”。例:りんごはみかんより甘いです。/苹果比桔子甜。1.1.2.副助词[ほど][ほど]接在体言后,表示否定的比较对象,意为“(不)比…”、“没有…那么…”例:李さんは王さんほど高くはありません。/小李没有小王(那么)高。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.终助词[ね][よ]终助词又称感叹词,接在句子末尾,增添某种语感、语气。[ね]主要用于表示感叹、赞同或质疑,[よ]主要用于提示、告知等场合。例:あついね。/好热呀!あついよ。/很热的呀。1.1.2.传闻助动词[そうだ][そうだ]可以接在各类活用词终止形后,表示传闻,其敬体形式为[そうです],意为“(第一人称)听说…”officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:きのう,李さんは休みだったそうです。/听说昨天小李休息了。1.1.1.补格助词[に][に]接在表示场所的体言后,表示存在的场所,意为“在”。例:病院は銀行のとなりにあります。/医院在银行旁边。テーブルの上に果物があります。/在桌上有水果。[に]接在名词或动词连用形之后,且后续意为“来、去”的动词(如:[行く]、[来る]…)时,表示来去的目的。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:あした,旅行(りょこう)に行きます。/明天去旅游。テレビを見に帰(かえ)りました。/回来看电视。[に]接于时间名词之后,表示时间点,意为“在”。例:夜十時(じゅうじ)に休みます。/(在)晚上十点钟休息。日曜日に部屋を掃除します。/在星期天打扫房间。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.副助词[か][か]接在疑问词后,表示不确定,意为"某(些)"、“若干”。例:部屋にだれかいます。/房间里有人。犬はどこかにいるでしょう。/狗大概(躲)在什么地方了。1.1.2.并列助词[と][と]接于体言之后,表示并列,意为"和"。例:森(officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nもり)さんと田中さん(と)は居間にいます。/森和田中在客厅里。1.1.1.副助词[や][や]介于体言之间,表示含言外之意的列举,意为"…啦…啦…(等等)"。例:台所に冷蔵庫(れいぞうこ)や電子(でんし)レンジがあります。/厨房里有冰箱啦微波炉等等。1.1.2.同位格[の][の]可以介于两个互为同位成分的体言之间,表示同位语。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:一年生の鈴木さんはわたしの友だきです。/一年级学生铃木是我的朋友。1.1.1.敬体助动词[ます][ます]接在动词的连用形后,构成动词的敬体形式。例:行く--->行きますある--->ありますいる--->います迎える--->むかえますofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nくる--->きますする--->します[ます]的常用形式有五种,即:nます(肯定式)nました(过去肯定式)nません(否定式)nませんでした(过去否定式)nましょうofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n(推量式,表示劝诱、意志等)例:あした,日本語の試験を受けます。/明天要考日语。きのう,買い物をしました。/昨天买了东西。忙しいから,テレビを見ません。/因为太忙了,所以不看电视。食事(しょくじ)をしませんでした。/没有吃饭。いっしょにお正月を迎えましょう。/我们一起过年吧。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.宾格助词[を]介于体言和他动词之间,表示他动词的宾语。例:卵や肉を買いました。/买了蛋和肉(等东西)。部屋の掃除をしません。/不打扫房间。1.1.2.宾格助词[で]接在体言之后,表示动作的场所,意为“在”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:映画館で映画を見ます。/在电影院看电影。スーパーで買い物をしました。/在超市买了东西。接在体言之后,表示行为动作的方式、方法、手段、工具等,基本意义为“用”,翻译时要灵活处理。例:車で友だちを迎えます。/开车接朋友。ペンで書(か)きます。/用钢笔写。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.过去完了助动词[た][た]接在五段动词音便形、其它动词连用形、以及形容词连用形(かっ)、形容动词连用形(だっ)后,表示过去时态或完成时态的简体形式。助动词[た]本身也有活用变化,但在现代日语中常用的仅有三种:终止形、连体形、假定形。出了这三种活用形外,偶尔可见[た]的推量形[たろう]的用法,但现在通常用终止形[た]后续[だろう]、[でしょう]的形式表示推测。例:分かったろう——〉分かったでしょう/明白了吧。きのう寒かったろう——〉officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nきのう寒かったでしょう/昨天冷吧。1.1.1.1.[た]的终止形即[た]的原形,表示简体过去完了时态。可用于结束句子,但更多的是用于后续助词、助动词,为句子增添某种意义。例:もう忘れた。/已经忘了。すっかリ疲れたから,休んだ。/(因为)累极了,所以休息了。李さんはもう行ったでしょう。/小李已经去了吧?officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.[た]的连体形亦为[た]的原形,用于修饰体言,作定语,亦可后续某些助词。例:目が覚めた時,もう朝だった。/醒来时,已经是早上了。私が行った時,田中さんはあそこにいた。/我去的时候,田中先生已经在那儿了。1.1.1.2.[た]的假定形[たら][た]的假定形为[たら],其后可以接[ば],但通常省略。[たら]所表示的假定条件,往往有强调以前项成立为前提的内涵,意为“倘若…(实现了)之后的话,…”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:ご飯ができたら,呼んでください。/(倘若)饭好了(的话),请叫我。聞いたら分かるでしょう。/(倘若)问了(的话)就会明白的吧。東京(とうきょう)に着(つ)いたら,電話をください。/到了东京之后请来电话。1.1.1.接续助词[て][て]接在五段动词的音便形、其它动词连用形、以及形容词连用形[く]之后,可以表示并列、承上启下、先后、因果等多种关系,用法十分广泛。例:このりんごは甘くておいしいです。/这种苹果又甜又好吃。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nマークットに行って買い物をしました。/去集市买了东西。疲れて行きませんでした。/因为累了,所以没去。1.1.1.补助动词[て][て]还可以介于两个动词之间,使后一个动词作前一个动词的补助动词,增添某种意义。1.1.1.1.补助动词[ている][ている]接在动词连用形(五段动词音便形)之后,可以表示正在进行时态,意味“正在…”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:李さんは新出語を覚えています。/小李正在记生词。コーヒーを飲んでいる人は課長(かちょう)です。/正在喝咖啡的人是科长。当[ている]接在自动词后时,除了可以表示正在进行时态外,还可以表示状态的持续,意为“(还)…着”。具体判别根据前后句意义。例:友だちは日本に行っています。/朋友正在去日本(的途中)。/朋友已经去了日本,并且还在日本呆着。起きています。/正在起床。/还起来着呢,还没睡呢。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.补助动词[てみる][てみる]接在动词连用形(五段动词音便形)后,表示某种尝试,意为“试着(做)”、“…试试看”。例:日本のお茶を飲んでみました。/品尝了日本茶。AとBとを比べてみました。/把A和B(试着)作了一个比较。1.1.2.接续助词[と][と]接在动词终止形后,可以表示动作继而发生,意为“一…就…”;亦可表示轻微假设,意为“如果…就…”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:春になると,暖かくなります。/一到春天,天气就暖和了。/如果到了春天,天气就会变暖。バスが来ると,みんな乗りました。/公共汽车一来,大家就都上去了。1.1.1.补格助词[に][に]介于体言和表示变化之意的动词之间,表示变化的结果。例:小林さんは先生になりました。/小林当了老师了。雪(ゆき)が水(みず)に変(か)わりました。/雪变成了水。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.补格助词[から][から]接于体言之后,表示来源、起点、意为“从…(开始)”。例:林さんも森さんも日本から来ました。/林和森都来自日本。会社(かいしゃ)は九時(くじ)からです。/公司从九点开始上班。1.1.2.否定助动词「ない」否定助动词「ない」接在动词未然形后,构成简体的否定式。如:officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n思う→おもわ·ない/不想栄える→さかえ·ない/不兴旺頼る→たよら·ない/不依赖否定助动词「ない」的活用变化属形容词型,共五种,即:连用形、连体形、终止形、假定形、推量形。如下所示:1.1.1.1.连用形连用形有两种形式:「く」形和「かっ」形,即:ない→なくofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n(后续某些动词、连续助词「て」等)ない→なかっ(后续过去完了助动词「た」等)例:咲く→さか·ない→咲かなかった/没有开花儿→咲かなくなった/变得不开花了思う→おもわ·ない→思わなかった/没想到行く→いか·ない→行かなくてもいい/即使不去也行officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.连体形即「ない」的原形,用于做定语或后续某些助词。例:来る→こ·ない→来ない人/不来的人食べる→たべ·ない→食べないもの/不吃的东西1.1.1.2.终止形亦为「ない」的原形,用于结束句子或后续某些助词、助动词。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:花が咲かない/花儿不开放。使わないから,買わない/因为不用,所以不买。あの人は英語ができないでしょう/他大概不会英语吧。1.1.1.1.假定形ない→なけれ+ば/如果不…的话例:李さんが行かなければ,わたしもいかない。/小李如果不去的话,我也不去。分officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nからなければ先生に聞いてください。/如果不懂的话,请问老师。1.1.1.1.推量形ない→なかろ+う/大概不…吧例:小林さんが行かなかろう。/小林大概不去吧。事实上,现代日语中已基本不用「…なかろう」形式,而采用终止形「ない」后续「でしょう·だろう」等形式。例:小林さんが行かないでしょう。/小林大概不去吧。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nきょう,雨(あめ)が降(ふ)らないでしょう。/今天不会下雨吧。あの人はここに住んでいないだろう。/他不住在这儿吧。1.1.1.判断助动词「である」日语中表示“是”之意的判断助动词有三个,即「だ」、「です」、「である」。「だ」是简体,「です」是敬体,「である」是书面体。「である」的活用部分为「ある」,与存在动词「ある」的活用基本相同,常用形式如下表所示。简体使用场合officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n敬体使用场合______________________________________________________________________________ではない口语·书面语(否定式)ではありません口语であった书面语(过去时)でありました郑重场合的发言用语であり书面语(中顿形)である书面语(终止形·连体形)であります郑重场合的发言用语officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nであれば书面语(假定形)であろう书面语(推量形)でもある书面语でもあります口语、发言用语(表示同一主语的兼提事项)例:あしたは晴(はれ)ではないでしょう。/明天不是晴天吧。こちらは工場であり,あちらは学校であった。/这里曾经是工厂,那里曾经是学校。雨であれば運動会は中止する。/如果下雨,运动会就不开了。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nみなさんも分かるであろう。/诸位大概都明白了吧。あの方(かた)は学者(がくしゃ)でもあり,政治家(せいじか)でもあります。/那位即是学者,也是政治家。1.1.1.补格助词「と」「と」与表示思考(思う·考える…)及称谓(言う·話す…)的动词一起使用时,表示思考及称谓的内容,相当于汉语中的冒号或引号。例:「さようなら」と言いました。/说了声“再见”。あしたは晴れだろうと言います。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n/我想明天大概是晴天吧。1.1.1.补助动词「(て)いく」、「(て)しまう」1.1.1.1.…(て)いく「(て)いく」接在动词连用形(五段动词音便形)后,表示渐远的趋势。意为“…(下)去”。例:飛行機が飛んでいった。/飞机飞远了。冬になると,寒くなっていきます。/一到冬天,天就渐渐变冷。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.…(て)しまう「(て)しまう」接在动词连用形(五段动词音便形)后,表示动作的彻底完结,多数场合伴有“不可挽回”之内涵。一般译意为“…完”、“(糟了),…”。例:この本はもう読(よ)んでしまいました。/这本书已经读完了。あのことはすっかり忘れてしまいました。/糟了,那事儿我全忘光了。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.表示假定的助词及助动词「ば·と·なら·たら」1.1.1.1.接续助词「ば」「ば」是专门用于表示假定条件的接续助词,接在各类活用词的假定形后。即:形容词~い→~けれ+ば例:おいしければ食べます。/如果好吃的话就吃。よければ買います。/如果好的话就买。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n形容动词~だ→~なら+(ば)例:好きなら(ば),持っていきなさい。/如果喜欢的话就拿去吧。便利なら(ば),いいですね。/如果方便的话就好了。动词~「う」段假名→~「え」段假名+ば例:冬になれば,寒くなります。/如果到了冬天就会变冷。読めば,分かります。/如果读了的话就会懂。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.接续助词「と」「と」接在动词肯定式或否定式的原形之后,可表示假定条件。例:冬になると,寒くなります。/如果到了冬天就会变冷。謝らないと,いけません。/如果不道歉是不行的。1.1.1.2.助动词「なら」「なら」是判断助动词「だ」的假定形,其后续的「ば」通常省略,意为“如果是…的话”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n是虚拟假定、和确认假定。例:学生なら,よく勉強しなければなりません。/如果是学生的话,就必须努力学习。晴れなら,出かけます。/如果是晴天的话就外出。1.1.1.1.助动词「たら」「たら」是过去完了助动词「た」的假定形,其后续的「ば」通常省略,意为“如果…(了)的话”、“(如果)…之后(的话)”。是完成假定officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:大学に着(つ)いたら,電話をください。/(如果)到了学校(的话),请来个电话。(或:到了学校之后,请来个电话。)疲れたら休みましょう。/累了的话,休息一下吧。1.1.1.否定助动词「ぬ(ん)」「ぬ(ん)」是否定助动词「ない」的文语形式。与「ない」一样,「ぬ(ん)」接在动词的未然形后。但「サ」变动词时必须接在未然形「せ」之后。如:(五段动词)行く→いかない→いかぬ(いかん)/不去officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n買う→かわない→かわぬ(かわん)/不买(一段动词)見る→みない→みぬ(みん)/不看考える→かんがえない→かんがえぬ(かんがえん)/不考虑(カ变动词)くる→こない→こぬ(こん)/不来(サ变动词)する→しない→せぬ(せん)/不做,不干「ぬ(ん)」现存四种活用形式,即:连用形、终止形、连体形、假定形,如表所示。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n活用形活用形式主要用法__________________________________________________________________________连用形ず以「ず」或「ずに」形式作连用修饰语终止形终止句子;后续某些助词、助动词连体形ぬ·ん后续体言,作定语;后续某些助词假定形ね后续「ば」,构成假定条件officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:ご飯も食べずに寝た。/饭也不吃就睡了。由美子(ゆみこ)さんは知らん顏をしています。/由美子佯装不知。学生ならよく勉強せねばならん。/如果是学生的话,就必须好好学习。1.1.1.样态助动词「そうだ」「そうだ」可用于表示事物的状态,通常译作“似乎…”、“像…(样子)”;接在动词之后时常有“几乎(马上)就要…”之意。其接续方式如下。动词连用形|->officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nそうだ(そうに·そうな·そうで)形容词·形容动词词干|(特例:よい·ない→よさ·なさ+そうだ)例:よさそうな本を買いました。/我买了一本(似乎)挺好的书。山田さんは,元気そうですね。/山田先生(看上去似乎)挺精神的。雨が降りそうになりました。/变天了,马上就要下雨了。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n样态助动词「そうだ」的否定式比较特别,常用形式有「…そうもない」、「…そうにない」、「…そうにもない」,意为“一点没有…样子”、“根本不像…样子”。当「そうだ」接在形容词、形容动词之后时,有时亦可用「…そうではない」表示否定。例:雨が降りそうもありません。/一点没有要下雨的样子。李さんは行きそうにありません。/小李根本不像要去的样子。この辺りは静かそうではありません。/这一带似乎不安静。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.补格助词「まで」接体言后,表示终点,意为“到…(为止)”例:夏休みは七月から八月までです。/暑假从七月到八月。一人で北海道(ほっかいどう)まで行きました。/一个人一直到了北海道。1.1.2.副助词「だけ」接体言后,意为“只,仅”例:部屋に王さんだけいます。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n/房间里只有小王一人。あさ,ペンだけ食べました。/早上只吃了面包。1.1.1.副助词「でも」接体言后,表示让步条件,意为“即使…也…”例:子どもでも知っています。/即使小孩子也知道。今からでも遅(おそ)くはありません。/即使从现在开始也为时不晚。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n此外,「でも」与疑问词呼应时,表示全面的肯定,意为“无论…都…”。例:だれでも知っています。/无论谁都知道。どこへでも行きます。/无论哪儿都去。1.1.1.接续助词「のに」接用言连体形后,表示反常的逆接条件,意为“尽管…却(偏偏)…”。例:病気なのに,薬を飲みません。/尽管有病,却不吃药。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n寒いのに,薄着(うすき)をしています。/尽管很冷,却穿得很少。1.1.1.补助动词「(て)くる」、「(て)おる」1.1.1.1.…(て)くる接动词连用形(五段动词音便形)之后,表示渐进的趋势,意为“…(起)来”。例:だんだん暖かくなってきました。/天气渐渐暖和起来。本田(ほんだ)さんは毎日六時に帰ってくるそうです。/听说本田每天六点回家。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.…(て)おる接动词连用形(五段动词音便形)之后,表示含自谦内涵的正在进行时态,意为“正在…”。例:父は外出(がいしゅつ)しております。/家父现在外出了。先生の本をいま読んでおります。/我正在拜读先生的大作。1.1.2.愿望助动词「たい」「たい」接在动词连用形后,表示第一人称的愿望。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:行く→いき·たい/想去飲む→のみ·たい/想喝見る→み·たい/想看动词后续「たい」后,所带宾格助词「を」原则上应改用主格助动词「が」,但口语中亦有不变的。例:お酒を飲みます。/喝酒。→お酒が飲みたいです。/(我)想喝酒。映画を見ます。/看电影。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n→映画がみたいです。/(我)想看电影。「たい」自身可以变化,其活用变化与形容词相同。例:食べたくありません。/(我)不想吃。行きたかったです。/(我)以前想去。李さんも買いたいでしょう。/小李你也想买吧?如上述最后一例所示,当「たい」之后附上了其他助词(如疑问助词「か」)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n或助动词(如表示推测的判断助动词「でしょう」)等时,可以表示其他人称的愿望。1.1.1.助词「を」「を」通常作宾格助词,表示他动词的宾语。除此以外,「を」还有一个类似补格助词的特殊用法,即用来表示含有“走”内涵的自动词的移动场所。此时,「を」常可译为“在”或“从”。例:わたしは朝六時に家を出て会社へ行きます。/我早上六点从家里出来,去公司上班。大学を出て会社に入リました。/从大学毕业后进了公司。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n飛行机(ひこうき)が空(そら)を飛(と)んでいます。/飞机在空中飞。砂浜を走っています。/(我们)在沙滩上奔跑。1.1.1.副助词「くらい·ぐらい」接于数量词后,表示概数,意为“大约…”、“…左右”。例:部屋には五人ぐらいいます。/房间里有五个人左右。毎日八時間ぐらい仕事をします。/每天工作八小时左右。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.复合助词「までに」「までに」是由助词「まで」与「に」复合而成,表示限定,意为“在…之前”。例:論文(ろんぶん)は十日(とうか)までに出さなければなりません。/论文必须在十日前交出。君が帰るまでにぼくは帰ってきます。/在你回来之前,我会回来的。1.1.2.补格助词「で」「で」接体言之后可表示原因,意为“因…”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:風邪で学校(がっこう)を休んでいます。/因感冒没上学。病気で入院(にゅういん)しています。/因病住院。1.1.1.补格助词「と」「と」接在有序排列的数量词及某些名词群后,表示某种有序的状态。例:二回(にかい),三回(さんかい)と,回を重(かさ)ねています。/两次、三次,反复做。北海道(ほっかいどうofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n),本州(ほんしゅう),四国(しこく),九州(きゅうしゅう)と,北(きた)から南(みなみ)へ行く。/北海道、本州、四国、九州,一直从北走到南。1.1.1.终助词「な」「な」接在句末,表示感叹。口语中常见「なあ」形式。例:行きたいなあ。/真想去呀!雨が降るかな。/会下雨吧?1.1.2.补助动词「(て)ある」接他动词连用形(五段动词音便形)后,表示他动词的存续态,意为“…着”、“…有”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n此时句中宾格助词「を」应改为主格助词「が」。例:机(つくえ)の上に本がたくさん置(お)いてあります。/桌上放着许多书。電気(でんき)がつけてあります。/灯开着。1.1.1.表示时间点概数的「ころ·ごろ」「ころ」接于(时间点)名词加「の」之后,「ごろ」直接接在(时间点)名词之后,表示大概的时间点。意为“在…(点)左右”。例:会社は九時(くじ)ごろ始(はじ)まります。/公司九点左右开始上班。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n子供のころ,よく映画を見みたものです。/小时候经常看电影。1.1.1.补助动词「(て)おく」「ておく」接动词连用形(五段动词音便形)后,表示事先准备,意为“事先…”。例:友だちが来るから,部屋をきれいに掃除(そうじ)しておきました。/因为朋友要来,所以事先把房间打扫干净了。試驗があるから,復習(ふくしゅう)しておいてください。/要考试了,请(预先)复习。当「officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nておく」与「まま」或「収める,しまう,おく」等表示“原样不动”或“收藏、收拾、放置”之意的词呼应使用时,便带有“置之不理、束之高阁”的内涵。例:机の上のものはそのままにしておいてください。/桌上的东西请保持原状(不要动)。大事(だいじ)なものですから,しまっておきましょう。/这是很重要的东西,把它收好吧(好好保存)。1.1.1.补格助词「に」「に」接在某些体言之后,可以表示目的,意为“为了…”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:お祝いに,お花をあげるつもりです。/为了表示祝贺,打算送上鲜花。お礼(れい)に,礼状(れいじょう)を出しました。/为了表示感谢,寄出了感谢信。1.1.1.样态助动词「ようだ」「ようだ」可以接在用言连体形后,也可以接在「体言+の」之后,意为“好像…(一样)”。「ようだ」的活用变化与形容词相同,常用形式有:终止形(原形)、连体形(ような)、连用形(ように)、中顿形(ようで)等。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:李さんは疲れたようですね。/小李好像累了。この川(かわ)は深(ふか)いようで,危(あぶ)ない。/这条河好像很深,危险。田中さんは元気なようですね。/田中先生好像身体不错。わたしの言うようにしてください。/请像我说的那样做。王さんのようなテレビがほしい。/我想要一台像王先生那样的电视机。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.副助词「ほど」接体言后,表示大致的程度,意为“相当于…程度”、“大约…(左右)”。例:あれは十日(とうか)ほど前のことでした。/那是大约十天前的事了。目は口ほどに物を言う。/眼像嘴一样会说话(会传神)。1.1.2.副助词「さえ」接体言后,表示程度之甚,意为“(甚至)连…都…”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:病気で水さえ飲むことができない。/病的甚至连水也不能喝。子どもさえ知っています。/连小孩子都知道。1.1.1.接续助词「ながら」「ながら」有两种用法,一为顺接,一为逆接。表示顺接时,「ながら」接在动词连用形后,表示行为动作的同时进行,意为“一边…一边…”。例:お茶を飲みながら,新聞を読んでいる。/边喝茶边看报。表示逆接关系的「ながら」,可以后续揭示助词「も」officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n,以加强转折语气,其接续范围亦较广。如下所示:存在动词连用形(あり·い)|动词+ている的连用形(てい)|判断助动词「である」的连用形(であり)|->+ながら(も)形容词原形|形容词词干·名词|officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n称谓·思维动词(言う·思う·考える·感じる)连用形|表示逆接关系的「ながら」预感强烈,意为“尽管…却…”。例:時間がありながら,勉強しません。/尽管有时间,却不学习。知っていながら,知らないと言っている。/尽管知道,却说不知道。病気でありながら,休みません。/尽管有病,却不休息。このりんごは大きいながら,あまり甘みがない。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n/这种苹果尽管挺大,可却没什么甜味。残念ながら,忙しくて行くことができません。/(尽管)很遗憾,(可却)忙得没法脱身(不能去)。「いけない」と思いながらも謝りませんでした。/尽管认为自己不对,却没有道歉。1.1.1.接续助词「ので」接用言连体形后,表示客观自然的因果关系,意为“因为…所以…”。例:病気なので,薬を飲んでいます。/因为生病,所以在服药。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n寒いので,窓をしめました。/因为冷,所以关上了窗。1.1.1.并列助词「し」接用言终止形后,表示并列关系,意为“既…又…”,常与提示助词「も」呼应使用。例:この花はきれいだし,安いし,たくさん買いました。/这花又好看,又便宜,所以买了很多。お茶もないし,ジュースもないし,水しかありません。/既没有茶,也没有汽水,只有水。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.接续助词「きり」接体言或动词(动作动词一般用「~た」形)之后,表示限定,意为“仅…”、“只…”。例:今の試驗に合格したのは四(よ)人(にん)きりです。/此次考试合格的仅为四人。あの人とは三年前に会ったきりです。/和他仅在三年前见过一面。あれは机一つあるきりの部屋です。/那是一个仅有一张桌子的房间。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.补格助词「へ」「へ」接于体言后,表示方向性。例:日本へ留学に行きます。/到日本去留学これは母への手紙です。/这是写给妈妈的信。1.2.敬语敬语由尊敬语和自谦语构成。常用动词一般具有相应的专用敬语词汇,而绝大多数动词则采用构词形式构成敬语。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.专用敬语词汇1.1.1.1.专用尊敬语词汇及其用法专用尊敬语词汇对照一览表______________________________________________________________________________尊敬语相对应的普通词语______________________________________________________________________________いらっしゃる行く·来る·officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nいるおっしゃる言うなさるするくださるくれる召(め)し上(あ)がる食べる续表______________________________________________________________________________officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n尊敬语相对应的普通词语______________________________________________________________________________おいでになる出る·行く·来る·いるご覧(らん)になる見るお休みになる寢るお召(め)しになる着る…でいらっしゃるだofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n上表续表中的尊敬语词汇,原本是由构词形式复合而成的敬语形式,因习惯成自然、且相对固定,故视作专用词汇。尊敬语动词「いらっしゃる」、「おっしゃる」、「なさる」、「くださる」是特殊活用动词,称作「ラ」行五段活用动词。其活用变化的主要特征为:连用形与命令形相同,均将词尾「る」变成「い」。其它活用形式则与五段动词一致。命令形用例:いらっしゃる->いらっしゃい/欢迎(光临)。なさる-> なさい/请(做)。くださる->ください/请给我。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:その本をください。/请给我那本书。電話をください。/请给我(来)电话。はやく行きなさい。/请快点去。田中さんは[いらっしゃい]と言った。/田中说“欢迎光临”。连用形用例:いらっしゃる->いらっしゃい+ます/来·去·在おっしゃる->おっしゃい+ます/说officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nなさる->なさい+ます/做くださる->ください+ます/给我例:お父さんは自転車(じてんしゃ)をくださいました。/父亲给了我一辆自行车。社長さんは明日何をなさいますか。/总经理您明天做什么?先生は[休憩(きゅうけい)します]とおっしゃいました。/老师说:“休息一下吧”。ご主人(しゅじん)はいらっしゃいますか。/您先生在吗?officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.专用自谦词汇及其用法专用自谦语词汇对照一览表______________________________________________________________________________自谦语相对应的普通词语______________________________________________________________________________参(まい)る行く·来るおるいるofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n申(もう)す言う致(いた)すするいただく食べる存(ぞん)じる思う拝見(はいけん)する見るござるあるでござるだ·である表中「ござる」为「ラ」行五段活用动词officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n;「でござる」活用与「ござる」相同。其常用活用形式为连用形,即词尾「る」变成「い」,后续「ます」的形式。例:お願いがございますが。/我有一个请求(我有一个愿望)。わたくしは山下(やました)でございます。/我是山下。1.1.1.非专用敬语词汇的构词形式1.1.1.1.非专用尊敬语词汇的构词形式及其用法最常见的尊敬语构词法如(a)所示:officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n(a)[お(和语词汇·多为五段、一段动词连用形)|ご(汉语词汇·多为サ变动词词干)]+になる注:常用サ变动词中的「電話する」、「世話する」属和语词汇,必须冠以「お」。例:ちょっとお待ちになってください。/请您稍候。いろいろとお世話になりました。/承蒙您多方关照。部長(ぶちょう)も英語をご勉強になりますか。/部长,您也学英语吗?社長はもうお帰りになりました。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n/总经理已经回去了。含「ている」态时,可用(b)构词形式:(b)[お|ご](同(a))です例:小林さん,お電話です。/小林先生,您的电话。お願いです。/拜托了!求您了!先生は,ご旅行です。/先生正在旅行。何をご勉強ですか。/您在学什么?officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n表示命令式时,可用(c)构词形式:(c)[お|ご](同(a))ください(·なさい)例:お休みください。/お休みなさい。/请休息吧。晚安。ご案内ください。/请您带路(作向导)吧。お入りください。/お入りなさい。/请进。ご覧ください。/ご覧なさい。/您请过目。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.1.1.非专用自谦语词汇的构词形式及其用法最常见的自谦语构词形式如(d)所示:(d)[お|ご](同(a))+する例:のちほど,またお電話します。/回头我再给你去电话。ご迷惑をおかけしまして,すみません。/给您添麻烦了,对不起。おかばんをお持ちしましょう。/我替您拿包吧。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n此外,还可将「する」换成自谦动词「いたす」,构成(e)形式:(e)[お|ご](同(a))+いたす例:はい,分かりました。お伝えいたします。/好的,我明白了,一定转告。市内をご案内いたします。/我带各位在市内游览。自谦动词「いたす」还可直接接サ变动词词干之后,构成(f)形式:(f)サ变动词词干+いたすofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:わたしが掃除いたします。/我做清洁。社長の車を運転いたします。/我(将要)开总经理的车。1.1.1.其它敬语形式:1.1.1.1.借用被动助动词「れる·られる」构成尊敬语形式动词未然形后续「れる·られる」,亦可用于表示尊敬,如(g)所示:(g)动词未然形+れる·られるofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:先生も行かれますか。/老师(您)也去吗?部長が来られたそうです。/听说部长来了。1.1.1.1.借用「いただく」或「願う」构成自谦句式表示请求时,可借用「いただく」或「願う」构成自谦句式,如(h)所示:(h)[お|ご](同(a))いただきます(·願います)例:ご案内いただきます。/ご案内願います。/劳驾您作个向导officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nお書き願います。/お書きいただきます。/请您写一下(·请赐字)。1.日语基本句型1.1.…は…です例:これはふく(服)です。这是衣服。(一般は前面用代词,例如:これ(这个)、それ(那个)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…は…ですか例:それはふく(服)ですか。那是衣服吗?1.2.…はなんですか例:これは何(なん)ですか这是什么?1.3.…は…にあります例:officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n本(ほん)は机(つくえ)の上(うえ)にあります。桌子上有本书。1.1.…は…にいます例:部屋は人(ひと)にいます屋子里有人。(ある用于无生命的东西存在,あります是ある终结式,います是いる的终结式)(いる用于有生命的存在)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…に…が(も)あります例:部屋に机や椅子(いす)などがあります。/屋子里有桌子还有椅子等等。部屋にラジオ(radio)もあります。/屋子里也有收音机。1.2.…に…がいます例:椅子の上に猫(ねこ)がいます。椅子上有只猫。(某处有某个生命体存在)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…には…があります例:そこにはポットがありますか。那里有热水瓶吗?1.2.…には…はありません例:いいえ、ここにはポット(pot)はありません。没有,这里没有热水瓶。(这两个句子一般用于对话。)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…に…がいくつありますか例:部屋(へや)に机(つくえ)がいくつ(幾つ)ありますか。屋里桌子有几张?(いくつ是数词。多少的意思)1.2.…や…など例:そこには本やノート(note)などがあります。在那里有书还有本子等。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n(には强调地点)1.1.…は…ではありません例:ここは学校(がっこう)ではありません学校不在这里。はい、そうです。是,是这样的。いいえ、ちがい(違い)ます。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n不是,不是的。1.1.…を…表示移动性的离开、经过、移动等。例:私は毎朝(まいあさ)七時(しちじ)に家(うち)を出(だ)ます我每天早上七点离开家。1.2.体言(名词)+になる例:もう七時になりました。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n已经七点了。(表一个状态转向另一个状态)1.1.…は…が…例:私は料理(りょうり)を作(つく)るのが上手(じょうず)です。我会做饭。(用于表示人的感情、感觉、巧拙、愿望、拥有、需要、可能等)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.BよりAのほうが…です例:昨日より今日のほど暑(あつ)いです。今天比昨天热。(与B相比A更…)1.2.AはBより…です例:中国(ちゅうご)は日本より広(ひろ)いです。中国比日本大。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n(A比B…)1.1.…う(よう)と思(おも)います(第一人称)…う(よう)思っています(第三人称)l想…,讲话人讲话时的心理l含讲话时的一段时间的心理l问句用第二人称例:将来(しょうらい)、教師(きょうし)になろうと思います。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n我将来想当老师。父(ちち)はいい家(いえ)を買(か)おうと思っていろいろ見(み)て歩(ある)きました。父亲想买所好房子看了不少地方。あなたは大学(だいがく)に入(い)ろうと思いますか。你想进大学吗?1.1.用言(动词)连体形+のです名词+なのですofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n口语中常用…んです(用于解释、说明事实、理由、根据或强调必然的结果。)例:その日(ひ)は雨(あめ)が降(ふ)っていたのです。那天下雨来着。1.1.…つもりです(表打算做…)(用つもりです结句时可用第一人称)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:小学生(しょうがくせい)の時(とき)、医者(いしゃ)になるつもりです。还是小学生的时候想当一名医生。1.1.定语+ために(表目的。定语可以为名词也可以是动词现在时。)例:なんのために日本語を勉強(べんきょう)していますか。你学习日语是为了什么?officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…は…と言(げん/こと)います(表示某东西可说成…)例:この町(まち)の名前(なまえ)はホンヴゃオと言(げん/こと)います。这个镇叫做[虹桥]。1.2.…は(…に)…と言います(某人(对某人)说…)例:日本人は朝(あさ)人(ひと)に会(あ)った時(とき)に「おはようございます」と言います。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n日本人对早上遇见的人说:“おはようございます”。1.1.…を…と言います(把…叫做…)例:日本語ではそれをあいさつの言葉(ことば)と言います。日语中把那个叫做寒暄语。1.2.…へ…を…に行きます(来ます)(へ表示来去场所,に表示来去目的)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:東京へ何をしに来ましたか。来东京做什么?1.1.…ばいい(よい)(只要…就行)例:これはどうすればいいですか。这怎么做好呢?1.2.…と思います…と思いました(思っていますofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n(结句时主体一般是わたし。)(结句時主体可以是说话人也可是第三人称。)例:今日はいい天気(てんき)だと思います。我认为今天是个好天气。田中さんは今日は雨が降ると思いました。田中先生认为今天会下雨。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…(する)前(まえ)に…(した)後(あと)で(…之前)(…之后)例:行く前に.電話(でんわ)で知(し)らせました。去之前给对方打个电话。ご飯(はん)を食べた後(あと)で勉強します。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n吃饭之后学习。1.1.…でしょう接各类终止形后,表示推测,意为“大概…吧”。例:ことしの冬(ふゆ)は寒(さむ)くないでしょう。/今年冬天大概不冷吧。1.2.あまり…ない[あまり]与否定形式[ない.ません]呼应,表示“不太…”之意。例:上海officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nの夏(なつ)はあまり暑(あつ)くないです。/上海的夏天不太热。1.1.…より…のほうが…这是比较句的强调句式,意为“与…相比,…(一方)更…”。例:みかんよりぶどうのほうが高(たか)いです。/与桔子相比,葡萄更贵。1.2.…や…や…など意为:“…啦…啦…等等”例:町には映画館や公園などがあります。/城里有电影院啦公园等。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nテレビやラジオのどは田中さんの部屋にあります。/电视机啦收音机等等都在田中的房间里。1.1.疑问词+も…否定式表示全盘否定,意为“(什么)也没有”、“(什么)都不”。例:部屋にはだれもいません。/房间里一个人也没有。いいえ,なんでもありません。/不,什么也不是。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…も…も[も]叠加使用,含“…和…都…”之意。例:李さんも王さんも三年生です。/小李和小王都是大三的学生。猫(ねこ)も犬(いぬ)もいません。/猫和狗都没有。1.2.…(の)ために,…接体言加[の]或动词终止形后,表示目的,含“为了…”之意。例:officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nお正月を迎えるために大掃除をしました。/为了迎接新年,做了大扫除。父のためにお酒を買いました。/为家父买了酒。1.1.…ことにしました接在动词连体形后,表示第一人称作出的决定。意为“(第一人称)决定…”。例:旅行に行くことにしました。/(我)决定去旅游。日本でお正月を迎えることにしました。/(我)决定在日本过年。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…しか…ない[しか]与否定式呼应,表示肯定,意为“只…”。例:庭に,木が一本しかありません。/院子里只有一棵树。母はお花しか買いませんでした。/妈妈只买了(鲜)花儿。1.2.…つもりです接于动词连体形后,表示打算。意为“(第一人称)打算…”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:日曜日はゆっくり休むつもりです。/(我)打算星期天好好休息一下。車を買うつもりです。/(我)打算买车。1.1.…ながら,…接于动词连用形后,表示行为动作同时进行。意为“一边…一边…”。例:お茶を飲みながら,テレビを見ます。/一边喝茶,一边看电视。旅行をしながら,買い物をするつもりです。/(我)打算一边游玩一边买东西。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…感(かん)じがする[する]一般作他动词(…をする),意为“做”、“干”。但用于表示人的感官的感觉(味觉、嗅觉、听觉、直觉等)时,[する]做自动词,与主格助词[が]搭配使用。[感じがする]意为“有…感觉”、“觉得…”例:いい感じがします。/感觉很好。いやな感じがします。/觉得讨厌。1.2.…たり…たりする[たり]接在动词连用形(五段动词音便形)、以及形容词连用形[かっ]、形容动词连用形[だっ]officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n之后,表示行为动作的交替进行或状态交替出现,意为“或…或…”、“一会儿…一会儿…”。、例:山下さんは行ったり来たりしています。/山下(不停地)来回走动。暑かったり寒かったりします。/一会儿冷一会儿热。好きだったりきらいだったりです。/一会儿喜欢、一会儿讨厌。形容词、形容动词句中,[たり]后可用[する],亦可用[だ,です]结束句子。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…のまま接体言之后,表示维持原状,意为“原样不动地…”。翻译时常需灵活处理。例:りんごを皮(かわ)のまま食(た)べます。/连皮儿吃苹果。靴(くつ)のままでへやに入(はい)った。/鞋也不脱就进了屋。1.2.…としたら[としたら]是由[と+する]后续[たら]构成的,意为“假如…的话”,表示纯粹的假设条件,一般接于简体句末。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:李さんが行ったとしたら,どうでしょう。/假如小李去了的话会怎么样呢?いま10万円(まる)もらったとしたら,何に使(つか)いますか。/假如你现在得到了10万日元,你用来做什么?1.1.…のです接活用词连体形(逢[だ]要变成[な])后,起说明或强调作用。例:本は一番(いちばん)大切なものなのです。/书是最重要的东西。六時間以上眠ると,たいへん回復するのです。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n/如果睡眠达6个小时以上,是可以大大恢复的。1.1.…によって/…による接体言后,可表示依据、原由等,须灵活翻译。例:レベルによってクラスを分(わ)けました。/根据水平分了班。人によって違います。/因人而异。これは不(ふ)注意(ちゅうい)による事故です。/这是由粗心大意引起的事故。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…前(に)无论句末谓语时态怎样,一律接在动词原形之后,表示“在…之前”的意思。例:食(しょく)事(じ)をする前に手(て)を洗(あら)いました。/吃饭前洗了手。寢る前,お風(ふ)呂(ろ)に入(はい)ります。/就寝前要洗个澡。1.2.…と…(と)では,(どちら)が…这是一个比较选择句型,[と]前可以是体言、也可以是用言终止形。用言在[と]前时,[では]前的[と]不可以省略,意为“…与…相比,(哪一个)更…”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:魚(さかな)と肉(と)では,どちらがお好きですか。/鱼与肉相比,你更喜欢吃什么?赤いと白いとでは,どちらがきれいですか。/红色和白色相比,哪一个更漂亮?1.1.疑问词+も表示全面肯定或否定,意为“无论…都…”。例:どこも満員(まんいん)だ。/无论哪儿都人满为患(客满)。なにもありません。/(无论)什么都没有。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…ても接动词连用形(五段动词音便形)、以及形容词连用形[く]之后,表示让步条件,意为“即使…也…”例:疲れても休みません。/即使累了也不休息。高(たか)くても買います。/即使贵也要买。1.2.…ように接活用词连体形后,表示“像…一样地”之意,翻译时应灵活处理。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:田中さんが言ったようにしましょう。/就照田中说的那样做吧。このことからも分かるように,金(きん)はたいへん重(おも)いものです。/正如从这件事也能明白的一样,金子是非常重的东西。1.1.…なければならない接动词未然形后,意为“必须…”。例:わたしたちは外国語(がいこくご)をよく勉強しなければならない。/我们必须努力学习外语。はやく行かなければなりません。/必须快去。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…にとって接体言后,意为“对于…来说”。例:学生にとって,本は大切なものです。/对于学生来说,书是很重要的。人間にとって,水は生活に必要なものです。/对于人类来说,水是生活中所必需的。1.2.…として接体言后,意为“作为…”。例:留学生(りゅうがくせい)としてドイツヘ行きました。/作为留学生去了德国。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n子供には子供としての考えがあります。/小孩子有(作为)小孩子的想法。1.1.…一方接动词连体形后,表示“一方面…,另一方面…”。例:都会では人口が増えている一方,田舎では人口が減(へ)っています。/一方面城市里人口在增加,另一方面,农村里人口在减少。褒める一方,悪口(わるぐち)を言う。/一方面说好听的,另一方面说坏话(当面唱赞歌,背后诋毁)。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…てはならない接动词连用形(五段动词音便形)后,表示“不可(以)…”之意。例:大事なことですから,忘れてはなりません。/因为是很重要的事,所以不可忘记。悪いことをしてはならない。/不可以做坏事。此外,「てはならない」还可接在「ない」的连用形「なく」之后,构成「なくてはならない」句式,意为“缺之不可”。例:空気は人間になくてはならないものです。/空气是人类缺之不可的东西。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.けっして…ない副词「けっして」必须与否定式呼应使用,意为“决不…”。例:けっしてだれにも言わない。/决不告诉任何人。ご恩はけっして忘れません。/您的恩情决不忘记。1.2.…ことができる接动词连体形(五段动词音便形)后,表示可能,意为“能够…”、“会…”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:一人で行くことができます。/能自己一个人去。日本語で手紙(てがみ)を書くことができません。/不会用日语写信。1.1.…(た)ことがある接动词连用形(五段动词音便形)之后,意为“曾(有过)…”。例:日本に行ったことがあります。/(我)曾去过日本。大学に入る前に,日本語を勉強したことはありません。/在进大学之前,不曾学过日语。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…に対して接体言后,意为“对…”。例:人間は環境に対して責任を持たなければなりません。/人类必须对环境负责。お客さんに対して丁寧な言葉を使います。/对顾客使用客气的语言。1.2.…ことになる接动词连体形之后,表示客观自然形成的结果或客观决定,意为“自然就(变得)…”“(第一人称以外的)决定…”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:知らないなら,來ないことになるでしょう。/如果不知道的话,自然就不会来了。来週(らいしゅう),京都(きょうと)へ出張(しゅっちょう)することになっています。/(公司)决定我下周去京都出差。1.1.たとえ…にしろ本句型亦可为「たとえ…ても」形式,,意为“(纵然)即使…也…”。例:たとえうそにしろ,行ってみる必要があると思います。/我认为,纵然是谎话,也有必要去看看。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nたとえどんなことがあっても,言ってはいけません。/无论发生了什么事情,都不可以说。1.1.…ないといけない接动词未然形后,意为“如果不…的话,就不行”。例:薬を飲まないといけませんね。/不吃药可不行呦。一人で來ないといけない。/如果(你)不是一个人来的话,就不行。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…より…(の)方が,…「より」可接在用言原形或体言之后,表示肯定的比较选择,意为“与…相比,…(一方)更…”。例:行くより行かないほうがいいです。/与去相比,还是不去更好。李君より王君のほうが背(せ)が高いです。/与小李相比,小王个头更高。1.2.…てこそ接动词连用形(五段动词音便形)之后,表示强调条件,意为“只有…才…”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:自分でやってこそ分かるものだ。/只有亲自做了才会明白。お金あってこそできることだ。/只有有了钱才能办得到。1.1.…てください接动词连用形(五段动词音便形)之后,表示客气的命令,意为“请…”、“…吧”。例:はやく行ってください。/快去吧。请快去。病院への道を教えてください。/请告诉我去医院的路怎么走。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…(する)ことがある接动词原形之后,表示经常性的动作,意为“常常…”。例:一人で旅行に行くことがあります。/常常一个人去旅行。いらいらすることがあります。/常常心神不宁。1.2.…かもしれない接动词及形容词的各类终止形、形容动词词干及名词之后,表示把握不大的推测,意为“也许…”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:山田さんは日本に帰ったかもしれません。/山田也许回日本了。あの辺(へん)なら,交通(こうつう)が便利かもしれません。/若是那一带的话,也许交通还方便。1.1.…てはいけない接动词连用形(五段动词音便形)之后,表示禁止,意为“不可以…”“…不行”。例:バスの中でタバコを吸ってはいけません。/在公共汽车上不可以吸烟。もう悪くなったから,食べてはいけません。/已经坏了,不可以吃了。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…ことになる接动词连体形(原形)后,表示可观的决定,意为“(团体、组织等)决定…”。一般多用「…ことになっている」或「ことになった」时态。例:わたしが日本へ留学に行くことになっています。/(校方)决定我去日本留学。今度(こんど)の土曜(どよう)と日曜(にちよう)に運動会(うんどうかい)を開くことになりました。/定于本周六和周日开运动会。1.2.…がする「する」的用法:「するofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n」一般作他动词,可带宾语,常与宾格助词一起出现,构成「…をする」句;但当「する」与表示人的感觉(如:味觉、嗅觉、听觉、直觉等)的名词一起使用时,作自动词,与主格助词「が」一起使用,构成「…がする」句。常见的「…がする」结构有:…味(あじ)がする/吃出…味道。有…口味。…匂(にお)いがする/闻到…气味。散发出…气味。…音(おと)がする/听到(传来、发出)…声响。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n…声(こえ)がする/听到(传来、发出)…声音。…気(き)がする/觉得…。…感じがする/感到…。例:日本料理はあっさりした味がします。/日本菜口味清淡。バラの花はいい匂いがしますね。/玫瑰花散发出香味(好香呀)。ノックの音がしています。/响起敲门声。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n子どもの声がしてきました。/传来了小孩子的声音。寒いような気がします。/觉得冷。おかしい感じがしました。/感到可笑。作定语时,上述搭配中的主格助词「が」常常换成「の」。例:雄二は姉(あね)からひびきのする鈴をもらいました。/雄二从姐姐那儿得到了一个会发出响声的小铃铛。あっさりした味のする料理が好きです。/喜欢吃味道清淡的菜。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…たまま「まま」接动词之后,其前面的动词一般要用「た」形,表示维持已有状态,意为“…之后一直(没有)…”。例:海外(かいがい)に行ったまま帰ってきません。/去了国外之后一直没有回来。この本は買ったまま,読んでいません。/这本书买来后一直没有读。1.2.…たびに接动词原形,意为“每当…(之时)”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:北京へ行くたびに,天安門(てんあんもん)広場(ひろば)/每次去北京,都要去天安门广场.この写眞を見るたびに,大学時代(じだい)のことが思い出されます。/每当看这张照片时,就回忆起大学时代的事。1.1.…てから「てから」接在动词连用形(五段动词音便形)之后,意为“…之后”。例:薬(くすり)を飲んでから,休みます。/吃了药后休息。食事officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nをしてから,散歩(さんぽ)します。/吃过饭后散步。1.1.…(を)手に入れる。接体言后,意为“把…弄到手”。例:バレエのキップを手に入れました。/弄到了芭蕾舞的票。なかなか手に入れることができません。/很难弄到手。1.2.…か分からない接简体句末或名词之后,意为“不知道…”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:だれが日本人留学生か分かりません。/弄不清谁是日本留学生。病院はどこにあるか分かりません。/不知道医院在哪儿。1.1.…う/ようとする接动词推量形后,表示(第一人称的)愿望或企图。意为“想要…”、“企图要…”。例:日本へ留学に行こうとしています。/想要去日本留学。あの子(こ)は花をとろうとしているようです。/那孩子似乎想要摘花。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…わけにはいかない接动词终止形后,表示受客观条件限制而不能做的事情。意为“不能…”。例:猫だから,話すわけにはいきません。/因为是一只猫,自然不能说话了。病院で,カラオケで歌うわけにはいきません。/在医院里自然不能唱卡拉OK了。1.2.…と(は)比べものにならない接体言后,意为“与…无法相提并论”。例:日本語officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nといえば,李さんとは比べものになりませんね。/提起日语,没法和小李相比(不是小李的对手)。子どもですから,大人(おとな)とは比べものにならないでしょう。/因为还是孩子,所以无法与大人相提并论吧。1.1.…ように「ように」接在动词后,可以表示某种目的,类似于「ために」,意为“为了…”。例:風邪を引かないように気を付けなさい。/请留意别感冒(=>为了不感冒,请多加小心)。間に合うように早く出かけました。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n/为了不迟到,早早出了门。1.1.…より(も)「より(も)」接用言连体形或体言之后,表示某种建议,意为“与其…不如…”。例:くすりを飲むより(も),ゆっくり休んだほうがいいです。/与其吃药,不如好好休息一下。タクシーよりも地下鉄(ちかてつ)で行きなさい。/与其坐出租车,不如乘地铁去。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…てほしい接动词连用形(五段动词音便形)后,表示一人称的愿望。一般用于上对下或对等关系的场合,意为“希望(你)…”。例:はやく行ってほしいです。/希望你能快点去。タバコを買てきってほしい。/希望你去给我买包烟来。1.2.…にちがいない接动词、形容词终止形或体言、形容动词词干后,表示较为肯定的判断,意为“无疑(是)…”、“肯定(是)…”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:字を書いたのはあの人にちがいありません。/写字的肯定是他。試驗があるにちがいありません。/肯定要考试。1.1.…(た)つもりだ「つもりだ」接动词过去时后,表示某种虚拟状况,意为“就当作…”、“自以为…”。例:うちに帰ったつもりで,ゆっくりお休みなさい。/就当是回到了自己家里,好好休息一下。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nわたしは鳩(はと)を絵(か)いたつもりですが,みなさんは烏の絵(え)だと思っているようです。/我自以为画的是鸽子,可大家(似乎)都认为这是乌鸦。1.1.…ところを「ところを」通常接在「动词+ている」形式之后,表示某种不合时宜的场合,意为“(正当)…之时”。例:あくびをしているところを,写眞にとられました。/正在打哈欠的时候被照了下来。居眠(いねむ)りをしているところを,先生に見られました。/正在打瞌睡时,被老师看到了。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.…ないでください接动词未然形后,表示否定的命令。意为“请不要…”、“请别…”。例:誰(だれ)にも言わないでください。/请不要对任何人说。笑わないでください。/请不要笑。口语中,可将「ください」省略,只用「…ないで」形式。例:食べないで。/请不要吃(别吃)。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.なんと…だろう这是一个呼应句型,表示感叹,意为"多么…啊"例:なんときれいなお花でしょう。/多美的花儿啊!なんと頭(あたま)のいい子でしょう。/多聪明的孩子啊!1.2.疑问词…ても这是疑问词与接续助词「ても」的呼应句型。「ても」接在用言连用形(五段动词音便形)后,表示全面肯定或否定,意为“无论…都…”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:いくら寒くても我(が)慢(まん)できます。/无论多么冷,都能忍受。何(なん)回(かい)読んでも分かりません。/无论读多少遍都不懂。1.1.…ものだ接用言连体形后,可表示感叹。意为"真…呀!".例:月日(つきひ)の経(た)つのは早いものだ。/时间过得真快呀!一度行ってみたいものです。/真想去一次呀!officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.词汇用法1.1.こそあど系词近称中称远称不定称(自己身边)(对方身边)(双方都远)指示代词これそれあれどれ(独立词)连体词このそのあのどの(非独立词)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:これは日本語の新聞です。この新聞は日本語の新聞です。1.1.[いい]与[よい][いい]与[よい]意义相同,但[いい]没有活用变化,而[よい]可以活用变化,因此,在不变化的形式(终止形、连体形)时,可任选一个用,但一旦有词尾变化,则只能选[よい]例:いいでしょう/よいでしょう/よかった/よければofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.接头词[お][お]接在其它词之前,可以增添美化或尊敬的含义。例:お花、お茶(美化)お元気、お好き(尊敬)1.2.有“走”内涵的常用自动词歩(ある)く走る飛ぶ泳ぐ出る散歩(さんぽ)する通(とお)る渡(わた)る行く離(はな)れるofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n登(のぼ)る旅行(りょこう)する進(すす)む降(お)りる曲(ま)がる卒業(そつぎょう)する1.1.接尾词「がる」「がる」通常接在形容词、形容动词词干之后,构成五段活用动词,意为"感到…"。例:うれしい→うれしがる/感到高兴寒い→さむがる/感到冷officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n残念→ざんねんがる/感到遗憾不思議だ→ふしぎがる/感到不可思议1.1.连体词「ある」「ある」后续名词作定语,意为"某…"例:ある日(ひ)/某日,有一天ある時/有一次ある人(ひと)/某人,有一个人officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.接尾词「中(ちゅう)」「ちゅう」接在动词性名词之后,表示某段时期内之一,可译为"…之中"、"…时"。例:授業中,タバコを吸(す)ってはいけません。/上课时不可以抽烟。仕事中ですから,出かけてはいけません。/因为正在工作,所以不可以外出。1.2.接尾词「じゅう」「じゅう」可以写汉字「中」,接名词后,意为“整个…”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:日本じゅう/整个日本,日本全国。一年じゅう/终年,一年到头。一年じゅう働いていました。/一年到头劳作。一日じゅう寢ていました。/睡了一整天。1.1.拟声拟态词日语中有很多由拟声拟态词构成的副词。ほくほく--表示“兴高采烈,手舞足蹈”的样子。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n例:ほめられて,ほくほくしています。/受到夸奖,喜滋滋地(喜不自禁)。カアカア--形容乌鸦的叫声。例:烏がカアカア言っています。/乌鸦哇哇的叫着。ほろほろ--形容泪水及细小物体静静下落的样子。例:涙をほろほろとこばしています。/眼泪扑簌簌地落下来。花びらがほろほろと落ちています。/花瓣儿纷纷扬扬地落下来。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nにこにこ--笑眯眯地(拟态)ぱっと--猛地,霎的(拟声)ぽっかり--啪地(突然裂开)(拟声拟态)びりびり--噼(噼啪)啪作响(拟声)1.1.感叹词「よし」「よし」用于表示下决心、赞同或劝慰等语感。例:よし,行こう。/好吧,我去(吧)!officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n泣くな。よし,よし。/别哭。好了,好了。1.1.接头词「お,ご」接头词顾名思义即出现在词前的前缀成分。「お」通常接在和语词汇前,「ご」接在汉语词汇前。起表示尊敬、美化等作用。例:お元気ですか。/您身体好吗?(尊敬)きれいなお花ですね。/多美的花儿呀!(美化)ご覧になりましたか。/您看了吗?(尊敬)officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nご飯(はん)ができています。/饭做好了。(美化)1.1.接尾词「目」接尾词即出现在词后的后缀成分。「目(め)」通常接在数量词后,可表示顺序,意为“第…”。例:三(さん)行(ぎょう)目(め)を見てください。/请看第三行。ニ(ふた)人(り)目は姉(あね)です。/第二个人是我姐姐。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n1.1.接尾词「とも」「とも」接复数性质的体言后,表示无一例外之意,可译为“…(全)都…”。例:三人とも一年生です。/三个人都是一年级学生。男女(だんじょ)とも優勝(ゆうしょう)しました。/男(队)女(队)都拿了冠军。1.2.接尾词「羽(わ)」「羽(わ)」接数词后,用作鸟类及兔、鸡等小动物的量词,意为“只”。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n一(いち)羽(わ)、ニ(に)羽(わ)、三(さん)羽(ば)例:鳩(はと)が三(さん)羽(ば)います。/有三只鸽子。うさぎが一(いち)羽(わ)跳(と)んできました。/一只小兔蹦了过来。1.1.感叹词感叹词用于表示各种语气。ほう--吃惊的语气。まあ--意外的语气。女性专用。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nさあさあ--催促、劝诱的语气。亦为「さあ」。いやいや--加强否定的语气。亦为「いや」。1.日常用语おはよう。/おはようございます。——早上好。今日は(こんにちは)。——(用于白天)你好。您好。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n今晩は(こんばんは)。——晚上好。始(はじ)めまして。——初次见面。どうぞ宜(よろ)しく。——请多多关照。××です,どうぞよろしく。——我叫××,请多多关照。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n×××と申(もう)します。始めまして,どうぞよろしく。——我叫×××,初次见面,请多多关照。こちらこそ。どうぞ宜しく(お願いします)。——彼此彼此(哪里哪里),也请您多多关照。さよなら。——再见。(最普通,最常用的告别语)失礼(しつれい)します!officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n——告辞了!我先走了!(较正式)では,これで失礼(しつれい)いたします!——那么,我就告辞了。また明日(あした)。/あしたまた。——明天见。お休み(おやすみ)(なさい)。——晚安。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nお先に(どうぞ)!/どうぞお先に!——(请)您先走!じゃ,ねえ!——再见!(较随便。一般为女性用。)ではまた。/じゃ,また。——再见!(较随便)またお会いしましょう。——改天再去看望您。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nどうも。/ありがとう。——谢谢。ありがとうございます。/どうもありがとう。どうもありがとうございます。本当にどうもありがとうございます。ありがとうござしました。どうもありがとうございました。本当にどうもありがとうございました。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n(这几句都是表示“谢谢”、“感谢”的意思,但是从上往下尊敬的程度逐步增加。前四行是一般时态,后三行是过去时态。)済(す)まない。/済まん,ね。済(す)みません。——对不起。どうも済みません。本当にどうも済みません。済まなかった。済みませんでした。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nどうも済みませんでした。本当にどうも済みませんでした。(这几句都是表示“对不起”的意思,但是从上往下尊敬的程度逐步增加。前四行是一般时态,后四行是过去时态。)お久(ひさ)しぶりですね。——好久没见啦。お元気(げんき)ですか。——您身体好吗?officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\nはい,お陰(かげ)さまで元気(げんき)です。——托您的福,我身体很好。お待(ま)たせいたしました。——让您久等了。1.日语假名及其发音一览12.常识22.1.外来语2officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n2.2.日语的音调(重音)22.3.常用中国姓氏读法32.4.常用日本姓氏读法42.5.语法术语名称42.6.日语词汇分类42.7.地名的读法52.8.英文字母日语读法63.各种常用词6officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n3.1.数词和量词63.1.1.数词63.1.2.量词83.2.数量、顺序词汇的读法83.3.星期的表示83.4.日期表达法93.5.月份表达法93.6.四季表达法10officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n3.7.时分秒表达法103.8.其它时间相关表达法104.语法114.1.判断句114.1.1.基本句型(肯定式)114.1.2.过去肯定式114.1.3.否定式114.1.4.过去否定式11officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n4.1.5.将来推测式124.1.6.疑问式124.1.7.特殊疑问式124.1.8.中顿式124.2.存在句124.2.1.存在动词的含义134.2.2.存在动词的分工134.2.3.存在句句型13officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n4.3.愿望句式134.3.1.(第一人称+は)…が/を…たいです。/(第一人称)想…134.3.2.(第一人称+は)…が/を…たいと思います。/(第一人称)想…144.3.3.(第一人称+は)…を…う/ようと思います。/(第一人称)想要…144.4.形容词144.4.1.词形特征144.4.2.词尾变化144.4.3.形容词的简体与敬体15officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n4.5.形容动词154.5.1.词形特征154.5.2.词尾变化(活用)154.5.3.判断助动词[だ]与形容动词词尾[だ]164.5.4.形容动词的简体、敬体及其应用164.6.动词174.6.1.动词分类174.6.2.动词的活用形18officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n4.6.3.授受关系动词及其用法234.6.4.动词的使役态、使役助动词「せる·させる」、使役句254.6.5.动词的被动态及被动助动词「れる·られる」264.6.6.可能态及可能动词274.7.助词、助动词284.7.1.提示助词[は]284.7.2.提示助词[も]284.7.3.助词[が]28officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n4.7.4.领格助词[の]294.7.5.终助词[か]294.7.6.接续助词[て]294.7.7.提示助词[は]294.7.8.接续助词[から]294.7.9.补格助词[より]294.7.10.副助词[ほど]294.7.11.终助词[ね][よ]30officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n4.7.12.传闻助动词[そうだ]304.7.13.补格助词[に]304.7.14.副助词[か]304.7.15.并列助词[と]304.7.16.副助词[や]304.7.17.同位格[の]314.7.18.敬体助动词[ます]314.7.19.宾格助词[を]31officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n4.7.20.宾格助词[で]314.7.21.过去完了助动词[た]324.7.22.接续助词[て]324.7.23.补助动词[て]334.7.24.接续助词[と]334.7.25.补格助词[に]334.7.26.补格助词[から]334.7.27.否定助动词「ない」34officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n4.7.28.判断助动词「である」354.7.29.补格助词「と」354.7.30.补助动词「(て)いく」、「(て)しまう」364.7.31.表示假定的助词及助动词「ば·と·なら·たら」364.7.32.否定助动词「ぬ(ん)」374.7.33.样态助动词「そうだ」374.7.34.补格助词「まで」384.7.35.副助词「だけ」38officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n4.7.36.副助词「でも」384.7.37.接续助词「のに」384.7.38.补助动词「(て)くる」、「(て)おる」384.7.39.愿望助动词「たい」394.7.40.助词「を」394.7.41.副助词「くらい·ぐらい」394.7.42.复合助词「までに」404.7.43.补格助词「で」40officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n4.7.44.补格助词「と」404.7.45.终助词「な」404.7.46.补助动词「(て)ある」404.7.47.表示时间点概数的「ころ·ごろ」404.7.48.补助动词「(て)おく」414.7.49.补格助词「に」414.7.50.样态助动词「ようだ」414.7.51.副助词「ほど」41officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n4.7.52.副助词「さえ」414.7.53.接续助词「ながら」424.7.54.接续助词「ので」424.7.55.并列助词「し」424.7.56.接续助词「きり」434.7.57.补格助词「へ」434.8.敬语434.8.1.专用敬语词汇43officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n4.8.2.非专用敬语词汇的构词形式444.8.3.其它敬语形式:465.日语基本句型465.1.…は…です465.2.…は…ですか465.3.…はなんですか465.4.…は…にあります465.5.…は…にいます47officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n5.6.…に…が(も)あります475.7.…に…がいます475.8.…には…があります475.9.…には…はありません475.10.…に…がいくつありますか475.11.…や…など475.12.…は…ではありません475.13.…を…48officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n5.14.体言(名词)+になる485.15.…は…が…485.16.BよりAのほうが…です485.17.AはBより…です485.18.…う(よう)と思(おも)います(第一人称)485.19.用言(动词)连体形+のです495.20.…つもりです495.21.定语+ために49officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n5.22.…は…と言(げん/こと)います495.23.…は(…に)…と言います495.24.…を…と言います505.25.…へ…を…に行きます(来ます)505.26.…ばいい(よい)505.27.…と思います505.28.…(する)前(まえ)に505.29.…でしょう51officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n5.30.あまり…ない515.31.…より…のほうが…515.32.…や…や…など515.33.疑问词+も…否定式515.34.…も…も515.35.…(の)ために,…515.36.…ことにしました525.37.…しか…ない52officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n5.38.…つもりです525.39.…ながら,…525.40.…感(かん)じがする525.41.…たり…たりする525.42.…のまま535.43.…としたら535.44.…のです535.45.…によって/…による53officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n5.46.…前(に)535.47.…と…(と)では,(どちら)が…535.48.疑问词+も545.49.…ても545.50.…ように545.51.…なければならない545.52.…にとって545.53.…として54officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n5.54.…一方555.55.…てはならない555.56.けっして…ない555.57.…ことができる555.58.…(た)ことがある555.59.…に対して555.60.…ことになる565.61.たとえ…にしろ56officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n5.62.…ないといけない565.63.…より…(の)方が,…565.64.…てこそ565.65.…てください565.66.…(する)ことがある575.67.…かもしれない575.68.…てはいけない575.69.…ことになる57officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n5.70.…がする575.71.…たまま585.72.…たびに585.73.…てから585.74.…(を)手に入れる。585.75.…か分からない595.76.…う/ようとする595.77.…わけにはいかない59officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n5.78.…と(は)比べものにならない595.79.…ように595.80.…より(も)595.81.…てほしい605.82.…にちがいない605.83.…(た)つもりだ605.84.…ところを605.85.…ないでください60officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n5.86.なんと…だろう615.87.疑问词…ても615.88.…ものだ616.词汇用法616.1.こそあど系词616.2.[いい]与[よい]616.3.接头词[お]626.4.有“走”内涵的常用自动词62officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n6.5.接尾词「がる」626.6.连体词「ある」626.7.接尾词「中(ちゅう)」626.8.接尾词「じゅう」626.9.拟声拟态词636.10.感叹词「よし」636.11.接头词「お,ご」636.12.接尾词「目」63officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n6.13.接尾词「とも」646.14.接尾词「羽(わ)」646.15.感叹词647.日常用语64〔摘 要〕经济法律责任是指在国家干预和调控社会经济过程中因主体建反经济法律、法规而依法应强制承担的否定性、单向性、因果性经济义务。我国经济法实施机制的完善和创新中最重要的一点就是完善它的救济机制,实行经济诉讼。在经济诉讼中,要扩大原告和被告的范围,适度适用调解原则,举证责任应主要由被告承担,案件性质应多样化。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n〔关键词〕经济法;法律责任;实施机制随着我国市场经济的不断发展和完善,人们对经济法的认识越来越接近其本质,对于经济法的法律责任和实施机制也有了更进一步的认识。本文拟就经济法的法律责任及实施机制相关问题作以下探讨。一、经济法的法律责任(一)经济法律责任的概念及特征“责任”officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n一词在现代汉语中表示双重含义:一是指分内应做的事;二是指因没有做好分内应做的事而应承担责任的过失。由此可见,在责任的双重含义中,前一种含义表示责任的积极方面,具有肯定性,后一种含义表示责任的消极方面,具有否定性,但它们两者又是相互联系的。法律责任虽然是责任中的一种,但其本身不具有责任中的积极含义,它属于消极责任。它是指由特定法律事实所引起的对损害予以赔偿、补偿或接受惩罚的特殊义务,亦即由于违反第一性义务而引起的第二性义务。笔者认为,经济法律责任是指在国家干预和调控社会经济过程中因主体违反经济法律、法规而依法应强制承担的否定性、单向性、因果性经济义务。经济法律责任具有以下特征:1.经济法律责任是一种消极的、否定的法律义务,具有否定性。法律责任是一种法律义务,但并非所有的法律义务都是法律责任,因为法律义务既有积极的,又有消极的,既有肯定的,又有否定的。法律责任只是一种消极的、否定的法律义务,而不能同时包含积极的、肯定的法律义务。经济法律责任也同样具有这种消极性和否定性。2.经济法律责任是一种单向的、非对等的法律义务,officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n具有单向性。从法律上讲,权利和义务是对等的,义务和义务也是对等的,但经济法律责任只是违法主体的单向义务,不存在对等性。3.经济法律责任是一种法定的强制性义务,具有法定性、强制性。纯粹法学派创始人凯尔森认为:“法律责任的概念是与法律义务相关的概念。一个人在法律上对一定行为负责,或者他在此承担法律责任,意思就是,如果作相反行为,他应受到制裁。”从现代汉语上看,义务一词主要表示按法律规定应尽的责任。从一定意义上讲,责任和义务是相通的。因此,经济法律责任同其他法律责任一样,从本质上讲,它们都是一种法定的强制性义务。它是法律明文规定的义务,具有法定性;同时,它是由国家强制行为人接受的,又具有强制性、不可替代性。此外,行为人也是不能放弃履行这种强制性义务的。4.经济法律责任是因经济法主体的违法行为所引起的因果性、后续性义务,具有因果性。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n经济法律责任不是凭空产生的消极义务,而是与经济法主体的先前行为存在因果关系。它既是后续义务,又是因果义务,没有经济法主体的违法行为,就不可能产生经济法律责任。因此经济法律责任的消极性和否定性是因其经济违法行为的消极性和否定性所决定的。同时,经济法主体违反经济义务产生经济法律责任,而经本文来自论文资源库lunwen.5151doc,转载请保留此标记。济法律责任又必然使违法者产生了法定的第二义务或后续性义务。5.经济法律责任是在国家进行宏观调控和经济管理过程中产生的经济义务,具有经济性。经济法律责任同其他法律责任的主要区别或者根本区别就在于它是在国家干预和调节社会经济过程中产生的责任。这决定了经济法律责任的内容具有经济性。(二)经济法律责任与其它法律责任的区别officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n法律责任一般可以分为经济法律责任、民商法律责任、行政法律责任和刑事法律责任等。经济法律责任与其他法律责任既相互联系,又相互区别。1.产生的依据不同。经济法律责任产生的直接依据是行为主体的经济违法行为。经济违法行为是指经济法主体在国家干预和调控经济的过程中故意或者过失地违反经济法律、法规,并依法应承担经济法律责任的行为。民商法律责任产生的直接依据是平等的民商事主体的民商事违法行为。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n民商事违法行为是指民事主体、商事主体在民事、商事活动中故意或者过失地违反民商事法律、法规,并依法应承担民商法律责任的行为。行政法律责任产生于行政法主体的行政违法行为。行政违法行为是行为主体违反了国家行政法律、法规的行为。刑事法律责任产生于刑事违法行为。虽然有些经济违法行为具有经济违法和刑事违法双重属性,但一般经济违法行为和严重经济违法行为(刑事违法行为)的界限应当是明确的。只有刑事违法行为才会产生刑事责任,同时,刑事违法行为也并非只能产生于经济领域。2.产生的过程不同。经济法律责任产生于国家对经济进行宏观调控和管理的过程中。在市场运行过程中由于市场调节而产生的法律责任,不能归结为经济法律责任。民商法律责任则是产生于民商事主体在进行平等的民商事活动过程中。两种活动过程的区别主要在于需不需要国家直接或间接进行干预和调控。刑事法律责任除了可以在此领域和过程产生之外,还可以在其他非国家干预经济的过程和领域内产生。只要发生严重侵犯国家、社会、个人权益,严重扰乱社会秩序的行为,就可以产生刑事法律责任。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n3.内容不尽相同。虽然经济违法行为造成的后果具有多样性和非财产性,虽然经济法律责任的实现方式也并非都具有经济性,但经济法律责任应主要是一种经济责任,这是因为其产生的依据具有经济性。民商法律责任虽然也具有经济性,但因民商事违法行为的多重性,也就决定了其法律责任的内容必然具有多样性,其中,非经济性的人身责任就是重要的民事责任形式。虽然经济法律责任和行政法律责任都是在国家机关进行行政管理和监督过程中产生的,但其活动的内容存在较大区别,因而由此活动所产生的法律责任也必然存在很大差异。经济法律责任主要是一种经济责任,而行政法律责任则是非经济性或者说主要是非经济性的。4.实现的方式不同。经济法律责任的实现方式是经济制裁、行政制裁和刑事制裁,但以经济制裁和行政制裁为主。民商法律责任的实现方式是民事制裁和刑事制裁,但以民事制裁为主。行政法律责任的实现方式包括行政制裁和刑事制裁,但以行政制裁为主。其中行政制裁又可以分为行政处罚和行政处分两种。刑事法律责任的实现方式包括刑罚处罚和非刑罚处罚,但以刑罚处罚为主。5.追究责任的程序不同。经济法officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n本文《论经济法的法律责任及实施机制==论文资源库》由论文资源库lunwen.5151doc为您整理,更多论文请访问:lunwen.5151doc/Article/HTML/71601.html律责任的追究程序主要是行政诉讼程序和刑事诉讼程序,此外还包括行政复议、国家赔偿等程序。民商法律责任的追究程序是民事诉讼程序和仲裁程序等。刑事法律责任的追究程序主要是刑事诉讼。二、经济法的法律实施机制(一)我国现行经济法的法律实施机制法律实施机制是指法律实施系统中各要素的相互关系及其对法律实施系统所起作用,尤其指法律实施系统各构成要素间相互作用的过程和方式。法律实施机制构成有四个要素,即守法、执法、司法和法律监督。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n我国现行经济法的法律实施机制是沿用民商法、行政法的实施机制。对于违反经济法的社会组织和个人,受损害的个体可以向人民法院提起诉讼,但对于社会公共利益造成损害的却没有办法提起诉讼,即只有对特定主体造成损害的才能提起诉讼,如对处罚不服可以提起行政诉讼,对于犯罪的可以追究刑事责任。总之,对于违反经济法的社会组织和个人应追究民事责任适用民法的法律实施机制,追究行政责任适用行政法的法律实施机制,追究刑事责任适用刑法的法律实施机制,没有自己的特色,所以也就没有自己独立的实施机制。我国现行经济法没有独立的法律实施机制的原因主要有两个方面:其一,忽视了经济法以社会为本位。法之本位,即蕴含于法的基本出发点、基本目的和基本功能之中的精神或理念。私法奉行个人本位,公法奉行国家本位,社会法所奉行的则是个人社会化、行政社会化和法律社会化过程中由个人本位和国家本位演化而来的社会本位。经济法的社会本位观集中体现在:1.崇尚社会公共利益officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n。一个国家内的利益体系由既彼此冲突又相互依存的个人利益、集团利益、国家利益和社会公共利益所构成,其中个人利益、集团利益寓于社会公共利益之中,社会公共利益最大化应是大多数个人利益的最大化和不同集团利益的协调化。国家利益与社会公共利益则既可能吻合也可能不一致。经济法把社会公共利益(该利益体系中的各种利益形式)都纳入经济法的利益结构,而社会公共利益则被置于其中的最高地位。例如,反垄断法就是通过限制占市场优势地位的企业的利益来实现以公平竞争秩序为内容的社会公共利益;国民经济稳定增长法就是要实现以经济持续增长、物价稳定、充分就业、国际收支平衡为内容的社会公共利益。2.追求社会公平。现代市场经济中的社会公平,既包括基本利益层次上无差别意义的公平,又包括非基本利益层次上有判别意义的公平。这两个层次的公平都受到经济法的重视。例如,officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n竞争法通过反垄断和反不正当竞争保障实力不同的竞争都有公平的竞争权;产业政策法通过有选择性的限制、扶持、鼓励等措施,来保障强质产业和弱质产业、传统产业和新兴产业都有公平的发展机会;消费者权益保障法通过偏重保护消费者,来保障消费者与经营者的公平交易。由于现行经济法的实施机制没有重视经济法以社会为本位,所以也就与民法、行政法产生了混同,致使其没有独立的实施机制。其二,忽视了经济法保护的权利与民法、行政法保护的权利的区别。由于经济法以社会为本位,所以经济法主要保护社会权利,而民法主要保护个体的权利,行政法则主要保护国家的权力。(二)我国现行经济法法律实施机制的完善与创新1.实行独立的经济诉讼的必要性。经济法作为实体法多年来一直受到学者们的重视本文来自论文资源库lunwen.5151doc,转载请保留此标记。,但对作为其实施支撑的程序法则重视不够,所以本人认为作为经济法实施机制的完善和创新中最重要的一点就是完善它的救济机制———实现经济诉讼。“有权利必有救济”,“没有救济的权利不是真正的权利”officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n。经济法律、法规有权利义务而无诉权,判断倾向于行政而不是司法,导致了行政与司法的混同现象,使法律判断偏离了司法轨道。尽管经济生活中离不开行政管理,并可能引发行政纠纷,最后导入行政复议和行政诉讼程序,但行政诉讼争执的焦点不是经济利益关系,而是行政管理关系;同时行政诉讼的受案范围是极受限制的,无法涵盖经济纠纷的全部内容;另外,由于经济纠纷案件的被告人多非国家行政机关及其工作人员,显然处理经济纠纷案件是不能完全适用行政诉讼程序的。我国《民事诉讼法》中也极少有反映经济法特殊性的程序法规范,造成一直以来经济纠纷案件在本质上是民事纠纷案件的错觉。另外,经济审判庭的职能事实上与民事审判庭的职能也别无二致。造成这种现象的根本原因是经济诉权理论的不发达或者根本就没有被重视。经济诉讼,是一种复合型诉讼,独具特色。由于经济关系的日益复杂化,经济冲突越来越趋于综合性,同一经济冲突往往兼具民事、行政及刑事诸方面的不同性质。要对这种冲突按照人们主观划定的框框逐一分解,然后依不同程序加以解决,不仅成本甚高,而且几乎没有可能和必要。如果在单一的经济诉讼程序中,同时从民事、刑事和行政三方面解决经济冲突中的有关问题,作出三种不同制裁和处理,可以保证纠纷解决的彻底性和有效性。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n2.实行经济诉讼应注意的问题。在经济诉讼中,一要扩大原告的范围,不仅受害人有权起诉,而且其他一切无直接利害关系的组织和个人也享有起诉权,经济诉讼带有公众之讼的特性。二是要把被告的范围也扩大,包括一切对社会经济整体、全面及长远利益构成威胁或造成损害的组织和个人。它不同于行政诉讼只将被告严格限定在作出具体行政行为的行政机关。三是案件性质多样化。既有自诉案件,即受害人向法院提起的经济案件,也有公诉案件,即监督检查部门依职权向法院提起的经济案件,还有共同诉讼案件,即公诉人和自诉人共同参加的诉讼,多个自诉人或多个公诉人共同提起的诉讼。四是调解原则的适度适用。这一原则一般仅适用于请求损害赔偿的自诉案件。由于公诉案件直接涉及国家和社会公共利益,所以不能适用调解原则。五是举证责任应主要由被告承担。原告只需列举发生经济冲突的现象,法院即可立案并责成被告举证。若被告举不出反证,则可判定被告行为违法,并依法追究法律责任。因为作为一般公民个人自身能力有限,要求其举出被告违法的充分证据显然不切实际,否则就会使许多案件因缺乏证据不能成诉,从而导致经济基诉权的落空。六是officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n对胜诉原告实行奖励,尤其是对其中胜诉的与案件无直接利害关系的个人原告给予重奖,以资鼓励其检举揭发控告经济违法行为,从而把人民是国家的主人这一原则落到实处。参考文献:[1]张文显主编。法理学。北京:法律出版社,1999.10。[2]杨紫煊主编。经济法。北京:法律出版社,1999.11。[3]颜运秋。论经济法的可诉性缺陷及弥补。经济法网,2003.5。officiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished\n[4]王全兴,管斌。经济法与社会法初探。经济法网,2003.6。本文《论经济法的法律责任及实施机制==论文资源库》由论文资源库lunwen.5151doc为您整理,更多论文请访问:lunwen.5151doc/Article/HTML/71601_2.htmlofficiallyestablishedonJuly1,2013,Yibincity,formerlyknownasthebus,integratedoriginalrongzhoubuscompanyinYibincityandMetrobuscompany,formedonlyinYibincityofaState-ownedpublictransportenterprises,thecompanyconsistsofoneortwo,thirdDivision.Integrationofpublictransportservicesisnotyetestablished