成人高考高起点英语复习笔记一 22页

‎09年成人高考高起点英语复习笔记一 第一章 名词 ‎　　1.名词的数 ‎　　A、常见的不可数名词 ‎　　1.Fluids（流体）：‎ ‎　　air空气， smoke烟， water水， oil油， ink墨木， juice果汁，‎ ‎　　rain雨水， tea茶， coffee咖啡， wine酒，beer啤酒 ‎　　2.Substances（物质）：‎ ‎　　paper纸， glass玻璃，wood木头，iron铁， chalk粉笔，‎ ‎　　fruit水果，meat肉， beef牛肉， mutton羊肉，chicken鸡肉，‎ ‎　　sugar糖， salt盐， rice米， sand沙子， dust灰尘，‎ ‎　　gold黄金 ‎　　3.Abstracts（抽象名词）：‎ ‎　　health健康， wealth财富， honesty诚实， friendship友谊，‎ ‎　　wisdom智慧， attention注意力，luck运气， progress进步，‎ ‎　　work工作， room空间， news新闻， information消息，‎ ‎　　love爱， trouble 麻烦， happiness幸福， silence寂静 ‎　　4.Subjects（学科）：‎ ‎　　physics物理， chemistry化学， mathematics数学，history历史，‎ ‎　　geography地理， English英语， biology生物， music音乐 ‎　　B. 、可数名词的复数形式 ‎　　1.直接在词尾加-s，如 desks， maps， cats， pens cars， farms ‎　　2.以-s， -x， -ch， sh结尾的词加-es ：glasses， classes， buses， boxes， foxes， watches， matches， brushes， dishes（例外：stomachs 胃）‎ ‎　　3.以-O 结尾的词：‎ ‎　　Negroes， heres， potatoes， tomatoes（有生命的名词加-es）；‎ ‎　　photos， pianos， kilos， radios， zoos studios（无生命的名词加-es）‎ ‎　　4.辅音字母+y 结尾的，把y 变为i再加es ：‎ ‎　　city-cities， story-stories， baby-babies， dictionary-dictionaries，‎ ‎　　factory- factories， fly- flies， diary-diaries ‎　　但是，元音字母+y——直接+s toy——toys ‎　　5.以 -f， -fe结尾的单词，去掉f，-fe 再加 ves：‎ ‎　　knife-knives， wife-wives， life-lives， wolf-wolves，‎ ‎　　thief-thieves， leaf-leaves ‎　　例外：roof-roofs屋顶， belief-beliefs信仰， gulf-gulfs海湾 ‎　　safe-safes， handkerchief-handker chiefs手帕 ‎　　6.特殊变化：‎ ‎　　man-men woman→woman ‎　　child→children， tooth→teeth，‎ ‎　　goose→geese鹅 foot→feet，‎ ‎　　mouse→mice， looker-on→lookers-on 旁观者 ‎　　passer-by→passers-by过路人，‎ ‎　　editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief总编辑，‎ ‎　　man-doctor→men doctors，‎ ‎　　woman-doctor→women doctors；‎ ‎　　fish， deer， Chinese， sheep单复数同形。‎ ‎　　C、 只有复数形式的名词 ‎　　1.下列名词，只有复数形式，只能接复数形式的动词：‎ ‎　　clothes衣服， fireworks烟火， wages工资， thanks谢意，‎ ‎　　remains残留物，sweets糖果 ‎　　2.由相同两部分构成的名词，只有复数形式，只能接复数形式的动词：‎ ‎　　scissors剪刀， glasses眼镜， trousers裤子，shoes鞋，‎ ‎　　socks袜， gloves手套 ‎　　这些名词如表示数量，要以 pair为单位，如：‎ ‎　　a pair of shoes一双鞋 two pairs of shoes 两双鞋 ‎　　a pair of glasses一副眼镜 two pairs of glasses两副眼镜 ‎　　3.某些集合名词，本身即为复数，所以不能加-s，也不能以one， a， every等词来修饰，如：‎ ‎　　this people（×） these peoples（×） these people（√）‎ ‎　　that police（×） those polices（×） those police（√）‎ ‎　　2.名词的所有格 ‎　　名词所有格的构成 英语名词所有格有两种：'s属格和of属格。‎ ‎　　1）'s所有格 ‎　　①单数名词加-'构成，如：‎ ‎　　Hellen's car海伦的汽车； the doctor's glasses医生的眼镜；‎ ‎　　a dog's tail 狗的尾巴； the manager's secreatry 经理的秘书 ‎　　②复数名词以-s结尾的只加-'，不以-s结尾的加-'s，如：‎ ‎　　the girls' school女子学校； ladies' hats女帽；‎ ‎　　the students' Library学生阅览室；Women's club妇女俱乐部；‎ ‎　　Children's toys儿童玩具； men's hats男帽 ‎　　③复合名词在最后一词后加-'s，如：‎ ‎　　Somebody else's umbrella别人的伴伞；‎ ‎　　my brother-in -law's car我姐夫的汽车 ‎　　2） of所有格的用法：‎ ‎　　主要用于表示无生命的名词，一般采用"the +所有物+of +（the， that， my ——） + 所有者"的形式，如：‎ ‎　　the door of this classroom这间教室的门；the leaves of the tree树叶；‎ ‎　　the name of our school我们学校的名字。the door of the house，‎ ‎　　a map of China.‎ ‎　　3）双重属格的用法：‎ ‎　　a friend of +名词所有格or 名词性物主代词，主要用来表示人的所有关系，例如：‎ ‎　　a friend of my brother's， two plays of Shakespeare's，‎ ‎　　some children of Mr. Brown's， these ideas of yours，‎ ‎　　those dirty shoes of James'.‎ ‎　　双重属格的名词前不能用the和one来修饰。‎ ‎　　Note：of my own属于我自己的on my own我独自地 ‎　　4）特殊所有格 ‎　　若一样东西为两人共有，后一个人名用所有格，在最后一词后加-'s；如：‎ ‎　　Tom and John's room汤姆和约翰（共同）的房间；‎ ‎　　Lily and Lucy's school莉莉和露茜（共同）的学校。‎ ‎　　如果属于二人分别拥有，则在两个名词之后分别加-'s，且其后名词应为复数。如：‎ ‎　　Mary's and John's pens玛丽和约翰（各自）的钢笔；‎ ‎　　Mike's and Henry's desks迈克和亨利（各自）的书桌 ‎　　John and Tom's room（only one room）；‎ ‎　　John's and Tom's rooms（two rooms：one for John and one for Tom）‎ ‎　　「例如」The woman dressed in blue is Mary and Alice's mother.‎ ‎　　You should find what the difference between Mr. Smith's and Mr. Black's cars is.‎ ‎　　5）在表示"某人家"，"店铺"时，所有格后面的名词常常省略：‎ ‎　　at Mr. Green's（在格林先生家）； at my brother's（在我兄弟家）；‎ ‎　　at the tailor's（在裁缝店）； at the barber's（在理发店）；‎ ‎　　at the doctor's（在诊所）‎ ‎　　6）noun+to ‎　　I don't quite remember the key________the question though I answered it correctly.‎ ‎　　A.of B.to C.for D.about ‎　　3.名词的常用考点 ‎　　考点1.牢记六个不可数名词 不可数名词没有复数形式，前面不能用数词，但是可用some， any ‎　　information，weather，fun，progress，advice，furniture，‎ ‎　　a. ________ important information it is！A. What B. What an ‎　　b. ________ nice weather it is today！ A. What B. What a ‎　　c. ________ fun it is！ A. What B. What a ‎　　d. Physics has made great progress in this century. And so has maths.‎ ‎　　e. The doctor gave my father some advice on how to stop smoking.‎ ‎　　f. She has to clean all the furniture in all the bedrooms in two hours.‎ ‎　　g.It was fun to play on the beach that it attracted countless children.‎ ‎　　［A］ such great ［B］ so great ［C］ such a great ［D］ so great a ‎　　考点2.有些名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义 ‎　　papers（报纸；文件）； works（工 厂；著 作）； looks（外 表）；‎ ‎　　hairs（几 根 头 发）； times（时 代）； sands（沙滩）；‎ ‎　　drinks（饮料）； manners（礼貌）； arms（武器）；‎ ‎　　forces（军队） glasses ‎　　牢记五个名词单复数形式可以表示特别意义的名词 ‎　　word / man difficulty room people population ‎　　a.当 word和man用作不可數名词时，前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式时，它们的意义是：word（消息；通知），man（人类）‎ ‎　　Word came that the headmaster would come to talk to us.（消息）‎ ‎　　Please send me word of your arrival.（通知）‎ ‎　　Labor created man.（人类）‎ ‎　　Quite a lot scientists have studied the origin of man in the last century.‎ ‎　　b.have some difficulty in doing sth.‎ ‎　　c.I am afraid that there isn't _____left for you two in my car. There are already five people in ‎ it.‎ ‎　　A.many room B.any rooms C.any room many rooms ‎　　d……people作集合名词用时，后面的谓语动词总是用复数形式 ‎　　The people in the village like the new teacher.‎ ‎　　但是，作"民族"解释时是可数名词，有复数形式：peoples；作"全体公民"解释时，动词用复数形式。‎ ‎　　the peoples of Asia（亚洲各民族）‎ ‎　　The Chinese people are a great people.（中华民族是一个伟大的民族。）‎ ‎　　e.population具有集合名词的一般用法 ‎　　A：The population of China is largethan that of India.‎ ‎　　（中国人口比印度多。）‎ ‎　　B.Eighty percent of the population of China are peasants.‎ ‎　　（中 国80%的人 口是农民。）‎ ‎　　考点3.集合名词的数 ‎　　一般地说，集合名词只以单数形式出现。常见的有：family，police，cattle，team，people，government，class，group，audience（观众），public（公众），crew（全体船员）等。当这些名词作主语时，若表示一个整体时，谓语动词用单数形式；若表示集体的每一个成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。‎ ‎　　His family is a big family./ The whole family are watching TV now.‎ ‎　　The government welcomes the proposal.（政府欢迎该建议。）‎ ‎　　The government are discussing the proposal.（政府官员正在讨论该建议。）‎ ‎　　注意：‎ ‎　　（1）police和cattle后面的谓语动词总是用复数形式 ‎　　Many cattle are kept on the farm.‎ ‎　　Several hundred police are on duty.‎ ‎　　考点4.of+抽象数=相应的形容词 ‎　　of+geat+抽象名词=very+相应的形容词 ‎　　of+no+抽象名词=not+相应的形容词（or -less， un-）‎ ‎　　这样的抽象名词主要有：importance，value，use，help ‎　　The dictionary is of great use/help.=The dictionary is very useful/helpful.‎ ‎　　The meeting is of great importance.=The meeting is very important.‎ ‎　　Ginseng is of great medicine value. （西洋参具有很高的药用价值。）‎ ‎　　Your advice is of great value to us=Your advice is very valuable to us ‎　　His suggestion is of no use=His suggestion is not useful ‎　　That program is of great interest to the children ‎　　=That program is very interesting to the children ‎　　但是，of+color／age／height／width常用来表示具有同样的颜色、年龄、高度、宽度等等。‎ ‎　　These two jackets are of the same color.（这两件夹克衫颜色一样。）‎ ‎　　We're of the same age.（我们年龄一样大。）‎ ‎　　考点5.to+抽象名词常表示喜、怒、哀、乐 ‎　　to one's surprise（令人惊讶地）；to one's joy/delight（令人高兴地）；‎ ‎　　to one'sdisappointment（令人失望地）；to one's shame（令人羞愧地）‎ ‎　　考点6.名词作定语 ‎　　名词作定语一般用单数 ‎　　eg. mountain areas山区 apple pies苹果派 ‎　　color TV's彩色电视机 machine guns机关机 ‎　　the school bus学校的班车 ‎　　a shoe shop/ a stone bridge/ a mountain village/‎ ‎　　the ticket office/ war stories/ book leaves/ vegetable garden ‎　　[例外]savings account储蓄存款帐户 women's college女子学院 ‎　　girls's high school女子中学 ‎　　man，woman作定语与后面的名词的数一致 ‎　　eg，a man doctor——two men doctors ‎　　sports运动，作定语一般用复数 eg. A sports car/ sports shoes/ a sports meet/ the sports field ‎　　sport（单数）表示具体的运动项目 eg.Which sport were you in yesterday？‎ ‎　　「例句」I walked too much yesterday and ________are still aching now. （CET-4 1995，6）‎ ‎　　A） my leg's muscles B） my muscles of leg ‎　　C） my leg muscles D） my muscle's of the leg ‎　　本题为名词作定语，不用所有格形式，故正确答案为C.‎ ‎　　类似的用法还有：a woman doctor，a straw hat，a paper cover.‎ ‎　　「例句」Now people use the word MS instead of Miss or Mrs before the name of______ in business 'letters.‎ ‎　　A）woman manager B）women manager ‎　　C）woman managers D）women managers ‎　　考点7.复合形容词中的名词必须用单数 ‎　　eg. two-minute ride seven five-yuan notes ‎　　a nine-foot-tall tree a three-year old三岁的小孩 ‎　　a seven-day holiday七天的假期 ‎　　a 200-meter-high building二百米高的大厦 ‎　　注意名词所有格和复合形容词的用法 ‎　　eg.二十分钟的路程 twenty minutes' walk ‎　　a twenty-minute walk ‎　　「例句」Despite the wonderful acting and well developed plot the movie could not hold our________ attention. （CET-1996，1）‎ ‎　　A） three-hours B） three-hour C） three-hours' D） three-hour's ‎　　three-hour为复合形容词，作定语不能加's.另外，复合形容词作定语，其中名词保持单数，故A、C、D都不对。正确答案为B.三个小时的电影也可以表达为：three hours' movie . ‎　　考点8.表示时间的名词前有one，some，this，that，last，next，every，all等修饰时，前面不再用介词：‎ ‎　　eg. 1. One day I happened to meet her on my way back from school.‎ ‎　　2.He kept washing all day.‎ ‎　　3.Next morning I will leave for the USA to study English.‎ ‎　　考点9.最高级形容词前如有名词，要用所有格形式，如有数词，要用序数词形式，如：‎ ‎　　the world's highest mountain世界最高的山 ‎　　the country's largest library国家最大的图书馆 ‎　　the second longest river in China中国第二长河 ‎　　考点10. 表示数量的hundred，thousand，million，dozen，（打），score（二十）的用法 ‎　　（1）表示确定数目时，不加s：five hundred（thousand，million）students；six dozen pens ‎　　（2）表示不确定数目时，加s并且与of连用：hundreds of students；dozens（scores）of people ‎　　（3）many， several等修饰dozen，score时，不用复数，也不用of：many/several dozen pencils，但是当名词前有限定词或事物本身为人称代词，必须加 of：‎ ‎　　a dozen of these people/eggs； two score of such books；‎ ‎　　two dozen of them two dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 ‎　　four score and seven years ago八十七年前 ‎　　dozens of students几十名学生 hundred of horses上千匹马 ‎　　millions of people上千万人 ‎　　He has flow two hundred miles to get here ‎　　他坐飞机飞了两百英里赶到这里。‎ ‎　　Millions of people come to visit this city every year ‎　　每年有几百万人来这个城市参加。‎ ‎　　12.自我检测 ‎　　（1） The_____of the cottage were covered with_________.‎ ‎　　A. roofs； leafs B.roofs；leaves C.roovws； leafs D.rooves；leaves ‎　　（2） That shop sells_______clothing.‎ ‎　　A.child's and woman's B.children and women's C.children's and women D.children's and women's ‎　　（3） There are five_______ in our clinic.‎ ‎　　A.woman doctor B.woman doctors C.women doctor D.women doctors ‎　　（4）——What can I do for you？ ——I'd like to have a ____of China Daily.‎ ‎　　A.piece B.sheet C.copy D.lot ‎　　（5）If these shoes are too big， ask him to bring you a small________.‎ ‎　　A.pair B.one C.suit D.piece ‎　　（6）The advertisements in newspapers help to cut the _____of making newspapers.‎ ‎　　A.value B.price C.cost D.pay ‎　　（7）Mr.smith had no______in finding his teacher's address.‎ ‎　　A.difficulty B.difficulties C.troubles D.mistakes ‎　　（8）______it is to have a swim in hot summer！‎ ‎　　A.What a fun B. What fun C.How fun D.How a fun ‎　　（9）It is bad______to speak with your mouth full.‎ ‎　　A.way B.manner C.manners D.methods ‎　　（10）You should pay much_______to your pronunciation.‎ ‎　　A.interest B.notice C.money D.attention Answer BDDCA CABCD 第二章 冠词 ‎　　一、冠词的种类 ‎　　1. 不定冠词 a／an的用法 ‎　　a用于辅音音标开头的单词前（不一定是辅音字母）：an用于元音音标开头的单词前（不一定是元音字母） ：an old man ‎　　a friend ‎　　an American writer ‎　　a Chinese book——an English book ‎　　注意 以字母h，u，e，y开头的单词：an hour/honor/honest ‎　　a university——an umbrella-a usual/useful book ‎　　a European ‎　　a young man——a youth ‎　　泛指人、事、物的类别 A.English is a useful language.‎ ‎　　B.A horse is a useful animal.‎ ‎　　C.His telehpone number begins with a " 3".‎ ‎　　泛指某人某物 ‎　　There's a man waiting for you at the gate of our school.‎ ‎　　There's a book lying on the floor.‎ ‎　　表示every／per的含义 ‎　　This kind of Santana car can run 150 kilometers an hour.‎ ‎　　Some students of Senior Three study 12 hours a day.‎ ‎　　用于某些固定词组中 ‎　　a few； a little； a lot of；‎ ‎　　a bit of； a couple of； a great deal of；‎ ‎　　many a； all of a sudden； as a matter of fact；‎ ‎　　in a word； have a word with sb. have a good time；‎ ‎　　do sb. a favor pay a visit to； as a rule ‎　　in a day or two； in a way； make a living；‎ ‎　　two pills at a time； take a walk/break/bath/seat；‎ ‎　　have a cold/fever/headache/stomachache ‎　　2.定冠词the的用法 ‎　　the 在辅音前发/ / 在元音前发/ /‎ ‎　　（1）表示特指和第二次提到的人或物：‎ ‎　　Here the books you want.‎ ‎　　I saw a film last night. The film was wonderful.‎ ‎　　（2）表示世界上独一无二的东西：the sun；the earth；the moon ‎　　（3）用在序数词、形容词最高级前面：the first-class； the third floor； the longest river ‎　　（4）用在江、河、湖、海、山 脉、群 岛、海 峡、海 湾、沙 漠、方 位 前 面：‎ ‎　　the Changjiang river； the West Lake ； the Great Canal（大运河）；‎ ‎　　the Taiwan Strait； on the right／left； in the north／south ‎　　（4）与某些形 容 词 连 用表 示 一 类 人，动 词 用 复 数 形 式：‎ ‎　　the poor／rich／old/young/sick/old/new/wounded ‎　　The young have to learn from the old.（年轻人要向老年人学习。）‎ ‎　　The right and the wrong are the opposites.‎ ‎　　（6）在乐器的名词前面：She likes to play the piano／violin／guitar.‎ ‎　　（7）在某 些 表 示 时 间 的 词 组 中：‎ ‎　　in the morning／afternoon／evening／night（but at noon／night）；‎ ‎　　in the daytime；in the 1870's／1870s ‎　　（8）用在姓氏的复数前面：The Smiths are sitting at the breakfast table.‎ ‎　　（9）在表示发明物的名词前面：‎ ‎　　The gunpowder was invented in China 400 year age.‎ ‎　　Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.‎ ‎　　The teacher showed us a telescope and said it was Galileo who invented the telescope.‎ ‎　　（10）用在表示国家和民族的形容词前面表示该国的人民：‎ ‎　　the English／Chinese／Japanese／French ‎　　（11）用在由普通名词构成的专用名词前面：‎ ‎　　the United States（联合国）； the New York Times（纽约时报）；‎ ‎　　the People's Liberation Army（中国人民解放军）‎ ‎　　（12）用在表示计算单位的名词前面，常含"每"，"每一"的意义，或相当于"按……计算"：‎ ‎　　A.These workers are paid by the hour／piece.（计时／件取酬）‎ ‎　　B.These eggs are sold by the dozen.（这些鸡蛋是论打卖的。）‎ ‎　　但"按重量"应说by weight ‎　　C.Meat is sold by the kilo（by weight）。‎ ‎　　（13）方位名词前必须加the ‎　　in the east of ‎　　on the east of ‎　　to the east of/east of ‎　　在山顶 at the top of hill=on top of hill ‎　　Last year he spent hisw holiday on a farm in the country south of Boston.‎ ‎　　二、零冠词 即不用冠词，用于不可数名词，复数可数名词和某些单数可数名词前 ‎　　（1）专用名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前面一般不加冠词 ‎　　Knowledge is power.‎ ‎　　We can't live without air.‎ ‎　　China has a large population.‎ ‎　　（2）表示头衔、职务的名词作表语、同位语、宾语补语、主语补语时不加冠词 ‎　　Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States in 1860.‎ ‎　　Wang Ping， monitor of Class Three， won the first prize.‎ ‎　　但是，当这些名词作主语时，要加定冠词：‎ ‎　　The president of USA will visit America in the near future.‎ ‎　　He was elected__/__President for the third time. That was a great victory of his party.‎ ‎　　Elizabeth II，__/_Queen of England， declared the conference open.‎ ‎　　（3）称呼语前面不加冠词 ‎　　Where are you going， mum？‎ ‎　　Jimmy said that / Uncle hadn't come back and _/__Auntie was out.‎ ‎　　The general ordered his men，"Use your knife， young man！"‎ ‎　　（4）泛指复数名词前面不加冠词 ‎　　We're Senior Three students.‎ ‎　　——What are they？——They're workers.‎ ‎　　（5）by+交通工具／通讯工具 ‎　　A.——Do you know how he will come here？‎ ‎　　——I think he'll come here by bus/train/taxi/ship/plane/bike.‎ ‎　　B.I'll tell you by telephone/email.‎ ‎　　但是使用其他介词时要注意：‎ ‎　　He'll come in her taxi/on her bike/on a bus.‎ ‎　　You're wanted on the telephone.（你有电话。）‎ ‎　　（6）用在介词at／by后面，表示时间，不加冠词 ‎　　at daybreak/dawn/dusk/noon/sunrise/sunset/night ‎　　B.Most people work by day and rest by night.（大多数人白天工作晚上休息。）‎ ‎　　（7）在turn（变成，成为）后面的名词前面不加冠词 ‎　　His son turned writer at last.=His son became a writer at last.‎ ‎　　（8）几个词组 ‎　　in space/in distance /peace/public by chance/accident/surprise ‎　　on foot/duty/earth out of breath/ reach/sight/control ‎　　三、冠词的主要考点 ‎　　考点（1）一日三餐，一年四季，月份、星期、节日名词前面一般不加冠词 ‎　　If winter comes， can spring be far behind？‎ ‎　　What do you often have for breakfast？‎ ‎　　Our school library is open every day except Sunday.‎ ‎　　Daddy，dinner is ready！‎ ‎　　Do you know when Teachers' Day is？‎ ‎　　但是特指时用the；有修饰形容词时用a ‎　　In____spring， trees turn green.‎ ‎　　In____spring of 1987，the old scientist returned to his motherland. Answer： /； the ‎　　The story took place in the winter of 1918. It was a very cold winter.‎ ‎　　但是：我们中国的有些节日前要加定冠词：the Spring Festival；the Mid-Autumn Day /Festival ‎　　考点2）球类、棋类、游戏、学科名称前面一般不加冠词；而乐器名称前要加the ‎　　Does your brother like to play football/basketball/chess？‎ ‎　　He likes to study mathematics/ physics/chemistry/English/Chinese/biology/politics.‎ ‎　　I like playing football while my sister is interested in playing the piano.‎ ‎　　考点（3） 职务的名词 和 称呼语前面不加冠词 ‎　　Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States in 1860.‎ ‎　　Wang Ping， monitor of Class Three， won the first prize.‎ ‎　　Jimmy said that / Uncle hadn't come back and _/__Auntie was out.‎ ‎　　The general ordered his men，"Use your knife， young man！"‎ ‎　　考点（4） 在表示发明物，计算单位的名词前面，要加定冠词：‎ ‎　　A.These workers are paid by the hour／piece.（计时／件取酬）‎ ‎　　B.These eggs are sold by the dozen.（这些鸡蛋是论打卖的。）‎ ‎　　C.The gunpowder was invented in China 400 year age.‎ ‎　　D.Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.‎ ‎　　E.The teacher showed us a telescope and said it was Galileo who invented the telescope.‎ ‎　　考点（5）用和不用定冠词在意义上的差别 一般地说，无定冠词表示"抽象意思"；有定冠词表示具体"某个地方或某事"‎ ‎　　1）in hospital（住院）； in the hospital（在医院里）‎ ‎　　2）at table（在吃饭）； at the table（在桌子旁边）‎ ‎　　3）out of problem（没问题；可能的）；out of the problem（不可能的；成问题）‎ ‎　　4）in front of（在……前面）； in the front of（在……内部前面）‎ ‎　　5）go to school（上学）； go to the school（有事去学校）‎ ‎　　6）go to church（做礼拜）； go to the church（去教堂）‎ ‎　　7）My wish is to go to sea.（我的愿望是当海员。）；‎ ‎　　My wish is to go to the sea.（我的愿望是去海边。）‎ ‎　　8）few——a few ‎　　few people［没几个人（表示否定）］；a few people［几个人（表示肯定）］‎ ‎　　9）little——a little ‎　　little water（没多少水）；a little water（有点水）few——a few ‎　　10）knowledge知识——‎ ‎　　a knowledge of是一种特殊用法，指了解、知道或懂得某事，而非泛指的知识。‎ ‎　　eg. Many people agree that ____knowledge of English is a must in ____international trade today.（ＮＭＥＴ ９６）‎ ‎　　Ａ、a；不填 Ｂ。the；an Ｃ。the；the Ｄ。不填；the ‎　　此题难度较大， knowledge通常为抽象名词，属不可数名词，其前一般不用任何冠词，后跟of English似限制它的，当用the.如此常规分析，正好误入题目设计者的圈套。这里a knowledge of是一种特殊用法，指了解、知道或懂得某事，而非泛指的知识。‎ ‎　　11）next morning 和the next morning的区别 ‎　　next morning明天早晨+将来时； the next morning第二天早晨+过去时 ‎　　Next morning we will go to visit the Great Wall.‎ ‎　　The next morning we finished the work.‎ ‎　　考点（6）使用不定冠词和定冠词在意义上的差别 ‎　　1）a number ——the number ‎　　A number of students would like to go for a walk after supper.（好多学生）‎ ‎　　The number of students in our school is 1400.（学生数）‎ ‎　　2）most，a most， the most ‎　　This is a most interesting story.（most=very；这是一个非常有趣的故事。）‎ ‎　　This is the most interesting story of the three.（the most为最高级；这是三个故事中最有趣的故事。）‎ ‎　　3）a second和the second ‎　　It is important to learn a second language.‎ ‎　　4）only a few=few； only a little= little ‎　　She has only a few friends because she is a newcomer to the city.她几乎没有朋友因为她刚来这个城市。‎ ‎　　The boy has only a little money， so he can't afford to buy a bike.这亇孩子几乎没钱，，所哋买不起自行車。‎ ‎　　考点（7）两个与 the有关的句型 ‎　　a. the+比较级，the+比较级 ‎　　eg.The faster the better.‎ ‎　　The harder we study， the greater progress we'll make.‎ ‎　　b. 大处着眼，小处着手 ‎　　打strike，hit，beat ‎　　抓catch，seize，grasp +sb+介词+the+身体部位 ‎　　拉pull，take in+软的部位 ‎　　on+硬的部位 ‎　　by+可拉出的部位 ‎　　eg. I hit the boy on the head.‎ ‎　　I catch him by the ear.‎ ‎　　I beat him in the face.‎ ‎　　The little girl pulled me by the sleeve.‎ A policeman caught a thief by the arm just when the thief was stealing. ‎ ‎　　自我检测 ‎　　（1）——How many minutes are there in______hour？——Sixty.‎ ‎　　A./ B.the C.a D.an ‎　　（2）——Can you lend me______money？——Yes， but only______pounds.‎ ‎　　A.few；little B.little；few C.a little； a few D.a few； a little ‎　　（3）It is surprising that______German cannot speak______German language.‎ ‎　　A./；a B.a ；the C.the；/ D.a；a ‎　　（4）As we know，_______sea covers more than 70 percent of_______surface of ______earth.‎ ‎　　A.the；the；the B.a； the；the C.the；a；a D.a；a；the ‎　　（5）Her sister is talkative， but her brother is a man of______words.‎ ‎　　A.little B.a little C.a few D.few ‎　　（6）All of ______sudden， we saw a boy rush out of______back door.‎ ‎　　A.a；a B.a；the C.the；the D.the；a ‎　　（7）She likes playing____violin while her brother likes playing______football.‎ ‎　　A.the；the B.a；the C./；the D.the；/‎ ‎　　（8）——What is she？ ——She's_______.‎ ‎　　A.a singer and dancer B. singer and dancer C.a singer and a dancer D. singer and a dancer ‎　　（9）What____it is to travel in_______spaceship！‎ ‎　　A.a fun；the B.a fun；a C.fun；a D.fun；the ‎　　（10）I didn't tell him______news at once because I wanted to give him______surprise.‎ ‎　　A.a；a B.the；a C.a；the D.the；the ‎　　（11）Washington was elected______president in 1787. He was the first president of_____United States.‎ ‎　　A.the；the B./；the C./；/ D.the；/‎ ‎　　（12）You left______"s" in ______spelling of_____word "address".‎ ‎　　A.an；the；the B.the；the；the C.a； the；the D.an；/；a ‎　　Answer DCBAD BDACB BA ‎1.Alice is fond of playing ____ piano while Herry is interested in listening to _____ music.‎ A./ , the　　　　 B./ , /　　C.the ,/　　D.the , the　（89）‎ ‎2.Beyond _____ stars, the astronaut saw nothing but _______ space.‎ ‎　 A.the , /　　B./ ,the　　C./ ,/　　D.the , the　（90）‎ ‎3.Alexander Graham Bell invent _____ telephone in 1876.‎ A. /　　B.a　　C.the　　D.one 　（91）‎ ‎4.—-Where’s Jack?‎ ‎--I think he’s still in ____ bed, but he might just be in ______ bathroom. ‎ A./ ,/　　　　　　 B.the , the　　 C.the,/　　D./ , the　（92）‎ ‎5.Many people are still in _______ bahit of writing silly things in ______ public places.‎ A.the , the　 B./ , /　C.the , /　D./ , the　　（93）‎ ‎6.She is _____newcomer to ____chemistry, but she has already made some important discoveries.‎ A.the, the　　 B.the ,/　　C.a , /　　D.a , the　（94）‎ ‎7.—-I’d like ____ information about the managemnet of your hotel , please.‎ ‎--Well , yopu could have ____ word with the manager. He might be helpful.‎ A.some , a　　　　 B.an , some　C.some , some　　 D.an ,a　　（95）‎ ‎8.Many people agree that _____knowledge of English is a must in _____international trade today.‎ A.a , /　B.the , an　C.the , the　D./ , the　　（96）‎ ‎9.--Have you seen _______ pen? I left it here this morning.‎ ‎--Is it ________ black one ? I think I saw it.‎ A.a , the　　 B.the ,the　　C.the , a　D.a , a　　（97）‎ ‎10. Paper money was in ＿＿＿＿use in China when Marco Polo visited tbe country in ‎　 ＿＿＿thirteenth century.‎ ‎　　A.the；不填 　　　　B.the；the　 　　C.不填；the 　　　 D.不填；不填　　（99）‎ ‎11.Most animals have little connection with ________animals of _________different kind unless they kill them for food.‎ ‎　　A.the ; a　　　 B.不填 ; a　　C.the ;the　　D.不填 ;the　　（2000）‎ ‎　Answer CACDA CAAAC A ‎ 第三章 代词 ‎　　一、人称代词 ‎　　主格 I you he she it we you they ‎　　宾格 me you him her it us you them ‎　　物主代词 ‎　　形容词性 my your his her it's our your their ‎　　名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs ‎　　反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourself yourselves themseves ‎　　试体会下列人称代词的用法：‎ ‎　　（1）He seated himself at the back of the classroom.（反身代词只作宾语、同位语和表语）‎ ‎　　（1）Please help yourself to some fish.‎ ‎　　（2）Sometimes he doesn't believe in himself.-‎ ‎　　（3）——Who is knocking at the door？ ——It's me.‎ ‎　　（4）The poor boy was himself.‎ ‎　　（5）This book is mine， not his.‎ ‎　　（6）He's an old friend of mine， not hers.‎ ‎　　（7）You， he and I have worked together for ten years.（注意人称代词的顺序）‎ ‎　　（8）——Nice to see you here. ——Me， too.（这里不能用I：我也如此。）‎ ‎　　（9）All of us should learn from them all.‎ ‎　　考点1.人称代词，物主代词的常用考点：‎ ‎　　1.人称代词用作为表语时，与动词前的代词或名词同格：‎ ‎　　eg.1.Do you think the thief to be ？ .‎ ‎　　A.I B.his C. him D.man ‎　　2.I thought it was （D） .‎ ‎　　A.him B.himself C.his D.he ‎　　2.在名词双重所有格里的物主代词用法 ‎　　3.（C）。The man you met in the street is a friend of __________.‎ ‎　　A.I B.my C.mine D.me ‎　　3.在比较时注意前后对称 ‎　　4.（D）。Our classroom is larger than ____________.‎ ‎　　A.you B.your C.yous D.yours ‎　　4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为："第二人称，第三人称，第一人称".‎ ‎　　如：You， she and I all enjoy the music.‎ ‎　　但是，复数应为"第一人称，第二人称，第三人称".‎ ‎　　Eg.We，you and they are friendly to one another.‎ ‎　　考点2.反身代词的常用考点 ‎　　1. 掌握其固定结构：‎ ‎　　enjoy oneself=have a good time （过得很愉快）‎ ‎　　learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. （自学）‎ ‎　　devote oneself to献身于 ‎　　come to oneself 苏醒过来； 醒悟过来； 恢复理性 ‎　　speak to oneself自言自语 ‎　　teach oneself自修 ‎　　help oneself to sth（随便吃/喝 些……） Help yourself to some meat！请自己吃点肉吧！‎ ‎　　for oneself为自己； 代表自己； 独力地； 亲自地 One should not live for oneself alone.‎ ‎　　一个人不应只是为自已活着。‎ ‎　　（all）by oneself=alone单独地，独自 ‎　　of oneself自动地， 自发地 The door opened of itself.‎ ‎　　2. 注意oneself与one's own的区别 ‎　　eg.I myself don't know how to express myself in my own words.‎ ‎　　同位语 宾语 定语 英语的数词可以分为基数词和序数词两大类 ‎　　数词的基本作用有两个：‎ ‎　　一、作限定词，与名词一起构成词组，如：one banana，the first time，the second longest river；‎ ‎　　二、用作名词词组的中心词，与其他的限定词一起构成名词词组，在句子中充当主语、宾语、主语补足语、同位语和状语。‎ ‎　　作主语：Two of the students are absent today.‎ ‎　　作宾语：She only likes one of the books given by her father.‎ ‎　　作主语补足语／表语： ：Ten divided by two is fine.／She's only seventeen.‎ ‎　　作同位语：We three are all willing to help you.‎ ‎　　作状语：The yellow river is the second longest river in china.‎ ‎　　平常生活中经常要碰到很多数字问题，在使用时我们要特别注意以下几点：‎ ‎　　1. 序数词和基数词 five——fifth twelve——twelfth twenty——twentieth ‎　　基数词变序数词。其规律为：‎ ‎　　1，2，3特殊记，加th从4起 （first，second，third，fourth）‎ ‎　　8少t，9去e，千万别忘记 （eighth，ninth）‎ ‎　　逢5逢12，ve变f （fifth，twelfth）‎ ‎　　20到90，y要变ie （twentieth，ninetieth）‎ ‎　　若是几十几，前基后序别倒位 （ninety-first）‎ ‎　　21-99的两位数，在十位数和个位数之间加连字符构成：56-fifty-six ‎　　注意以下几个不规则的序数词的拼写 ‎　　first（第一）； second（第二）； third（第三）；‎ ‎　　eighth（第八）； ninth（第九）； twelfth（第十二）‎ ‎　　2. 顺序（编号）表示法 一般来说，编号有两种表示法：‎ ‎　　（1） 事物名词+基数词 ‎　　（2） 定冠词the+序数词+事物名词 ‎　　eg.第一次世界大战 World War One/ the first World War ‎　　304教室 Room 304‎ ‎　　3.序数词的一个特殊用法 ‎　　the first/last to do sth第一个做sth的人 ‎　　eg. My mother is always the first to get up and the last to go to bed in my family.‎ 一、形容词和副词的不同句法作用 ‎　　1.说明名词用形容词，说明动词， 形容词或其它副词用副词 ‎　　eg. He looks happy.‎ ‎　　He is singing happily.‎ ‎　　Ex.Choose the right word for each blank.‎ ‎　　1. Bill said that the mixture tasted__________（terrible，terribly）。‎ ‎　　"I'm__________（terrible，terribly） sorry，"said the woman.‎ ‎　　2. The doctor said that the baby didn't look___________（healthy， healthily）。‎ ‎　　They must make sure that all the animals can live___________（healthy， healthily）in ‎ the zoo.‎ ‎　　3. The gas from the bottle smelled very___________（strange， strangely）。‎ ‎　　That old woman laughed___________（strange， strangely）。‎ ‎　　4. This kind of cloth feels quite__________（soft， softly）。‎ ‎　　Please put down the basket of eggs__________（soft， softly）。‎ ‎　　5. Your idea sounds______________（nice， nicely）。‎ ‎　　Look！ All the children are______________（nice， nicely） dressed.‎ ‎　　2.几个英汉使用不同的形容词 ‎　　populaion不与much连用，而与large连用；‎ ‎　　temprature，不与warm，cold连用，而与high， low连用；‎ ‎　　price不与expensive，cheap连用，而与high， low连用。‎ ‎　　3.enough的用法 ‎　　enough说明名词，可前可后 ；enough说明形容词或副词，必须后置：‎ ‎　　eg. She is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了。‎ ‎　　Mr Green doesn't know very much English， but he speaks it ____________to keep job.‎ ‎　　A.enough well B.enough good C.well enough D.good enough ‎　　二、分清几对形容词和副词 ‎　　1. hard=difficult（a）困难的； 努力地（adv）‎ ‎　　hardly=almost not几乎不（adv）‎ ‎　　eg.He can hardly catch the early train， can he？‎ ‎　　2. friend（n）朋友 ‎　　friendly（a）友好的 ‎　　in a friendly way友好地 ‎　　eg.The teacher is friendly to us.‎ ‎　　She looks after the children in a friendly way.‎ ‎　　3. high（指距离）‎ ‎　　highly高度地（指程度）‎ ‎　　eg. The place flies high in the sky.‎ ‎　　We think highly of APEC.‎ ‎　　wide宽/widely广泛地 ‎　　deep深/deeply深深地 ‎　　close靠近/closely紧密地；仔细地 ‎　　A. The well is seven meters deep.-（这口井七米深。）‎ ‎　　We were deeply moved by the film.（我们被电影深深地感动了。）‎ ‎　　B. Our classroom is 305 meters high.-（我们教室有305米高。）‎ ‎　　We always speak highly of him.A（我们一向对他评价很高。）‎ ‎　　C. The well is seven meters deep.-（这口井七米深。）‎ ‎　　We were deeply moved by the film.（我们被电影深深地感动了。）‎ ‎　　D. Our classroom is 305 meters high.-（我们教室有305米高。）‎ ‎　　We always speak highly of him.A（我们一向对他评价很高。）‎ ‎　　E.She's sitting close to me.（她坐在我旁边。）‎ ‎　　F. Watch me closely ， please.（请仔细观察我。）‎ 第六章 介词 ‎　　常用介词 ‎　　1. about ‎ ‎　　a.关于=on eg. give sb advice on how to learn English ‎　　b.到处 look about环视 ‎　　C. 大约 ‎　　d.be about to do 即将做 ‎ ‎　　eg. I was about to leave when the phone rang.‎ ‎　　2.above在……上方/over在垂直的上方 反义：below在……下方 ‎　　3.across 横穿，从表面 ‎　　through竖穿，从内部 ‎　　4.after在（位置，时间）后 / behind在（位置）后 ‎　　before在（位置，时间）前/in front of在（位置）前 ‎　　look after/run after/ after=according to ‎　　在（时间）后——‎ ‎　　in+时间段+将来时 how soon？‎ ‎　　after +时间段+过去时 when？‎ ‎　　after + 一点时间（常用于一般将来时or一般过去时）when？‎ ‎　　时间段+later+过去时 when？‎ 如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour. ‎ The baby will stop crying in half an hour. ‎ They will visit their teacher after Friday. ‎ ‎　　5.behind ‎ ‎　　He hangs his coat on a nail behind the door. ‎ ‎　　他把外套挂在门后的一颗钉子上。‎ ‎　　Beyond 超过 ‎ ‎　　This work is beyond my grasp. ‎ ‎　　这件工作非我力所能及。‎ ‎　　His bad behavior is beyond a joke. ‎ ‎　　他的不良行为超出了开玩笑的范围。‎ ‎　　beside ‎　　6.沿着 a. along（没有方向性） ‎ ‎　　We went for a walk along the shore.‎ ‎　　我们沿着海岸散步。‎ ‎　　b.up（向上，向说话者走来） ‎ ‎　　The boy climbed up the tree. ‎ ‎　　这个男孩爬上树。‎ ‎　　c.down（向下，向说话者走去） ‎ ‎　　Will you walk down to the lake with her？ ‎ ‎　　你跟她走到湖那头去好吗？‎ ‎　　7.在…之间 a.between在两者之间 ‎　　b.among在三者或以上之间 ‎　　eg.1.She was sitting between John and Tom.‎ ‎　　2. What were you doing between eight and nine？‎ ‎　　3. What's the defference between the two words？‎ ‎　　4. we found a little house among the trees.‎ ‎　　5. The students lived and worked among the workers.‎ ‎　　Between ，among 是介词，必须 +宾格：between you and me ‎　　8. at+地点（小地方） in+地点（大地方） ‎ ‎　　eg. I've been at our school/in the USA.‎ ‎　　在桌边 at the table ‎　　at表示"向，朝" eg. look at / laugh at ‎　　shoot sb 射死，射中/ shoot at sb朝…射击 ‎　　eg. The hunter shot at the tree ，but he didn't shoot any birds.‎ ‎　　At+时间点 ‎　　At+价格 ‎　　At+速度 一、动词的种类 ‎　　实义动词——及物动词，不及物动词 ‎　　助动词 ‎　　连系动词 ‎　　情态动词 ‎　　A. 实义动词——及物动词，不及物动词 ‎　　a）掌握几对动词 不及物 及物 ‎　　1.进入 come into enter ‎　　2.逃离 run/escape from flee，fled，fled ‎　　3.升起 rise，rose，risen raise ‎　　4.坐 sit，sat，sat seat ‎　　eg.我坐着。‎ ‎　　I sit/am seated/seat myself.‎ ‎　　The guests were_________in the front rows___________to the president attentively.‎ ‎　　A.seating；listened B.seating；listening C.seated；listened D.seated；listening ‎　　5.serve the people/ marry sb——get married to sb ‎　　6.动词变化：lie躺——lie说谎——lay放置，产卵，铺设 ‎　　hang吊死——hang挂 ‎　　feel-felt， felt ‎　　fall——fell，fallen ‎　　b）瞬间动词和延续性动词的区别 ‎　　borrow——keep begin——have been on ‎　　buy——have leave——have been away from ‎　　reach——have been in/at join——have been in/a member of ‎　　die——be dead ‎　　marry/be married to—— get married to know——get to know ‎　　B. 助动词 ‎　　助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：‎ ‎　　a. 表示时态，例如：‎ ‎　　He is singing.　他在唱歌。‎ ‎　　He has got married.　他已结婚。‎ ‎　　b. 表示语态，例如：‎ ‎　　He was sent to England.　‎ ‎　　他被派往英国。‎ ‎　　c. 构成疑问句，例如：‎ ‎　　Do you like college life？　‎ ‎　　你喜欢大学生活吗？‎ ‎　　Did you study English before you came here？　 ‎ ‎　　你来这儿之前学过英语吗？‎ ‎　　d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：‎ ‎　　I don't like him.　 我不喜欢他。‎ 以动词write为例（*为中学阶段应掌握的时态）‎ ‎　　一、一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时 ‎　　现在时 *A.work/works *B.am/is/are working *C.have/has worked *D.have been worked ‎　　过去时 *A.worked *B.was/were working *C.had worked D.had been working ‎　　将来时 *A.will/shall work *B./// C.will have worked D.///‎ ‎　　过去将来时*A.would/should work B./// C./// D.///‎ ‎　　二、一般现在时 ‎　　一般现在时的用法：通常用动词的原形表示，但主语是第三人称单数时，一般在动词词尾后+s或es.‎ ‎　　1. 表示经常性，习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态，特征和真理。‎ ‎　　句中常用often，usually，every day等时间状语。‎ ‎　　例如 ‎　　（1） 表示客观真理，永远用一般现在时 ‎　　eg.The teacher said the earth moves around the sun.‎ ‎　　The earth does round the sun.‎ ‎　　Practice makes perfect.‎ ‎　　（2） 表示经常性和习惯性的动作 ‎　　A. Many girls don't like wear long hair these days.‎ ‎　　B. His home is in Shanghai， but he stays in Beijing at the moment.‎ ‎　　C. They go to school by bus every day.‎ ‎　　（3） 表示现在的特征和状态 ‎　　A.——Do you dance？——Yeah. ‎ ‎　　B.Does he speak English as well as you？‎ ‎　　C.I declare the meeting begins.（我宣布会议开始。）‎ ‎　　2. 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。‎ ‎　　例如：If you come this afternoon， we'll have a meeting.‎ ‎　　3. 有时这个时态表示按计划，规定要发生的动作，（句中都带有时间状语），但限于少数动词，如 begin， come，leave，go，arrive等。‎ ‎　　例如The meeting begins at seven.‎ ‎　　4. 表示状态和感觉的动词，如 be，like，hate，think，remember，find，sound等常用于一般现在时。‎ ‎　　例如：I like english very much.‎ ‎　　5. 书报的标题，小说等的情节介绍常用一般现在时。‎ ‎　　三、一般过去时 ‎ ‎　　通常用动词的过去式表示。‎ ‎　　1. 表示过去某事件发生的事，存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。如 ‎　　After graduation，he first worked as a driver and then started a company.‎ ‎　　2. 表示过去经常发生的动作，有三种方法：‎ ‎　　a） used to do ‎　　b） would do ‎　　c） 过去进行时+频度副词 ‎　　eg. We used to/would get up at 5：00.‎ ‎　　We were always getting up at 5：00.‎ ‎　　During the vacation，I would swim in the sea.‎ ‎　　注意：used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外" to be used to+名词（动名词）"表示"习惯于……".‎ ‎　　例如：He is uswed to swimming in winter.‎ 一、被动语态构成 be+done ‎　　一般现在时 am/is/are+done ‎　　一般过去时was/were +done ‎　　一般将来时will/shall/be going to +be done ‎　　完成时 have/has/had been done ‎　　进行时 be being done ‎　　不及物动词不用被动语态：happen，take place，occur，break out ‎　　正确理解各种常见时态的被动语态 ‎　　被动语态表示主语是动作的承受着。例如The old doctor is respected by everyone.‎ ‎　　被动语态谓语动词be+及物动词的过去分词。‎ ‎　　被动语态共有十种时态。 以动词tell为例，其被动语态的各种时态构成如下：‎ ‎　　下面以往届高考题中出现的被动语态为例说明其具体用法。‎ ‎　　一般现在时 ‎　　In some parts of the world，tea_______with milk and sugar.‎ ‎　　is serving B.is served C.serves D.served ‎　　答案： B. 在世界上一些地区，茶里放有牛奶和糖一起（被）供应。‎ ‎　　一般过去时：‎ ‎　　This is Ted's photo. We miss him a lot. He____trying to save a child in the earthquake.‎ ‎　　A. killed B.is killed C.was killed D.was killing ‎　　答案： C ‎　　从句中"This ia Ted's photo. We miss him a lot." ‎ ‎　　可知Ted已经死了，因 此"kill"应为过去的动作，而且是被动语态。‎ ‎　　现在完成时：‎ ‎　　All the preparations for the task________，and we're ready to start.‎ ‎　　A.completed B.complete C.had been completed D.have benn completed ‎　　答案： D ‎　　All the preparations与complete之间应为被动关系，故排除 A，B.依 据 we are ready to start，故排除C.‎ ‎　　现在进行时：‎ ‎　　A new cinema________here. They hope to finish it next month.‎ ‎　　A.will be built B.is built C.has been built D.is being built ‎　　答案：D.从后面的提示看，这项工程还没有完工，故应正在建设中，而且是被动语态，故答案为 D.‎ ‎　　一般将来时：‎ ‎　　Hundreds of jobs________if the factory closes.‎ ‎　　A. lose B.are lost C.will be lost D.will lose ‎　　答案： C ‎　　此题中包含一个if引导的条件状语从句，从句用现在时代替将来时，因此主句应用一般将来时，而且句意为被动，故答案为 C.‎ 虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示，对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法介绍如下：‎ ‎　　A）、条件从句的虚拟语气 ‎　 条件从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词 ‎ 与现在事实相反 be---were/ 动词---过去式 would/ should/ might/ could + do ‎ 与过去事实相反 过去完成式 would/ should/ might/ could + have done ‎ 与将来事实相反 were to/ should + do/‎ 动词---过去式 would/ should/ might/ could + do ‎　 ‎ ‎　　Eg. 如果我是你，我就不看电视了。‎ ‎　　If I were you，I should/would not watch TV.‎ ‎　　如果我做完家庭作业，我就去参加晚会。‎ ‎　　If I did/had done my homework，I would go/have gone to the party.‎ ‎　　如果你昨天晚上不看电视，就不会迟到了。‎ ‎　　If you hadn't gone to the cinema，you would not have been late for class.‎ ‎　　如果你努力地学习的话，你就会考试及格了。‎ ‎　　If you had studied harder，you would have passed the exam.‎ ‎　　The plants in our garden__________better if it had not rained so much last year.‎ ‎　　A.had grown B.would have grown C.were growing D.would grow ‎　　Note：‎ ‎　　a）、条件从句中if 的省略，要倒装 ‎　　如果条件从句的谓语动词包含有were或助动词、情态动词had，should，could，有时可将连词if省去，而将 条件从句的主语置于were，had，should，could之后。这种用法主要用于书面语，如：‎ ‎　　a.与现在相反：If I were you （=Were I you），I would go with him.‎ ‎　　b.与过去相反：If I had had time then （=Had I had time then），I would have gone with you.‎ ‎　　c.与将来相反：If I were to visit/should visit/visited the Great Wall tomorrow，（=Were I to /Should I visit the Great Wall tomorrow），I would take my son with me.‎ ‎　　注意：在否定句中not不可提至主语前，如：‎ ‎　　（误）Weren't I here now，I would be in the bus.‎ ‎　　（正）Were I not here now，I would be in the bus.‎ ‎　　b）、without 可以代替条件从句 ‎　　Eg.没有水和空气，我们就不能生存。‎ ‎　　We would not live without water or air.‎ ‎　　c）、混合虚拟条件句 ‎　　如果条件从句的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的 时间加以调整。这种句子叫做混合虚拟条件句。如：‎ ‎　　If he had followed my advice，he would be quite all rightnow.（从句述说过去，主句述说现在）‎ ‎　　If China had not been liberated，the working people wouldstill be leading a miserable life.（ 从句表示与过去的事实相反，主句说明与现在的事实相反）‎ ‎　　d）省略主句，只保留if（only）的条件句 ‎　　虚拟条件句中的表示结果的主句有时形式上可以省略，但意义仍然存在。这 ‎　　种句子只保留一个if（only）条 件从句，表达说话人的强烈愿望。如：If（only）she ‎　　were my sister！她是我的妹妹就好了！‎ ‎　　e）用but或but for引导含蓄条件句（but后跟从句，but for后跟短语：假如没有，要不是）‎