初二英语动词不定式讲义和练习 8页

动词不定式 动词不定式是由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成的一种非谓语动词结构。有些动词不定式不带to，动词不定式可以作句子的主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语、状语或单独使用。‎ 一、用作主语 直接把动词不定式置于句首的情况不多，多数情况用it作形式主语，把真正的主语——动词不定式置于句末，特别是不定式短语较长时(有时在不定式的前面还会用for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。带疑问词的不定式短语作主语常置于句首，复合不定式结构作主语常置于句末。如：‎ ‎1、把不定式置于句首。如： ‎ To get there by bike will take us half an hour. ‎ ‎2、用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： ‎ ‎①It＋be＋名词＋to do ‎ It's our duty to take good care of the old. ‎ ‎②It takes sb + some time +to do ‎ How long did it take you to finish the work? ‎ ‎③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do 逻辑主语 It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition a quarter of an hour. ‎ ‎④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do ‎ ‎“It is stupid of you to write down everything”， the teacher says. ‎ 注意：在③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等；在④中，常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词，强调对人的评价。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式 ，如：It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.‎ ‎⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do ‎ It seemed impossible to save money. ‎ ‎3、带疑问词的不定式短语作主语 How to solve the problem is hard for him. ‎ 二、用作表语 动词不定式作表语，常说明主语的内容、性质、特征，通常放在连系动词（主要是be动词）后。如：‎ ‎1.The best way to improve your English is to join an English club. ‎ ‎2.The first thing is to greet the teacher. ‎ 注意：不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。‎ Our work is serving the people.‎ 三、用作宾语 ‎1.可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有：要求、选择、同意(ask, choose, agree)，期望、决定、学习(expect, hope, decide, learn)，宁可、假装、知道(prefer, pretend, know)，希望、想要、愿意(wish, want, would like / love)。如：‎ ‎1)We decided to talk to some students about why they go there.‎ ‎2)He prefers to eat white bread and rice.‎ ‎3)I’d love to visit Mexico ‎2.动词decide, know, learn, show, teach, tell...，介词结构on...可用疑问词带to的不定式短语作宾语，但why后面的不定式不带to。如：‎ ‎1)Could you please tell me where to park my car?‎ ‎2)It gives advice on what to do in lots of different situations. ‎ 注意：疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。‎ The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。‎ ‎3.动词feel, find, make, think等后面，可以用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语——动词不定式，句子结构是...feel / find / make / ... it+adj. / n.+to do...。如：‎ I find it difficult to remember everything. ‎ ‎4.既可接动词不定式又可接ving形式作宾语，意思差别不太大的动词有begin, start, like, love等。一般说来，动词不定式表一次、数次的具体动作、将来动作或动作的全过程，ving形式表习惯性的连续动作。但是这种区别并不很严格，特别是美国英语，即使是习惯性的动作也可以用动词不定式。如：‎ ‎1)Then I started to watch English-language TV.‎ ‎2)I’m beginning to understand my Chinese roots, and who I am. ‎ begin用了进行时态，后面只接不定式作宾语，表示事情刚开始，还要继续下去。‎ ‎3)I like to eat vegetables. ‎ 感知动词like, love, know等一般不用进行时态。‎ ‎5.后接动词不定式或ving形式作宾语，意思差别较大的动词有forget, remember等。后接不定式作宾语，表动作尚未发生；后接ving形式作宾语，表动作已经发生。stop to do停下来做另外一件事，to do是目的状语；stop doing停止做、不做当前这件事，doing是宾语。try to do尽力做，try doing试试看；go on to do接着做另外的事，go on doing继续做原来的事。如：‎ ‎1)When I left home, I had forgotten to bring it with me.‎ ‎2)I stopped using them last year.‎ 及物动词+不定式一般形式：‎ 谓语动词(vt.)‎ ‎+不定式 ‎(作宾语)‎ ‎[说 明]‎ want(想) / try(试图) / decide(决定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜爱) / learn(学会) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失败、未能) / mean(意味着) / prefer(宁愿) / wish(希望) ‎ ‎+ to (do)‎ ‎(无)‎ help(帮助)‎ to可以省略 begin(开始)/ start(开始)/hate(憎恨) ‎ 也可跟动名词,意义变化不大 forget(忘记) / remember(记得)/ like(总爱) ‎ 也可跟动名词,意义变化较大 及物动词+疑问词+不定式：‎ ‎ 谓语动词(vt.)‎ ‎+wh-疑问词+不定式 (作宾语)‎ ‎[说明]‎ tell (告诉) / show (显示) / know (知道) / ask (问) / find out (发现) / understand (明白) / wonder(疑惑) / learn(学会) / forget(忘记) / remember(记得) / teach sb.(教某人) / discuss(商讨)‎ what ‎ ‎ where ‎+ how + to (do)‎ who which ‎……‎ 不定式疑问形式还可以作句子的主语、表语等。‎ 四、用作定语 ‎ ‎1.句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语，不定式与其所修饰的名词、代词等存在逻辑的动宾关系时，用动词不定式的主动式。如：‎ ‎1)I have so many chores to do today.‎ ‎2)I cant think of any good advice to give her. ‎ ‎3)Basketball has also become a more popular sport for people to watch.‎ 具体关系如下例子：‎ ‎①The next train to arrive is from Washington. ‎ ‎②Do you have anything to be taken to your sister? ‎ ‎③Do you have anything to say on the question? ‎ ‎④Would you please give me some paper to write on? ‎ 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： ‎ ‎ (1)表示将来的动作（例①）。 ‎ ‎ (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。 ‎ ‎ (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）。 ‎ ‎2.动词不定式所修饰的名词是place, time, way等时，不定式与这些名词呈现出动状关系或同位关系。‎ 如：‎ ‎1)He needs time to do homework ‎2)Is that a good place to hang out？‎ ‎3)You want to know the best way to get around the city.‎ ‎3.在“there be...”句型里，句子的主语是动词不定式动作的对象，常用主动式。如：‎ ‎1)There’s just so much to see and do here.‎ ‎2)... but there are still many things to do there.‎ 注意：‎ ‎1、记住下面的一些结构：‎ 被修饰部分 + 不定式 ‎(作后置定语)‎ 汉 语 意 思 a key to lock the door 锁门的钥匙 a box to hold these things 装这些东西的箱子 give her a book to read 给她一本书读 Is there any ‎(+名词/代词)‎ to (do)?‎ 有…要(做的)吗?‎ It’s time to go.‎ 是走的时间了。‎ Do you have any work to do?‎ 你有工作要做吗?‎ I’d like something to eat.‎ 我要点儿吃的。‎ I have nothing to say.‎ 我没有话要说。‎ Would you like something to drink?‎ 你要点儿喝的吗？‎ ‎2、在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。如：‎ They could not find a place to live in.(他们找不到住的地方) ‎ Please give me a chair to sit on.(请给我一张椅子坐坐) ‎ He has got a writing brush to write with.((他找到了写字的毛笔)‎ 五、用作补语 动词不定式作补语时，在主动语态句里补宾语，在被动语态句里补主语，句子的宾语或主语是不定式动作的逻辑执行者。如果不定式是to be done，句子的宾语或主语就是逻辑承受者。‎ ‎1.在主、被动语态句里用带to的动词不定式作补语的动词主要有：要求、允许、提议(ask, allow, permit, advise)，期望、邀请、鼓励(expect, suppose, invite, encourage)，教导、告诉、想要(teach, tell, want)，等待、希望、愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如：‎ ‎1) I’d invite her to have dinner at my house.‎ ‎2) Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.‎ ‎3) Email English is supposed to be used on mobile phones.‎ ‎2.动词不定式作补语，在主动语态句里不带to，被动语态句里带to时多数动词是感官动词和使役动词，包括四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch，三“让”：have, let, make，二“听”：hear, listen to，一“感觉”：feel，一“注意”：notice。如：‎ ‎1)This picture makes me feel tense！‎ ‎2)Of course we want to see Liu Yu achieve his dreams.‎ 注意：主动语态中to省略，但是在被动语态中to要还原。‎ I saw him dance. ‎ ‎=He was seen to dance.‎ The boss made them work the whole night.‎ ‎=They were made to work the whole night.‎ ‎3.help后接动词不定式作补语，to可带可不带。一般说来，带to表间接帮助，不带to表直接帮助。在被动语态句里，或者用不定式的否定式作补语时要带to。如：‎ ‎1)... they can help you to compare two different products so that you can buy the one you really need.‎ ‎2)Using email English helps you write quickly.‎ ‎4.be said, be sure, happen, seem等后面可以接带to的动词不定式作主语的补语。如：‎ ‎1)He doesn’t seem to have many friends.‎ ‎2)Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you.‎ 总结：‎ 谓 语 动 词(vt.)‎ ‎+ 宾语 (人 / 物)‎ ‎+不定式 (作宾语补足语)‎ ask(请) / tell(关照) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(让) / invite(邀请) / like(喜欢) / warn(警告) / help(帮) /‎ ‎+sb. / sth.‎ ‎+to (do)‎ make(使得) / let(让) / hear(听) / see(看) / feel(感觉) / watch(观看)/ have(使得) / help(帮助) ‎ ‎+sb. / sth.‎ ‎+ (do)‎ 注意：hear / see / feel / watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,‎ 试比较：‎ I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的情况)‎ I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整个过程)‎ 六、用作状语 ‎ ‎1.目的状语，置于句首或句末，置于句首时常表示强调。如：‎ ‎1)In order not to offend people, learning about language etiquette is just as important as learning grammar or vocabulary.‎ ‎2)A group of young people got together to(in order to / so as to) discuss this question.‎ to do / in order to do / so as to do用作目的状语，置句末时都可以用，置句首时只用to do / in order to do。so as to do一般不置于句首，可以引导结果状语从句，in order to do不引导结果状语从句。‎ ‎2.原因状语，多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do...”结构句中。如：‎ ‎1)My dogs name is “Lucky”—a good name for him because I feel very lucky to have him.‎ ‎2)On Monday he told a radio interviewer that he had run out of money to buy old bikes. ‎ ‎3.结果状语，多见于“too...to”(太…以致不能…)，“enough to...”结构句中。如：‎ ‎1)Then I’m too tired to do well. What should I do? ‎ ‎2)The room needs to be big enough for three people to live in.‎ ‎4.有些动词不定式作状语，常说明前面形容词的性质和特性。动词不定式与句子的主语有逻辑的动宾关系。动词不定式前面的形容词一般是：cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, fun, hard, interesting, necessary。不定式常用主动式表被动意义。‎ ‎... the mistakes you made are necessary for you to learn and understand.‎ 这类句子中的动词不定式可改为主语。‎ ‎5.独立动词不定式多用作插入语，表示说话人的心理状态或对事情的看法。如：‎ ‎1)Id like to stay healthy, but to be honest, I only eat food that tastes good.‎ ‎2)To begin with, she spoke too quickly, and I couldn’t understand every word. ‎ 七、动词不定式的复合结构 动词不定式的复合结构是“for / of sb. to do sth.”，for / of引出不定式动作的逻辑主语。这种结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。不定式复合结构的介词用for还是of，主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来，of前面的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等，既说明人的特性，又说明不定式动作的特性。for前面的形容词是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等，一般说明不定式动作的特性，不说明人的特性。前面如果是名词用for。如：‎ ‎1.Its also probably a good idea for parents to allow teenagers to study in groups during the evening. ‎ ‎2.Zoos are terrible places for animals to live 八、带疑问词的不定式短语 ‎ 动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where, why等。这种结构起名词的作用，在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等，或者单独使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不带to。如：‎ ‎1.用作句子的成分。‎ ‎1)I don’t know what to try next. (作宾语)‎ ‎2)Where to go is not decided yet.(作主语)‎ ‎2.单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。‎ ‎1)What to do next?(=What will we / you do next?)‎ ‎2)Why go there?(=Why do we / you go there?)‎ 九、动词不定式的否定式 不定式的否定式是not / never to do...，不带to的不定式的否定式是not / never do...如：‎ ‎1.Sometimes they have disagreements, and decide not to talk to each other.‎ ‎2.His parents tell him never to drive after drinking. ‎ 十、后面加动名词与不定式时语义不同的 ‎1、stop to do　停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。 ‎ stop doing　停止做某事。‎ ‎2、forget to do　忘记要去做某事。　(未做) ‎ forget doing　忘记做过某事。　(已做)‎ ‎3、remember to do 记得去做某事　(未做) ‎ remember doing　记得做过某事　(已做)‎ ‎4、regret to do　对要做的事遗憾。　(未做) ‎ regret doing　对做过的事遗憾、后悔。　(已做)‎ ‎5、cease to do　长时间，甚至永远停做某事。‎ cease doing　短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。‎ ‎6、try to do　努力，企图做某事。‎ ‎　 try doing　试验，试着做某事。‎ ‎7、go on to do　做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。‎ ‎　 go on doing　继续做原来做的事。‎ ‎8、mean to do　打算、想 ‎　 mean doing　意味着 一、动词不定式作主语 ‎1. It's our duty _________ the room every day.A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D. cleans ‎2. It's hard for us _________ English well.A. learn B. learns C. to learn D. learning（江西省）‎ ‎3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。‎ It will _________ the workers over a year _________ _________ the flyover.‎ ‎4. It's very nice _________ you to get me two tickets _________ the World Cup.‎ A. for，of B. of， for C. to， for D. of， to（‎ 二、动词不定式作宾语 ‎1. He wants ______ some vegetables.A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. buys ‎ ‎2. Don't forget ______ your homework with you when you come to school.‎ A. to bring B. bringing C. to take D. taking ‎ ‎3. He found it very difficult ______.A. sleeping B. sleepsC. slept D. to fall asleep ‎ 三、动词不定式作宾语补足语 ‎1. Robert often asks us ______ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before.‎ A. help him B. to help him with C. to help with D. helps him with ‎ ‎2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends ______ Chinese food.‎ A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D. cooked ‎ 四、动词不定式作状语 ‎1. She went ______ her teacher.A. to see B. looks C. saw D. seeing ‎ ‎2. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best ______ English well.‎ A. learn B. learning C. to learn D. learns ‎ ‎3. I'm sorry ______ that. A. hears B. hearing C. hear D. to hear ‎ ‎4. I'm sorry ______ you.A. trouble B. to trouble C. troubling D. troubled）‎ ‎5. The panda is so fat that it can't go through the hole.（改为意思相同的句子）‎ The hole ______ ______ ______ ______ such a fat panda to go through. ‎ ‎6. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't skate on it. （改为意思相同的句子）‎ The ice on the lake wasn't ______ enough ______ people ______ ______ ______.‎ ‎【典型考题】‎ ‎1. “What are you going to do this weekend?” “I’d like 　　　 my parents.” ‎ A. to visit    B. visit      C. visiting ‎2. — What’s your plan for the summer holidays?— I’ve no idea, but I’ve decided　 at home.‎ A. stay     B. to stay C. stayed   D. staying ‎3. Last week our geography teacher told us 　　　more information about how to protect the environment. A. get      B. got C. to get   D. getting ‎4. Our headmaster asked us　　 a report on how to protect wild animals. ‎ A. write     B. writing C. to write  D. wrote ‎5. — How do you feel when you watch the national flag go up?‎ ‎—It makes me 　　　 very proud.A. felt B. to feel C. feeling D. feel ‎6. It took her half an hour 　　　 the Water Park by bus last Sunday. ‎ A. gets to    B. get to C. to get to  D. getting to ‎7. It’s dangerous for you 　　　 that tall tree.‎ A. climb     B. to climb C. climbing  D. climbed ‎8. —My brother is ill in hospital.—I’m sorry 　　　 that. ‎ A. hear     B. hearing C. heard    D. to hear ‎9. 　　　 more information about the trip, you can go to www.jxtour.com.‎ A. Find      B. Finding C. To find   D. Found ‎10. Some children are arguing about what TV programs 　　　. ‎ A. watching   B. for watching C. to watch   D. will watch 动词不定式专项练习 ‎ ‎1. It’s wrong ________ not ________ her a letter. A. of you; to write           B. for you; writing C. of you; writing           D. for you; write 2. —I’m sorry, I ___ my exercise book at home.—Don’t forget ___ it to school tomorrow, please. A. forget; to take            B. left; to bring C. forget; to bring            D. left; to take 3. Before you go abroad, you need ________ about table manners in that country.   A. knew   B. known   C. to know   D. knowing 4. I need some paper ___.A. to write    B. to write on C. to write in             D. writing 5. —I have no pens ________. Could you please lend me one?—Sure. Here you are.     A. to write               B. to write down C. to write with           D. to write in 6.—Do you think our football team will win the match?  —Yes, we have better players. So I __ them to win. A. hope     B. ask     C. help     D. expect 7. I am allowed ______ until 12:00 on the evening of the Spring Festival.    A. stay up                B. to stay up C. staying up             D. to staying up 8. the“No Car Day”campaign（活动）asks Beijing drivers __their cars at home one day each month. A. leave               B. leaving C. to leave             D. to be left 9. —Do you like sports?     —Sure. I’m looking forward to _________ the 29th Olympic Gamesn Beijing on TV. A. watch B. watching C. watch        D. watching 10. Good manners usually help people to ________ each other. ‎ ‎ A. get on well with       B. get started C. be friendly            D. get together 11.They prefer ____ TV to ________ newspapers. A. watching; reading        B. watching; to read C. to watch; read        D. to watch; reading 12. —Oh, terrible! I forgot ________ the window. It’s windy.     —Really? Let’s go back home quickly.A. closing   B. to close   C. closed   D. close 13. —Shopping with me?—Sorry, I have a lot of clothes ________. A. to wash             B. washed C. wash               D. to be washed 14. On her way home Lucy saw a thief _________ in a shop. She stopped ________ 110 at once. A. steal; call            B. to steal; call C. stealing; to call        D. stealing; calling 15. There are some dangerous fishes in this river, and I toldJack ________ here. A. not to swim           B. to not swim C. swim not to           D. to swim not 16. Martin Murray is a fifteen-year-old boy. He used ______ a “problem child”, but luckily, his mother was very patient, and didn’t give up ________ him. A. to be; try to help      B. being; trying helping C. to be; trying to help    D. being; try helping 17. Ali said that she wouldn’t mind __alone at home.A. left B. being left  C. to be left   D. leaving ‎18. If you keep __________ English, you can learn English well.    A. practising speak     B. practising speakingC. practising to speak    D. to practise spoken ‎19. She enjoys __________ light music.A. to hear   B. hearing  C. listening to   D. to listen to ‎20. He finished his homework, then he went on __________ a letter.    A. write   B. writing   C. with   D. to write