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初二英语下册知识点总结多

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初二下册英语知识点总结 Unit 1 Past and present ‎ ‎1. I used to go to school by bike.‎ used to do sth.是一个固定结构,意思是“过去经常做某事”,后面用动词原形,表示过去的某种经常性、习惯性的行为或者动作,并意味着这种动作目前已经不存在。‎ 肯定句:I used to play with my friends after school. 过去放学后我常常和朋友们一起玩。‎ 否定句:You didn’t use to like pop songs.=You usedn’t to like pop songs.‎ ‎ 你过去不喜欢流行歌曲。‎ 一般疑问句:Did your sister use to be quiet? = Used your sister to be quiet?‎ 你的妹妹过去常常是很安静吗?‎ there be句式:There used to be a lot of fishes in this river. 过去这条小河常常有许多鱼。‎ ‎【拓展】‎ ‎(1) be used to do something意思是“被用来做某事”,是动词短语use …to do的被动语态结构。例如:‎ Knives are used to cut things.小刀是用来切东西的。‎ ‎(2) be used to doing something意思是“习惯于做某事”,to后接动词-ing形式。例如:‎ My father is used to living in the village. 我爸爸习惯于住在小山村。‎ ‎2. Yes, I’d like to.‎ ‎ would like意为“想要”,语气非常委婉。具体用法如下:‎ ‎(1) would like后接名词或代词,表示“要”某样东西。例如:‎ I would like a cup of coffee. 我要一杯咖啡。‎ ‎ My mother would like an apple. 我的妈妈想要一个苹果。‎ ‎(2) would you like后接动词不定式(to do形式),表示意愿、喜爱,常用于有礼貌地提出邀请、请求或建议。例如:‎ Would you like to help me? 你愿意帮助我吗?‎ Would you like to drink some tea? 你要喝茶吗?‎ ‎(3) would like sb. to do sth. 意为“想要某人做某事”。 例如:‎ I’d like you to meet them. 我想要你见他们。‎ ‎【注意】‎ 它的肯定回答多用Yes, please./Yes, I’d (We’d) like (love) to./Certainly./Yes, thank you.等;I’d love /like to.的to不能省略。否定回答常用No, thanks./No, thank you.等。‎ 例如:‎ ‎— Would you like some coffee? 你要点儿咖啡吗?‎ ‎—No, thanks.不要了,谢谢。‎ ‎ — Would you love to go to the movies with me? 你愿意和我一起去看电影吗?‎ ‎ — Yes, I’d love to. 是的,我很愿意。‎ ‎3. I hope I can visit it again.‎ ‎ 本句是hope 后加了一个宾语从句,省略了连接词that。hope有如下用法:‎ ‎(1) 从说话语气上讲,hope 用于表示可能实现的事情,后接从句时,用陈述语气。例如:‎ I hope I shall see him again. 我希望再见他一次。 ‎ I hope you haven’t hurt yourself. 但愿你没有受伤。 ‎ ‎(2)从含义上讲,hope 多用于指对好事的盼望、预想;对坏事的预想则多用“I’m afraid...”。 例如:‎ I hope it will be fine tomorrow. 我希望明天天气好。 ‎ I’m afraid it will rain again. 恐怕还要下雨。 ‎ ‎(3) 从时间上看,hope 所希望的一般指将来或现在的事情,不用于指过去的事情。 例如:‎ I hope he will come. 我希望他会来。 ‎ ‎(4) 从句型上看,hope 可用hope to do sth.句型,而不能用hope sb. to do sth.句型。例如:‎ I hope to watch the football match again. 我希望再看一次那场足球赛。 ‎ ‎(5) 要表示“希望如此”时,常用“I hope so.”其否定形式用“I hope not.”。hope后面还可以接that 从句,意为“希望……”。 例如:‎ She hopes that I will pass the exam. 她希望我能通过考试。‎ ‎4. The new shopping mall is a good place to have fun.‎ ‎ 句中动词不定式短语to have fun作定语,修饰place。动词不定式短语作后置定语,可修饰名词、符合不定代词等。例如:‎ ‎ Simon is always the first student to get to school. Simon总是第一个到校的学生。‎ ‎ We must find a person to do the work. 我们必须找个人做这项工作。‎ ‎ I have something to tell you. 我有一些事情要告诉你。‎ ‎ I am looking for a room to live in. 我正在找一间屋子住。‎ ‎5. I spend more time on my homework than before.‎ ‎ spend是动词,意为“花费(时间或金钱)”。其过去式为spent。用法如下:‎ ‎ 时间/金钱 + (in) doing sth. 花费时间或金钱做某事 ‎ spend + ‎ 时间/金钱 + on sth. 花费时间或金钱在某物上 例如:‎ ‎ I spend two hours reading every day. 我每天花两个小时阅读。‎ ‎ He spends 20 yuan on books every month. 他每月花20元买书。‎ 拓展:‎ ‎ 表示“花费”的spend、take、cost和pay的辨析:‎ 词语 主语 结构 spend 人(sb.)‎ sb. spends + 时间或金钱+ (in) doing sth. /on sth.‎ take it作形式主语 It takes sb. some time to do sth.(真正主语)‎ pay 人(sb.)‎ sb. pays + 金钱+ for sth.‎ cost sth.(物)‎ sth. costs sb. + 金钱 例如:‎ ‎ I spent 3 hours (in) doing /on my homework yesterday. 昨天我花了三个小时做作业。‎ ‎ It took me four hours to go to Wuhan by bus. 乘公共汽车去武汉花了我四个小时。‎ ‎ I paid six yuan for the pen. 我花了六元钱买这支笔。‎ ‎ My English book cost me five yuan. 我的英语书花了我五元钱。‎ Unit 2 Traveling ‎1. My parents and I left for the airport in the early morning.‎ leave作动词,意为“离开(某处)”,常与for连用,后接要去的地方。leave的过去式和过去分词都是left。‎ He is leaving for Beijing next week. 他下周打算离开去北京。‎ Mr Smith left the room at two o’clock. 史密斯先生两点离开了房间。 ‎ ‎【拓展】‎ ‎(1)leave还意为“离开(某人)的身边;离弃”。‎ Her husband has left her. 她的丈夫把她遗弃了。 ‎ (2) 动词短语leave something at/in +表示地点的名词,意为“把某物忘在某地”。‎ I left my key at home. 我把钥匙忘在家里了。 Tom left his English book at school, so he didn’t do his homework. 汤姆把英语书落在学校了,所以没有做英语作业。 ‎ ‎(3)leave还意为“听任,使处于某种状态”。‎ He left the windows open. 他让窗子开着。‎ ‎2. My dad has been to Chengdu on business twice.‎ have been to+地点名词,表示“曾经去过某地”,但现在不在那里, 后可接次数,如once,twice,three times等,表示“去过某地几次”,也可和 just,never,ever等连用。 ‎ My father has been to Beijing twice.我父亲去过北京两次。 ‎ I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。 Have you ever been to Beijing? 你曾经去过北京吗?‎ ‎【拓展】‎ have gone to和have been to是现在完成时的两个典型句式。have gone to+地点名词, 表示“去了某地”,可能已经达到或者在路途中,不在说话的现场。如果have gone to后接地点副词时,要省略to。‎ Mr. Wang isn’t here.He has gone to Qingdao.‎ 王先生不在这里。他去青岛了。‎ ‎—Where is Jim?吉姆在哪里? ‎ ‎—He has gone to England.他去英国了。‎ ‎3. I see Andy playing on the sand too.‎ see sb. doing sth.意为“看到某人正在做某事”(表示正在进行的动作)。例如:‎ We saw some young people running wildly in the street.‎ 我们看见一些年轻人正在街上狂跑。‎ ‎【拓展】‎ 辨析see sb. doing sth.与see sb. do sth.‎ see sb. doing sth.意为“看见某人正在做某事”,强调动作正在进行。例如:‎ I saw a monkey eating bananas.‎ 我看见一只猴子正在吃香蕉。‎ see sb. do sth.意为“看见某人做过某事”,强调动作自始始终的全过程。例如:‎ I saw them get on the bus.‎ 我看见他们上了公共汽车。‎ ‎4. At the end of the day, we watched the fireworks…‎ ‎(1)end 作为不及物动词,意为“结束;终止”,其主语通常是物。例如: Our morning classes end at 11:50 a.m. 我们上午的课程在11:50结束。 (2)end 作为及物动词,意为“结束;终止”,其主语通常是人。例如: She ended her email. 她写完了电子邮件。 (3)end 作为名词,意为“结束;结尾”。常用于句型:at the end of意为“在……末尾”。例如: The bank is at the end of the street.‎ 银行在这条街的尽头。‎ ‎5. What do you think was the best part of the day?‎ do you think作插入语,其位置较为灵活,可以放在句首、句中或句尾,在句尾时,常用逗号隔开,在句首时,要用陈述句语序。例如:‎ ‎ What do you think the robot will do? 你认为这个机器人将会做什么?‎ ‎ Where do you think he will be? 你认为他会在哪里?‎ When do you think he will come? = Do you think when he will come? = When he will come, do you think? 你认为他什么时候回来?‎ Unit 3 Online tours ‎1. how often ‎ how often意为“多久一次”,常用于对时间频率的提问。例如:‎ How often do you watch TV? 你多久看一次电视?‎ How often do your parents visit your grandparents? 你的父母多久看一次你的祖父母?‎ ‎【拓展】‎ 词语 词义 用法 答语特征 how long 多久 询问时间多久 for/about+一段时间 how often 多久一次 询问动作的频率 often, twice a week等 how soon 多快,过多久 询问时间多快 in+ 一段时间 how far 多远 询问距离多远 ten minutes’ walk how many 多少 询问可数名词数量 数词+可数名词复数 how much 多少 询问不可数名词数量 数词+表示量的词+不可数名词 多少钱 询问价格 数词+钱 ‎2. It looks like a TV.‎ look like意为“看起来像……”应用范围最广,除了描述人、物之外,也能抽象表达事件或现象。例如:‎ He looks like a famous movie star. 他看起来像一个电影明星。‎ That bicycle looks just like the one I used to have. 那个自行车看起来像我曾经拥有的那个。‎ It looks like it's going to rain soon. 天看起来要下雨。‎ ‎【拓展】‎ ‎(1)What does/do sb/sth look like? 这个句式是询问某个人或物的外貌特征。例如:‎ ‎—What does the girl look like? 那个女孩长什么样?‎ ‎—She is short and thin. 她又矮又瘦。‎ ‎ (2)be like意为“像……”。例如:‎ ‎—What is the old man like? 那个老人怎么样?‎ ‎ —He is kind. 他很和蔼。‎ ‎3. I agree.‎ 本句中的agree常见用法如下:‎ ‎(1)agree单独使用,表示“同意、答应”等。例如:‎ I asked him to help me and he agreed. 我请求他帮忙,他答应了。  ‎ ‎(2)agree with表示 “同意;赞成”,常用搭配为:agree with +sb. / what sb. said 例如:‎ Do you agree with me about the need for more schools? ‎ 关于多建一些学校一事, 你同意我的意见吗? ‎ I quite agree with what you said. 我很同意你说的话。  ‎ ‎(3)agree to表示“同意;赞成(提议、安排、计划等)” 。例如:‎ Do you agree to this arrangement?你赞成这个安排吗? ‎ I quite agree to their suggestions. 我很同意他们的建议。  ‎ ‎(4)agree to do sth“同意做某事”。例如:‎ He agreed to get someone to help us. 他同意找人来帮我们的忙。 ‎ She agreed to get everything ready before I come. 她同意在我到来之前把一切都准备好。 ‎ ‎4. Have you noticed the “tour” icon at the top of the page?‎ ‎ (1)此处noticed是notice的过去分词。notice此处用作及物动词,意为“注意,注意到”。notice后可以接名词,也可以接从句。例如:‎ ‎ Did you notice the man in black? 你注意到那个穿黑衣服的人了吗?‎ ‎ I noticed that you had made great progress. 我注意到你取得了很大的进步。‎ ‎(2)notice作动词,意为“注意到,留心,看到”。常用于notice sb. do sth.和 notice sb. doing sth.结构中。例如:‎ Didn’t you notice? He has dyed his hair. 你没注意?他染了头发。‎ He was too proud to notice me. 他太傲慢了,理都不理我。‎ Did you notice his hand shaking? 你有没有注意到他的手在抖?‎ Did you notice Jack come in? 你注意到杰克进来了吗?‎ ‎5. Have you ever dreamt of travelling around the world without passport? ‎ ‎ dreamt是dream的过去分词,dream 此处用作动词。dream作动词时常用于dream of/about结构中,主要有以下含义:‎ ‎ (1)做梦,梦见,梦到。例如:‎ ‎ I dreamt of / about you. 我梦见了你。‎ ‎ (2)向往,渴望,想象。 例如:‎ ‎ I have dreamed of visiting America. 我曾经渴望参观美国。‎ That boy dreams of becoming a pilot. 那个男儿梦想成为一个飞行员。‎ ‎【拓展】dream 作名词,意为“梦,愿望,心愿”等。‎ 例如:‎ It’s my dream to win a Nobel Prize. 我的理想是获得诺贝尔奖。‎ ‎ Your dream has come true. 你的愿望变成了现实。‎ ‎6. Would you mind showing me how to start this online tour?‎ ‎ Would you mind doing sth.? 这一句型通常用来表示请他人做某事,常意为“可否请你做……”或“劳驾你做……”。如果同意、不反对别人做某事,答语用否定形式;例如:Of course not. / Certainly not. 等。 如果不同意、反对别人做某事,答语用肯定形式。一般多用I am sorry...或I’m afraid...等以缓和语气。例如:‎ ‎-Would you mind making some room for the patient? 请你给这位病人让点地方出来行吗? ‎ ‎-Of course not. 当然不介意。‎ ‎【拓展】‎ ‎(1)Do (Would) you mind if...句型用来表示请求对方的许可,即询问对方“是否介意(说话人)做某事”。答语与Would you mind doing sth.?相同。例如:‎ ‎—Do you mind if I smoke? 你介意我抽烟吗?‎ ‎—Not at all, please. 一点也不。‎ ‎—Would you mind me opening that door? 你介意我开门吗?‎ ‎—I’m sorry, but it’s not allowed. 对不起,这是不允许的。‎ ‎(2)mind作可数名词,意为“脑子;想法;记性”。例如:‎ An idea has just come into my mind. 我刚才想到一个主意。 ‎ ‎(3)mind的常用短语: ‎ change one’s mind 改变主意 ‎ make up one’s mind 作决定 keep...in mind 记住 ‎ never mind 不要紧 ‎ Unit 4 A good read ‎1. Have you decided what to do with these books, Hobo?‎ what to do是“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”,在句子中作动词decided的宾语。相当于特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句。例如:‎ I don’t know what to do =I don’t know what I can do next. ‎ 我不知道下一步做什么。‎ ‎【拓展】‎ 疑问词what,which,how,where,when等可以和动词不定式连用,构成不定式短语。“疑问词+动词不定式”可以做主语、宾语、表语等。例如:‎ When to start off hasn’t been decided yet. 什么时候出发还没决定。(做主语)‎ The question is which bus to take. 问题是乘哪辆公共汽车。(做表语)‎ ‎“疑问词+动词不定式”可以由名词从句简化而来。‎ I don’t know what I should say. → I don’t know what to say.‎ 我不知道我该说些什么。‎ ‎2. I’m interested in history books.‎ be interested in…结构,意为“对……感兴趣”,后面跟名词或动名词作宾语。例如:‎ I am very interested in the interesting story.‎ 我对这个有趣的故事很感兴趣。‎ They are interested in playing computer games.‎ 他们对玩电脑游戏感兴趣。‎ ‎【拓展】‎ 辨析:interesting 与interested 这两个词都是形容词。interesting表示某物本身有趣,强调主动,在句子中可以作定语、表语,多用来修饰物。interested着重于被动意义,其主语一般是人。常做表语,后接介词in,一起构成be interested in…结构,意为“对……感兴趣”。例如:‎ ‎3. After our ship crashed against the rocks, I swam as far as I could.‎ as…as one can/could表示“尽某人所能……”,相当于as…as possible。例如:‎ Please come as early as you can. = Please come as early as possible.‎ 请尽可能早来。‎ Lingling talks to her classmates in English as much as she can.‎ ‎= Lingling talks to her classmates in English as much as possible.‎ 玲玲尽可能多地用英语与同学们交谈。‎ ‎4. I shouted at them—the loud noise made them all fall over.‎ make在此处是使役动词,后接省略to的动词不定式,make sb. do sth.意为“使/让某人做某事”,类似的动词还有let,have等。被动语态中,为sb. be made to do sth.,意为“某人被迫做某事”。例如:‎ ‎ They made us forget past. 他们使我们忘记了过去。‎ The boss made him work for 15 hours a day.‎ ‎→He was made to work for 15 hours a day by the boss.‎ ‎ 老板让他一天工作15个小时。‎ ‎【拓展】‎ ‎ make作“使……”讲时,还可用make + 宾语 + 形容词/名词(作宾补),即make sb. / sth. + adj./n.。类似的词还有keep等。例如:‎ ‎ What he said makes us happy. 他所说的话使我们很高兴。‎ ‎ Don’t keep the door open. 别把门开着。‎ ‎ We made John our monitor. 我们选约翰当班长。‎ ‎5. Sandy is wondering where to ask for help.‎ wonder作及物动词,意为“想知道;对……感到怀疑”,常见的用法有: ‎ ‎(1)后接who, what, why, where 等引导的宾语从句。例如:‎ I wonder who she is. 我想知道她是谁。 ‎ She wondered what the child was doing. ‎ 她感到疑惑,孩子究竟在干什么。 ‎ I wonder why Ann is late. 我想知道安为什么迟到了。 ‎ I wonder where they have gone. 我想知道他们去哪儿了。 ‎ ‎(2)后接 that 引导的宾语从句,表示“对……感到惊讶”, that常可省去。 例如:‎ I wonder (that) she has won the race. ‎ 我对她赢了比赛感到惊讶。 ‎ ‎(3)后接 if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句,常用来表示一种委婉的请求或疑问。例如:‎ She wondered whether you were free that morning. ‎ 她想知道你那天上午是否有空。 ‎ I wonder if he will succeed. ‎ 我不知道他会不会成功。‎ Unit 5 Good manners ‎1. You’re old enough to learn about manners now, Hobo.‎ ‎(1) enough是形容词,意为“充足的,充分的,足够的”,可作表语或定语,作定语时,可放在名词的前面或后面。例如:‎ ‎ The food is enough for the trip. 用于这次旅行的食物足够了。‎ ‎ I have enough time to watch TV. 我有足够的时间看电视。‎ ‎(2) enough还可作副词,意为“足够得”,这时enough需放在所修饰的形容词或副词后面。‎ 例如:The young man is strong enough to carry the heavy bag. ‎ 那个年轻人足够强壮能搬重包。‎ ‎【拓展】‎ ‎ (1) enough…to do sth. “有足够的……做某事”。例如:‎ ‎ I don’t have enough time to eat lunch. 我没有足够的时间吃午饭。‎ ‎ (2) …enough to do…可以同too…to…或so…that…结构互相转换。例如:‎ ‎ He isn’t old enough to go to school. ‎ ‎= He is too young to go to school. ‎ ‎= He is so young that he can’t go to school. ‎ 他太小而不能上学。‎ ‎2. What do you means?‎ ‎(1)mean作及物动词,表示“打算,意味着”,后接名词,动词不定式短语或从句。例如:‎ ‎ The red light means “Stop”. 红灯表示停止。‎ ‎ I mean to go shopping. 我打算去购物。‎ ‎ The sign means that the road is blocked. 这个标志表示此路不通。 ‎ ‎ (2)mean的名词形式是meaning,表示“意思、含义”。例如:‎ ‎ What’s the meaning of the word? 这个单词的是什么意思?‎ ‎(3)What do / did you mean by...? 该句型的意思是“你……是什么意思?” 例如: ‎ ‎  What do you mean by acting like this? 你这样做是什么意思? ‎ It was too heavy for me to carry the bag alone. 我独自背这个袋子,真是太重了。‎ ‎3. If you’re in their way, they won’t touch you or push past you.‎ 这是含有if引导的条件状语从句的复合句,要注意:条件状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来。另外,主句也可以用祈使句或含有情态动词的句子。if译为“如果”。例如:‎ If the rain doesn’t stop, we will stay here. ‎ 如果这场雨不停的话,我们就呆在这儿。‎ If you work hard, you can speak English well. ‎ 只要你努力,你的英语就会讲得很好 I will give him a treat if he comes. 如果他来,我会招待他。‎ ‎4. British people are very polite at home as well, aren’t they?‎ as well是副词短语,意为“也,还”,相当于too,一般放在句末,有时和连词and或but 搭配使用。例如:‎ Why don’t you come along as well? ‎ 为什么你不也一起来呢? ‎ He does other important work as well. ‎ 他也从事其它的重要工作。‎ ‎【拓展】‎ ‎ (1) also意为“也”,用于肯定句中,置于be动词/助动词/情态动词之后,行为动词之前。‎ 例如:‎ ‎ He can also play the piano. 他也会弹钢琴。‎ ‎ (2) too有“也”的意思,too用于肯定句且置于句末,其前一般用逗号隔开。‎ ‎ Jack is a worker, too. Jack也是工人。‎ ‎ (3) either表示“也”时,用于否定句且置于句末,其前用逗号隔开。‎ ‎ He can’t swim. I can’t swim, either. 他不会游泳,我也不会。‎ ‎5. I’m sure they’re helpful to us.‎ be sure意为“确定,有把握”。be not sure意为“不确定;没有把握”。例如:‎ ‎ If you are not sure how to do it, ask me. ‎ 如果你不能确定怎样做,就问我。‎ ‎ that从句 意为“相信……;确信……”。‎ ‎ be sure + of… 意为“一定会获得,赢得某物,后接名词或动词-ing形式”。‎ ‎ to do sth. 一定要做某事,肯定要做某事。‎ 例如:‎ ‎ We are sure that he is honest. 我们相信他是诚实的。‎ ‎ You are sure of a warm welcome. 你一定会受到热烈的欢迎。‎ ‎ It’s sure to rain tomorrow. 明天一定会下雨。‎ Unit 6 Sunshine for all ‎1. It’s meaningful to do something for the Olympics.‎ ‎ 本句用了“It is/was + adj. + to do sth.”的结构,It is/was + adj. + to do sth.意为“做某事是……的”,to do sth.为句子的真正的主语,而it为形式主语,形式主语不能用别的词来代替,句中可在形容词后加for sb.,意为“对于某人来说,做某事是……的”。例如:‎ ‎ It’s important for us to learn a foreign language. ‎ 对我们来说,学习一门外语是相当重要的。‎ ‎ It’s necessary for us to eat more fruit and vegetables. ‎ 对我们来说,多吃蔬菜和水果是必要的。‎ ‎【拓展】‎ ‎ 这个句型中的for sb.有时也可以用of sb. 二者意义有区别:‎ ‎ (1)在It’s + adj. + for sb. to do sth. 中,for sb.意为“对某人来说”,句中的形容词是用来说明to do sth.的,形式主语只能用it。例如:‎ ‎ It’s necessary for the students to do some housework. ‎ 对于学生们来说,做些家务是十分必要的。‎ ‎ (2)在It’s + adj. + of sb. to do sth. 中of sb. 意为“某人……”,句中形容词可与逻辑主语sb. 构成系表结构,即形容词是用来说明或形容sb.(某人)的。例如:‎ ‎ It’s very kind of you to help us. 你能帮助我们真是太好了。‎ ‎2.They include many events similar to those in the Olympics.‎ ‎ be similar to意为“与……相似”,一般用在相近似的物品和情境的对比上。其中to为介词,其后多接名词或者代词。be similar in…意为“在……方面相似”。例如:‎ His problem is similar to yours. 他的问题和你的相似。‎ Our cars are similar only in colour.我们的车只是颜色相似。‎ ‎ 【拓展】 same 与similar ‎ (1)same意为“相同的,同样的”,其前常用定冠词the。例如:‎ ‎ We have lunch at the same table. 我们在同一张桌子上吃午饭。‎ ‎ (2)similar 意为“相似的,类似的”,并不完全一样。例如:‎ ‎ Lily is similar to Lucy in many ways. 在好多方面莉莉同露西相似。‎ ‎3. Maybe that’s why this event is so different from other usual games.‎ different 形容词,意为“不同的”。其名词形式为“difference”。‎ The two answers are different. 这两个答案是不同的。‎ Can you tell me the differences between them? 你能告诉我他们的不同之处吗?‎ be different from意为“与……不同”。其反义词组为the same as意为“和……一样/相同” 例如:‎ Saying a thing is very different from doing it. 说一件事和做一件事很不相同。‎ I am in the same school as my younger sister. 我和我的妹妹在同一所学校。‎ ‎4. What are the Special Olympics World Games for?‎ ‎ what…for意为“有什么用,为什么”。是不理解对方动机或询问对方目的和用途时的用语,for位于句末,一般用动词不定式或for的介词短语回答。例如:‎ What did you hit him for? 你为什么打他?‎ ‎— What did you do that for? 你为什么做那件事?‎ — To finish the work early. 为了早完成这项工作。‎ ‎— I’m going to Paris. 我要去巴黎。‎ ‎— What for? (= What are you going to Paris for?) 去做什么?‎ ‎【拓展】‎ why也表示“为什么”,但重在询问原因,一般用because回答。例如:‎ ‎(1)— Why do you like P.E.? 你为什么喜欢体育?‎ ‎— Because it’s interesting. 因为它有趣。‎ ‎(2)— What do you like P.E. for? 你为什么喜欢体育?‎ ‎— To keep healthy. 为了保持健康。‎ ‎5. Do you have any trouble talking to people with intellectual disabilities?‎ have trouble doing sth. 意为“做某事有困难”,这时trouble可以用difficulty来代替。‎ 例如:I had no trouble finding his phone number. ‎ 我毫不费力就找到了他的电话号码。 Did you have any trouble getting there? ‎ 你到那里有没有遇到什么困难?‎ ‎ 【拓展】‎ in trouble/get into trouble/get sb. into trouble 意为“遇到困难;遇到麻烦”。例如:‎ He was in trouble with the Customs. 他在海关那里有了麻烦。‎ This will get you into trouble. 这件事将给你带来麻烦。‎ Unit 7 International charities ‎1. Eddie, more money is needed for charity.‎ 句子用的是一般现在时的被动语态,表示“钱被慈善机构需要”,即“慈善机构需要钱”。‎ 被动语态的结构是:主语+be done(及物动词的过去分词),be是随人称和时态变化而变化的。例如:‎ ‎ The desk is cleaned by me. 我每天擦桌子(桌子每天被我擦)。‎ ‎【拓展】‎ ‎(1)一般现在时的被动语态:am/ is/ are done 例如:‎ ‎  The blackboard is cleaned by the students every class.‎ 黑板每节课都要被学生擦干净。‎ ‎(2)一般过去时的被动语态:was/ were done 例如:‎ The computer was invented last century. 电脑是上个世纪被发明的。‎ ‎(3)一般将来时的被动语态:shall/will be done 例如:‎ A new school will be built in our village next year.‎ ‎ 明年一所新的学校将在我们村庄建设。‎ ‎(4)现在进行时的被动语态:am/is/are being done 例如:‎ A sports meeting is being held in our school now. 运动会正在我们学校举行。‎ ‎(5)现在完成时的被动语态:have/has been done 例如:‎ All of the work has been finished since I came here.‎ ‎ 自从我来这里以来,所有的工作都已经完成。‎ ‎(6)含有情态动词的被动语态:can/may/must/should be done 例如:‎ Your homework must be handed in after school.‎ 你们的家庭作业必须在放学后交上。‎ ‎2. The plane is also used as a training centre.‎ ‎ used常与for或as连用,构成短语use...for,意为“用来做……;为了……而使用”, use...as意为“作为……使用;用作……之意”。 例如: ‎ Bamboo can be used for carrying water. 竹子可以用来运水。 ‎ The computer can be used as a tool.计算机可以被当作工具用。‎ ‎【拓展】‎ used to后跟动词不定式,used to do sth. 意为“过去常常做某事”,暗示现在已经不再做某事。 be/get/become used to doing sth意为“习惯于做某事”。例如: ‎ He used to be a quiet boy. 他过去是个安静的男孩。‎ He came from the north, so he wasn’t used to living in the south.‎ 他来自北方,所以不习惯于住在南方。‎ ‎2. Many of our patients can’t afford to go to hospital.‎ afford在此意为“买的起,支付的起”; 常与can, could, be, be able to 连用,表示“为某目的有足够的钱、时间、地方等负担,承担”。常接名词、代词或者动词不定式,多用于否定句中。‎ 例如:‎ This kind of computer is too expensive and I can’t afford it.‎ 这种电脑太贵了,我买不起。‎ At last I can afford a watch.我终于买得起一只手表了。 ‎ I could not afford so much money for a bicycle.‎ 我出不起那么多钱买一辆自行车。 ‎ ‎3. I’m proud to help people see again and improve their lives.‎ proud 是形容词,be proud to do sth.意为“为做某事而骄傲”。例如:‎ We are proud to be a league member. 我们为成为团员而骄傲 be proud of sth. 意为“以……而骄傲”。例如: I am very proud of being a Chinese. 作为一名中国人我很自豪 ‎ ‎【拓展】 ‎ pride是名词,意为“骄傲,自豪”。 常用的结构:take pride in sth. 意为“为某事骄傲”。 They take great pride in her daughter who is now a famous scientist. 他们为成为科学家的女儿而感到自豪。 He is the pride of our city. 他是我们城市的骄傲。‎ ‎5. You’ll be all right in a few days.‎ ‎ in后接一段时间,经常用在一般将来时,表示一段时间后的行为状态。对一般将来时句子中的“in+一段时间”提问,要用how soon,表示“多久将做某事”。例如:‎ He will arrive in Beijing in three days.  他将在三天后到北京。‎ How soon will he arrive in Beijing? 他将多久到北京?‎ ‎【拓展】 ‎ ‎(1)after和in均可与一段时间连用,表示“在……之后”,但 after 表示以过去时间为起点的一段时间以后,因此通常与过去时连用;而 in 则表示从现在算起的一段时间以后,因此通常用于将来时或含有将来意义的句子。例如:‎ He came back after three days. 三天后他回来了。‎ I’ll come back in three days. 我三天后回来。‎ I think he can come back in three days. 我想他 三天后可以回来。‎ ‎(2)after 除与一段时间连用外,还可与一点时间连用,此时可用于将来时(in 不能与点时间连用)。例如:‎ He will arrive after five o’clock. 他五点钟以后到。‎ Unit 8 A green world ‎1. treat something used so that it can be used again ‎(1) so that的意思是“为了;以致”,它引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句。例如:‎ They opened a technical training course so that the managers and clerks could attend it during their spare time.他们开了一个技术训练班,为了经理和职员们在业余的时间可以去上课。‎ Please switch the light on so that we can see what it is.‎ 请开灯,让我们看一下它是什么东西。‎ I took an early bus so that I got there in time.‎ 我乘了早班公共汽车,及时到了那里。‎ ‎【拓展】‎ so… that…的意思是“如此……以至于……”,它引导结果状语从句。在口语中,so…that…的that常被省去。‎ 例如:‎ She felt so sad that tears came to her eyes.‎ 她非常悲伤,泪水盈眶。‎ John was so drunk(that)he could not stand still.‎ 约翰醉得站也站不住了。‎ He spoke so rapidly(that)we could hardly follow him.‎ 他说得很快,我们很难听清楚他在说什么。‎ ‎2. Really? What do they do to keep their country clean?‎ ‎ keep + 名词 / 代词+ 形容词,意为“使……保持某种状态”。例如:‎ ‎ Keep the door open, please. 请让门开着。‎ ‎ Keep the window closed. 关着窗户。‎ ‎ Coats can keep you warm. 外套能使你暖和。‎ ‎ 【拓展】‎ ‎ (1) keep sth.意为“保存某物,保管某物”。例如:‎ ‎ How long can I keep the book? 这本书我能借多长时间?‎ ‎ (2) keep sb. doing sth.使(某人)不停做某事。例如:‎ ‎ I’m sorry for keeping you waiting so long. 对不起,让你久等了。‎ ‎3. Coal, oil and natural gas are not only useful for families, but have a wider use for factories.‎ ‎(1) not only...but (also)的意思是“不但……而且……”,连接两个并列成分,如果连接两个主语的时候,谓语动词和后面的主语保持一致。例如:‎ Not only my mother but (also) I like to go to the garden.‎ 不仅妈妈而且我也喜欢去公园。‎ He can play not only the piano but also the violin. 他不仅会弹钢琴,还会拉小提琴。‎ He was not only a writer but (also) an actor. 他不仅是一位作家,而且是一位演员。‎ ‎(2) 以not only…but also 开头的句子往往引起倒装。‎ ‎ Not only did he complain about the food, but he refused to pay for it.‎ ‎ 他不仅抱怨饭不好吃,而且拒绝付饭钱。‎ ‎4. …so it is time for us to go green!‎ It’s time to+动词原形,意为“该到做某事的时间了”;It’s time for后接名词或动词-ing形式,也表示“该到做某事的时间了”。 例如:‎ It is time to leave. = It is time for leaving. 该是离开的时候了。‎ ‎ It’s time for school. 该上学了。‎ ‎【拓展】‎ It’s time to…中间也可以加上for sb, 表示“该到某人该做某事的时间了”。  例如:‎ It is time for us to go to bed. 该是我们睡觉的时候了。‎ ‎5. Here are the results of the survey.‎ ‎ 在英语中,副词here,there等放于句首时常使用倒装语序。例如:‎ Look, here comes the bus. 看,公共汽车来了! 在此结构中,当主语是名词时完全倒装,即:强调部分+谓语+主语;当主语是代词时不倒装。例如:‎ Here comes Daisy. Daisy来了。‎ Here he is. 他在这儿。‎