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初中英语语法归纳:代词

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初中英语语法归纳:代词 代词(pron.)代替名词,兼有名词和形容词的作用 ‎  (一)代词的类别 ‎  相互代词 each other,one another ‎  指示代词 this,that,these,those ‎  不定代词(不指明特定的人或事物的代词)each,every,both,all,either,neither,none,no,one,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,many,much,other,another ‎  复合不定代词 everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,no one,every-thing,something,anything,nothing ‎  疑问代词 what,who,whom,which,whose ‎  直接代词 疑问代词都可作连接代词,引导宾语从句。表语从句等。‎ ‎  关系代词 who,whom,whose,that,which用引导定语从句。‎ ‎  (二)代词的用法 ‎  1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法 ‎  (1)人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格用来作主语,宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。‎ ‎  eg. She gave me a red apple.她给了我一个红苹果: (She作主语,me作动词宾语)‎ ‎  Kath is near him.凯西靠近他。(介词near的宾语)‎ ‎  2.物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。‎ ‎  ①形容词性物主代词位于名词前:their school,his backpack ‎  ②名词性物主代词相当干一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语等,后面不能再接名词。‎ ‎  egIt isn’t my pen.→Mine(=my pen) is missing.(作主语)‎ ‎  I left my pen at home. You can use hers(=her pen),(作宾语)‎ ‎  ③“of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。‎ ‎  eg.a cat of hers她的一条狗,a friend of yours你的一个朋友 ‎  3.反身代词 ‎  ①反身代词在句中可作同位语,起强调作用,也可作动词或介词的宾语。‎ ‎  eg.A few days later,I myself had to go to Paris.(作同位语)‎ ‎  She bought herself a new bag.(作动词宾语)‎ ‎  He’s not worried about himself.(作介词宾语)‎ ‎  ②带有反身代词的常用短语。‎ ‎  teach oneself 自学 ‎  help oneself to 随便吃些…吧 ‎  say to oneself 自言自语。‎ ‎  learn……by oneself 自学…‎ ‎  enjoy oneself 过得愉快 ‎  leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下 ‎  hurt oneself 伤了自己 ‎  dress oneself 自己穿衣服 ‎  come to oneself 苏醒过来 ‎  4.相互代词 ‎  ①表示相互关系,可用作动词或介词的宾语,用法区别不大。‎ ‎  eg. For years, the two sisters looked after one another(each other)。多年来姐妹俩互相照顾。‎ ‎  We should learn from each other. 我们应当互相学习。‎ ‎  ②可以用格表示所有关系:each other’s, one another’s互相的,彼此的 ‎  eg.They are looking at each other’s pictures.他们相互看对方的照片。‎ ‎ 5.指示代词 ‎  ①指示代词有单复数之分,既可指物,也可用于介绍人。‎ ‎  eg. This is an apple tree,and that is an orange tree.这是一棵苹果树,那是一棵桔子树。‎ ‎  These are my friends,and that is my sister.这些是我朋友,那个是我姐姐。‎ ‎  ②指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情:‎ ‎  eg.Steve had a bad cold.This/That was why he didn’t come to school yesterday.‎ ‎  2.不定代词 ‎  (1)each,every,both,all,either,neither,no,none的用法 ‎  ①each“每个/各个”(强调个体),用于两者或两者以上。‎ ‎  eg.Two girls came and l gave an apple to each.来了俩姑娘,我给她们每人一个苹果。‎ ‎  Each of them has a nice ring.她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。‎ ‎  ②every“每个/各个”(强调全体),用于两者以上。every常作形容词用。‎ ‎  eg.Every day is important to us.每天对我们都很重要。‎ ‎  He has read every book(all the books) On the subject.他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书。‎ ‎  ③both表示两者“都”(强调全体)。‎ ‎  eg.Her parents are both doctors.她父母都是医生。‎ ‎  Both of them are doctors.他俩都是医生。‎ ‎  They both like potatoes.他俩喜欢吃土豆。‎ ‎  ④all“全体/大家/一切”用于三者以上,也可接不可数名词。‎ ‎  eg.That’s all for today.今天到此为止。‎ ‎  All of us are from China.我们都来自中国。‎ ‎  All the food is delicious.所有的食物都很好吃。‎ ‎  ⑤either“两者之一”,用于两者(强调个体)。‎ ‎  eg.The two coats are cheap,so you can choose either of them.那两件外套不贵,你可以随便挑一件。‎ ‎  ⑥neither“两个都不”,用于否定两者。‎ ‎  eg. Neither Of the books is/are so interesting.那两本书没一本好看的。‎ ‎  ⑦no(=not any/not a)“没有”可接可数名词单复数,也可接不可数名词。‎ ‎  eg.I have no brothers Or sisters.我没有兄弟姐妹。‎ ‎  A clock has no mouth,but it can talk. 钟表没有嘴,但能说话。‎ ‎  There is no fire without some smoke.有火就有烟。‎ ‎  ⑧none“没有一个人/物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名词 ‎  eg.None Of them has/have been to Japan.他们都没去过日本。‎ ‎  I like none of the books.这些书我全都不喜欢。‎ ‎  ⑨neither和none表示完全否定;all,both,each和every(含every的复合词)等与not连用时表示部分否定。‎ ‎  eg.I don’t know all of you.我不完全认识你们。‎ ‎  Not everyone Of us know how to go there.不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿。‎ ‎(2)one,ones和no one的用法 ‎  one用来代替前面刚提到的一个东西或一个人,以免重复;复数ones用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人;no one表示否定。‎ ‎  eg.——Would you please pass me the science book?给我递过那本科学方面的书好吗?‎ ‎  一Which one?哪一本?‎ ‎  一The one on my shelf.我书架上的那本。‎ ‎  No one has traveled farther than to the moon.没有人旅行远过月球。‎ ‎  (3)(a)few,(a)little;many,much;some,any的用法 ‎  ①many(+复数名词),much(+不可数名词)表示“许多/很多”。‎ ‎  eg.Many Of the students come from England.那些学生许多是从英国来的。‎ ‎  Thanks,it’s too much for me.谢谢,我承受不起。‎ ‎  ②few(+复数名词),little(+不可数名词)表示“没多/很少”(表否定)。‎ ‎  eg,There were few people in the street last night.昨晚街上没什么人。‎ ‎  I am very worried that l have little time to finish the job.我担心,我几乎没有时间完成这份工作了。‎ ‎  ③a few(+复数名词),a little(+不可数名词)表示“有一些/有几个”(表肯定)。‎ ‎  eg.I call see a few cakes and a little bread inthe fridge.我看到冰箱里有几块蛋糕和一些面包。注意:quite a few表示“相当多”‎ ‎  eg.There are quite a few students over there.那儿有相当多的学生。‎ ‎  ④some(+复数名词/不可数名词),any(+复数名词/不可数名词)表示“有一些/有几个”(表肯定)。‎ ‎  eg.There are some birds in the tree.树上有些鸟。‎ ‎  There is some water in the bottle.瓶里有些水。‎ ‎  I don’t have any brothers Of sisters.我没有 ‎  Is there any tea in the cup?杯子里有茶吗?‎ ‎  ⑤some一般用于肯定句,但在表示请求、建议。反问等的疑问句中,多用some.‎ ‎  eg: Would you like some beer?你要不要来点啤酒吗?‎ ‎  Why didn’t you buy some sweets?(You should have bought……)你怎么没买点糖果?‎ ‎  ⑥any一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句 ‎  eg.There isn’t any water left.没有剩下一点水。‎ ‎  If you have any questions, put up your hands.please.如果有问题,请举手。‎ ‎  ⑦some+单数名词表示“某一个”,any+单数名词表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个”。‎ ‎  eg.I’ll catch up with you some day有一天我会赶上你的。‎ ‎  Come any day you like.你哪天来都行。‎ ‎  Tom is taller than any other student in his class.汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高。‎ ‎  ④one ,other, others, the others ,another等的用法 ‎  1.○ ● one……the other ‎  表示两个人或两件东西中的“一个…另一个”‎ ‎  eg.Mr Smith has two daughters.0ne is a teacher,the other is a nurse.‎ ‎  2....one……another ‎  表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另—个”。‎ ‎  eg. I don’t want this One, please give me another.‎ ‎  3..one ……the others ‎  强调在一定范围中的“一个”与“其余的”。‎ ‎  eg. In Our school One Of the teachers is American,the Others are Chinese.‎ ‎ 4.○○○ ●●●● some…… the others ‎  表示许多人或物,不在一定范围中的“一部分”与“其余的全部”。‎ ‎  eg.Some students are reading,the others are drawing pictures.‎ ‎  ⑤others=other+名词;the others=the Other+名词。‎ ‎  eg.Some students like traveling,others(other students) like watching TV at home.‎ ‎  ⑥another表示“再/又”时既可接单数名词,也可接数词+复数名词。‎ ‎  eg. He will be able to finish his work in another two hours.再过两个小时他就能完成他的工作。‎ ‎  (4)复合不定代词的用法 ‎  ①复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。‎ ‎  eg.Someone is knocking at the door.有人在敲门 ‎  ②修饰复合不定代词的形容词或其它词要放在其后,即定语后置。‎ ‎  eg.There is something important On today’s newspaper.今天的报纸有些重要新闻。‎ ‎  ③复合不定代词变否定句时,要否定主语:‎ ‎  eg.Something is wrong.(变为否定句)‎ ‎  Something isn’t wrong.(错误)‎ ‎  Nothing is wrong.(正确)‎ ‎  ④Somebody,someone,something一般用于肯定句;anybody,anyone,anything一般用于否定句、疑问句及条件句。‎ ‎  eg.There is something new in the park.公园里有些新的景点。‎ ‎  Do you have anything interesting to tell us?你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗?‎ ‎  ⑤当somebody,someone等用于疑问句时,表示肯定、请求、建议或反问;anybody,anyone等用在肯定句中表示“任何人”。‎ ‎  eg.Is someone coming this afternoon?今天下午有客人来吗?‎ ‎  Anyone can make mistakes. 任何人都可能犯错误。‎ ‎  3.疑问代词的用法。‎ ‎  (1)who/whom 谁(指人)。‎ ‎  ①作主语 eg. Who wants to go with him?‎ ‎  ②作宾语 eg.Who/Whom are you waiting for?(作介词for的宾语)‎ ‎  eg.Who/Whom do you want to meet?(作动词meet的宾语)‎ ‎  ③作表语 eg.Who/Whom are they?‎ ‎  (2)whose谁的 ‎  ①作定语 eg. Whose pen is this?‎ ‎  ②作表语 eg. Whose is this pen?‎ ‎  (3)which哪一个,哪一些 ‎  ①作定语 eg.Which girl is Kathy?‎ ‎  ②作表语 eg. Which is the boy’s ball?‎ ‎  (4)what什么 ‎  ①作主主语 eg. What’s on the table?‎ ‎  ②作宾语 eg. What are you doing?‎ ‎  ③作表语 eg. What is he?‎ ‎  ④作定语 eg. What class are you in?‎ ‎  4.关系代词的用法 ‎  关系代词用来引起定语从句,它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词,另——方面又在从句中充当一个成分。‎ ‎  eg·This is the man who gave me the book. 这就是给我书的那个人。‎ ‎  The money that/which is on the table is mine. 桌上的钱是我的。‎ ‎  The money that/which my mother gave me is on the table. 我妈妈给我的钱在桌上。  ‎ ‎ ‎

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