初中英语语法归纳：宾语从句 8页

初中英语语法归纳：宾语从句 一、概述 ‎　　宾语从句是主从复合句的一种。主从复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的。‎ ‎　　主句是复合句的主体，从句仅仅是主句的一个成分，它从属于主句，不能独立。从句在全句中充当什么成分，就叫什么从句。宾语从句当中的从句在全句中作宾语。‎ ‎　　简单句She knew the teacher(宾语)复合句 She knew that the teacher had seen the film.(宾从)‎ ‎　　二、宾语从句 ‎　　1.语序 ‎　　无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句+连词+宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种：‎ ‎　　1)连接词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有： who，what，which等。如：‎ ‎　　Could you tell me who knows the answer，please?你能告诉我谁知道答案吗?‎ ‎　　The small children don't know what is in their stockings.这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西.‎ ‎　　I don't know which belongs to my father.‎ ‎　　2)连接词+名词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有：whose，what，which，how many，how much等。如：‎ ‎　　He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。‎ ‎　　The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.老师问我们房间里有多少人。‎ ‎　　3)连接词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有：who(m)，what，which, how many, how much, when, why, how, where, if /whether(在句中不充当任何成分)。如：‎ ‎　　He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi.他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。‎ ‎　　Could you tell me what I should do with the money ?你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗?‎ ‎　　4)连接词+名词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有：what，which，how many，how much，how等。如：‎ ‎　　Do you know which class he is in ?你知道他在哪个班吗?‎ ‎　　She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。‎ ‎　2.连接词 ‎　　1)当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：‎ ‎　　He said that he could finish his work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。‎ ‎　　2)当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：‎ ‎　　I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years.‎ ‎　　但在下列情况下只能用whether：‎ ‎　　① 在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether(if…or not也可以使用)。如：‎ ‎　　Let me know whether /if he will come or not.(=Let me know whethe or not he will come)‎ ‎　　I don't know whether/if he does any washing or not.(=I don't know whether or not he does any washing.)‎ ‎　　I wonder whether we stay or whether we go.‎ ‎　　② 在介词之后用whether。如：‎ ‎　　I'm interested in whether he likes English.我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。‎ ‎　　We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time.‎ ‎　　I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我担心是否伤了她的感情。‎ ‎　　③ 在不定式前用whether。如：‎ ‎　　He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man.他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。‎ ‎　　I don't know whether to go.我不知去否。‎ ‎　　He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train.他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。‎ ‎　　④ whether置于句首时，不能换用if。如：‎ ‎　　Whether this is true or not，I can't say.这是否真的我说不上来。‎ ‎　　⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如：‎ ‎　　Whether she will come or not is still a question.她是否能来还是个问题。‎ ‎　　The question is whether we can catch the bus.问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。‎ ‎　　⑥ 若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。如：‎ ‎　　Please let me know if you like the book.可理解为：a. Please let me know whether you like the book.请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。B. If you like the book, please let me know.你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我。‎ ‎　　3)如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如：‎ ‎　　Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?‎ ‎3.时态 ‎　　含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：‎ ‎　　1)如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如：‎ ‎　　I don't know when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。‎ ‎　　He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。‎ ‎　　2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如：‎ ‎　　①The children didn't know who he was.孩子们不知道他是谁。‎ ‎　　②He asked his father how it happened.他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。‎ ‎　　3)如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。如：‎ ‎　　The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转。‎ ‎　　4.注意：‎ ‎　　if和when既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时，分别意为“是否”和“何时”，其时态应和主句时态相呼应;它们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如”和“当……时候”，当主句时态是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如：‎ ‎　　—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ?你知道他明天什么时候回来吗?‎ ‎　　—Sorry, I don't know. When he comes back, I'll tell you. 对不起，不知道。当他回来了，我将告诉你。‎ ‎　　—I don't know if he will come.我不知道他是否会来。‎ ‎　　—He will come if it doesn't rain.如果不下雨，他会来的。‎ ‎★宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句(六种方法)，使其与原句意思相同(或相近)的试题。‎ ‎　　方法一：当主句谓语动词是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise(和主观决定有关)等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：‎ ‎　　Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.‎ ‎　　We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.‎ ‎　　方法二：当主句谓语动词是know， learn， remember， forget， tell(和记忆认知有关)等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：‎ ‎　　She has forgotten how she can open the window. →She has forgotten how to open the window.‎ ‎　　注：当主句谓语动词是tell， ask， show， teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：‎ ‎　　Could you tell me how I can get to the station? →Could you tell me how to get to the station?‎ ‎　　方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order(命令)，require(需要)等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词(代词)+不定式”结构。例如：The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. → The headmaster ordered us to start at once.‎ ‎　　方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词(短语)等其他形式简化。例如：‎ ‎　　He insisted that he should go with us. →He insisted on going with us.‎ ‎　　The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born. →The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.‎ ‎　　方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式(作宾语补足语)”结构。例如：Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.‎ ‎　　方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式(短语)来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：It seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win.‎ ‎　　除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：‎ ‎　　I found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well.‎ ‎　　Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.‎ ‎　　They found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heavy