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初中英语复习 精华版笔记

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初中英语笔记大全(精华版)lThisisthekeytothedoor.这是开门的钥匙。lcallsb.=phonesb.=ringsb.uppleasegivemeacall.请打电话给我lfamily指家庭时是单数,谓语动词用“is”,family指家人时是复数,谓语动词用“are”。lof表示无生命物体的所有格,s表示有生命物体的所有格。有生命物体的所有格也可以用of,但有生命物体后要加“s”。l以副词there或here开头的句子常要倒装,以示强调。lWhat’syourname,please?=Couldyoutellmeyourname,please?=MayIhaveyourname,please?lNicetomeetyou.=Gladtomeetyou.=Pleasedtomeetyou.l写启示的方法:1.启示的主题;2.描述细节;3.留下联系方式。l表示惊讶、忧伤、微怒、失望等,可以用dear作感叹词。l名词如果有数量词修饰它,使用谓语动词适应看他的数量词,如:lgettosomewhere(gethome除外)到达……ll肯定:Let+宾语(人称代词的宾格或名词)+V原型+……否定:Don’tlet+宾语+V原型+……/Let+宾语+not+V原型+……lhave表示“有”时才可以用来提问或写成否定“haven’t”。ll联系动词be动词+adj.作表语感官动词look看sound听smell闻taste尝\nllfell触ll反身代词:myself(我自己)yourself(你自己)himself(他自己)herself(她自己)itself(它自己)ourselves(我们自己)yourselves(你们自己)themselves(他们自己)lHowmuch+be+商品?(答:It’s/They’re……)=Whatisthepriceof……?(答:It’s……)lcent美分Onedollar=100centslother(两者中的另一个)another(三者中的另一个)l越接近物品本身性质的形容词越靠近物品,如:bigbluehatl帮助某人做某事helpsb.(to)dosth.helpsb.withsth.withthehelp(n.)ofsb.e.g.Hestudiesmathwell,withthehelpofteacher.l一般将来时的一般形式:主语+will+动词原形+……lCanIhelpyou?=WhatcanIdoforyou?=(Isthere)anythingIcandoforyou?lwelcomea.受欢迎的v.欢迎n.欢迎getawarmwelcome得到热烈欢迎lbe动词不加动词原形l“hundred,thousand”与基数词一起表示具体数字时不加“s”。hundredsof上百thousandsof上千lbuysth.forsb.=buysb.(间接宾语)sth.(直接宾语)为某人买某物lanybody在肯定句中表示任何人,在否定句和疑问句中不是。lfor表示动词的对象或接受者,表示用途,表示目的,表示等价交换或标注价格,表示时间持续多久,表示距离,表示理由或原因。leach强调两者或两者以上的每一个,强调个体+第三人称单数every强调三者或三者以上的每一个,强调整体TherearemanytreesoneachsideoftheroadTherearemanytreesonbothsidesoftheroadlthepriceislow(high)价格低(高)l也also放在be动词、情态动词、助动词之后,实意动词之前either放在句末(疑问句、否定句)too放在句末(肯定句)lonacoldmorning在一个寒冷的早晨lwhen……?答不用具体时间whattime……?答要用具体时间l比赛contest和智力或知识有关的竞赛game\nmatch有计划预先安排好的比赛l持续一段时间的节日一般用“festival”.lakindof一种manykindof许多种allkindsof各种各样lkindof……有几分……如:Theelephantsarekindofcute.l含有think的宾语从句中如果从句中有否定,要否定前移,如:Shedoesn’tthinktheyareboring.(她认为他们不无聊)l问:Howareyou?答:I’mfine.(我很好。)/Justsoso.(一般般。)l表示时间、价格、距离的名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。如:Twodollarsisenough(足够)。l怎么判断双音节单词中第一个音节是开音节还是闭音节:双音节单词中的两个元音是两个音节的中心,元音是由元音字母或元音字母组合发出的音,因此,首先找到单词中的两个元音字母或元音字母组合,两个中心就清楚了。两个中心之间的辅音字母(不是字母组合)则分别划归两个音节,第一个音节即为闭音节,如果两个中心之间的辅音字母为双写字母(包括“r”),分别划归前后,第一个音节按闭音节读音。如:paper/’peipə/(pa为开音节)member/’membə/(mem为闭音节)happy/’hæpi/(hap为闭音节)sorry/’sɔri/(sor为闭音节)certainly/’sə:tnil/lIamsorry.Ican’tgowithyou.(对不起。我不能和你一起去。)lThanks./Thankyou./Thankyouverymuch./Thankalot./Manythanks.lYouarewelcome./That’sOK./That’sallright.lIt’smypleasure./Withpleasure.(这是我的荣幸。)lmakefriendwithsb.(和……交朋友)lThanksfor+n./v.ing=Thankssb.for+n./v.inglbelow在……下方(非正下方)反义词:above在……上面(非正上方,没有接触面)under在……下面(正下方)反义词:on(有接触面),over(没有接触面)在……上面(正上方)lkeep+sth.+adj.使某物保持某状态。keep+adj.保持某状态。l表示请求、建议、希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句用“some”。l问:Let……答:OK./Allright./That’sagoodidea./Thatsoundsgood./Sorry.lsport用来修饰名词要变为sports。lplay+the+乐器Erhu除外lbe动词后叫表语,修饰名词叫定语,修饰动词叫状语,前后两词对等叫同位语。l人民币和日元变复数不变,其他要。lbegoodwithsb.=getonwellwithsb.与某人相处的很好l问:HowoftendoesRickrunonweekend?答:Rickusuallyrunsonweekend.lalways(总是)usually(通常)often(经常)sometime(有时)seldom(很少)never(从不)\nl频度副词放在be动词或助动词之后,实意动词或行为动词之前。l感叹句:What+(a/an)+adj.+n.+(主)+(谓)!如:Whatbeautifulflowerstheyare!How+adj./adv.+(主)+(谓)!如:Howbeautifultheflowersare!lCanyouthinkwhathisjobis?含有宾语从句的复合句,宾语从句的从句必须是陈述句。lStarttodosth.开始做某事lbefamousfor……因……出名l忙于某事bebusydoingsth.bebusywithsth.l对某人某事严格bestrictwithsb.bestrictinsth./doingsth.llfor+时间段……做某事持续多久l问:Howlongdoyouhavevolleyball?答:Ihavevolleyballfortwohours.lasksb.somequestions.问某人一些问题asksb.todosth.叫某人做某事lno=notanylbecause不和so同时使用,although(尽管)不和but同时使用。llittle修饰不可数名词几乎没有(否定)alittle有一些(肯定)few修饰可数名词几乎没有(否定)afew有一些(肯定)leither:两者中的任何一个都行。neither:两者中的任何一个都不。l用“may”提问的句子回答用can/can‘t或must/mustn’t;用“can”提问的句子回答用can/can’t;用“must”提问的句子回答用need/needn’t.如:1.MayIparkmycarhere?Yes,youcan/must./No,youcan’t/mustn’t.2.CanIwatchTV?Yes,youcan./No,youcan’t.3.MustIcleantheclassroomthismorning?Yes,youneed./No,youneedn’t.lbeafraidofdoingsth./beafraidofsth.害怕做某事/某物lbefondof=likelmakeacontinuationtosth.对……有贡献ldowellin=begoodat擅长……l比较级+and+比较级越来越……\nlgiveback=return归还l法国人单数:Frenchman/Frenchwoman英国人单数:Englishman/EnglishwomanChinese和Japanese单复数同形lintheworld在世界上allovertheworld/aroundtheworld/thewholeword全世界lintheschool在学校里inschool在学校学习loutside在……外面outsidethegatetothepark在公园门外lturning转角lgodown+……沿着……路走gostraightdown+……沿着……路直走lenjoydoingsth.喜欢做某事enjoyoneself=haveagoodtime=havefunltakeawalk=goforawalk=haveawalklthebeginningof……的开始atthebeginningof强调在……开始的那一刻inthebeginning起初,一开始fromthebeginning开始时frombeginningtoend从开始到结束lvisit+地点、参观某地avisitto+地点、参观某地lhavefundoingsth.做……很开心l地点+isagreatplacetodosth.……是一个做……的地方lbebusywithsth.忙于某事lthewayto……去……的路onthewayto+地点在去……的路上onone’swayto+地点某人在去……的路上onmywaytohome在我回家的路上llll主语+hope(that)+从句主语+hope+todosth.lliveon……靠……为生\nllpay金钱tosb.forsth.为了某物付钱给某人pay金钱tosb.=paysb.金钱paysb.付钱给某人lbetween两者之间among三者或三者以上之间llWhynotdosth.?表建议:为什么不做……呢?Whydon’tyoudosth.?表疑问:你为什么不要……?ll如:Peoplelikethiskindofanimals,becausethey’rekindofcute.linthesouthof在……南部lasleep睡着的adj.fallasleep入睡beasleep正睡着lbefriendlytosb.对某人友好ldon’tforgettodosth.不要忘记做某事ltellsb.todosth.叫某人去做某事tellsb.nottodosth.叫某人不去做某事ll介词+doingsth.lwouldliketodosth.想要做某事lWhichplacedoyoulivein=Wheredoyoulive?lIsn’thecute?否定疑问句lSamwantstoplaybasketball,doesn’the?翻译疑问句lWhynotdosth.?=Whydon’tyoudosth.?\nlpracticedoingsth.练习做某事lusesth.todosth.l比较级中的代词用that,如:ThemapofBeijingisbetterthanthatofTianjin.lsaidtooneself自言自语lbecarefulnottodosth.小心别做某事ldoone’sbest尽某人的全力llbesatisfiedwith……对……满意lbefullof满是……ll条件状语从句:主语为将来时,从句为一般现在时。如:We’llhaveasportsmeetingifitdoesn’traintomorrow.lIt’s(形式主语)+adj.+(forsb.)+todosth.(主语)做某事怎么样。如:It’simportantforhimtoplaythepiano.弹钢琴对他很重要。It’s+adj.+ofsb.todosth.(adj.应为sb.的本身性质)如:It’skindofyoutohelpme.你帮助了我,你真好。lgoacrossthebridge过桥lin+时间段(将来时)多久后llWhatdoesshedo?=What’sshe?=What’sherjob?ll如:IhopeIcanvisitHongKongsometime.llltalkto/withsb.与某人交谈\nllbeout外出llwaitress女服务员llbelatefor……做……迟到了lllearnbyoneself=teachoneself自学lllshowsb.sth.=showsth.tosb.llately最近llthanksfor+n./动名词l表语一般放在be动词后,定语一般放在名词前。lbewithsb.与某人在一起ll描述头发:漂亮+长短+形状+颜色描述人的长相:have/has+……hair/eyes/ears/mouth/nose……is/am/are+tall/short/thin/heavy/good-looking/ofmediumheight……lstrong的反义词:weak虚弱的llovetodosth.喜爱做某事lwear用进行时态时表示短时间内的状态。\n如:MissLiiswearinganewdresstoday.李老师今天穿着一件新裙子。lpopular流行;受欢迎的pop流行llkindof=alittlebit+adj./adv.=alittlebitof+n.ll多个形容词修饰名词时,顺序为:限定词(the;a……)数词描绘词(大小、长短、形状、新旧、颜色)出处材料性质、类别名词lllloutgoing外向的lWhatfineweatheritis!=Howfinetheweatheris!lllroundtheworld全世界ljunkfood垃圾食物\nllbeonavisit(n.)to……=visit(v.)……lstay+adj.保持……lllbeangrywithsb.llmostof…………中的大多数lllHedoesn’twanttodoanything.=Hewantstodonothing.lHelponeselftosth.受……欢迎lplayajokeonsb.和某人开玩笑ldresssb.为某人穿衣打扮l动词原型及其过去式lto+v.(不定式)\nlanother+n.(单)||llIt’stimeforsb.todosth.lbeworry(adj.)about(担心……)=worry(v.)aboutl\nllso……that如此……以致ldiscusswithsb.sth.lllassoonas一……就lStandsth.lMaybeadv.lexercise(v.)=doexercise(n.)/dosportslllHowoftenHowmanyHowmuchHowlong时间多久Howfar距离多远Howsoon多快例:Howsoonwillyoucomeback?Intwodays.Howmanytimes多少次lresultfordosth.lwantsb.todosth.llThanksfordoingsth.ll\nlbedifferentfrom与……不同llookafter=takecareof照顾(重视)llstyle风格、方式llltheold老人lkindperson热心人lthesameas与……一样lkindof=alittle(bit)lkeepingoodhealthy=keephealthylmakeaplanfor为……做计划lalthough=though让步状语从句:虽然、尽管lllbegoodatsth./doingsth.ladvice(un.)建议apieceofadvice.lllotsof=alotofl\nlllcertainly当然lsoundlike+名词/名词词组llwantsb.todosth.想要某人做某事=wouldlikesb.todosth.llhope表示有可能实现的愿望。hopetodosth.希望去做某事;hope+that从句(that可以省略)。另外,hope后面+so表示“希望如此”;hopenot表示“希望不是这样。wish表示的愿望有点难实现。wishtodosth.希望做某事;wishsb.todosth.希望某人做某事;wishthat从句,从句所表示的希望一般是不可能实现的,故用虚拟语气。llllNeedsth./todosth.lBegoodforsth./doingsth.lget变得llbe……withsth.llwestern西方的\nl形式主语→It’s+adj.todosth.limprove提高lhaveapaininthe+身体部位l名词修饰名词:①修饰词总为单数②womanman跟着所修饰词单复数变化③sport作为修饰词总为复数ltherebe+主语+doingsth.lif:条件状语从句,用一般现在时表将来时。ll不擅长:beweakis擅长:begoodatlAngrywithsb.aboutsb.为某事生某人的气。lfor表目的,例:Wecomehereforvacation.ll将来时:1.will+v.(原)2.begoingtodosth.3.用现在进行时表将来时llsb.pay钱forsth.llgoaway离开lHaveagoodtime=Enjoyyourselflsendsb.sth.=sendsth.tosb.lshowsb.sth.=showsth.tosb.l\nllthink(过去式:thought):thinkaboutsth./doingsth.思考……lthinkof:想起ldecide(决定)todosth./onsth./ondoingsth.l在某大洲中心in:GreeceisinEurope.(European欧洲的)lleavesomewhere离开某地——————leaveforsomewhere离开去某地lplan→planned→planninglnatural自然的lfinishdoingsth.完成某事lhopetodosth./从句llIcan’twaittodosth.我迫不及待想做某事lthenumberof……的数量ldependon依赖于linthemountain在山区llkeep+宾语+adj.(宾补)lldecidetodosth./onsth./ondoingsth.l宾语从句:陈述句语序lgetto=reach=arrivein/atlWould/Willyouplease+v(原)lsitatthetable用餐lthefinal(adj.最后的)exam期末考试lHow提问方式方法ll地+is+距离+(away)fromB地△有具体距离不再用far\nIt’s+距离+fromAtoB划线部分提问:It’stenkilometresfrommyhometoschool.Howfarisitfromyourhometoschool?lIttakesb.……todosth.例:Ittakeshimabout10minutestoridetothestation.lride车程:Anhour’sbusridewilltakeyouthere.llfinal=atlast=intheendlnotall(部分否定)并非所有:Notallstudentsarehere.llllalot/far/much用来修饰比较级表示差别程度大,差别程度小用abit/alittlellWhatdoyouthinkof?=Howdoyoulike?lneed(实义动词)+sth./todosth.lthenumberof……的数量,谓动用单数(is)Thenumberofthestudentsis100.lworry(v.)linvite(v.)→invitation(n.)llldiscusssth.讨论某事\nllllonone’swayto:谁在前往……的路上bytheway:顺便提一下in……ways:方面Excuse,you’reinmyway:你挡到我了llllenjoydoingsth.lbegoodat=as……aslllllonthefarm:在农场上ltakepartin=joininllikehelpingotherslhowever=but\nllmakesb.adj.(宾补)llie→lyinglanother+数字+复数名词lbyplane=byairlbreak→broke→brokenlbe+过去分词→被动语态llhealthy→healthierllllwouldliketodosth.lYou’dbetterdosth./notdosth.lview[vju:]n.观点lfacetoface面对面lanother在做形容词时意为“又一个,再一个,另外的”,其后可以接可数名词的单数或复数。如:Ihaveanothertwobookstoread.lanother,theother,others,theothers①another既可作形容词又可作代词,泛指“再一个,又一个”,表示“总数为三个或三个以上中任意的另一个”,表示泛指,可以单独使用;作定语时,修饰可数名词单数,其前不加冠词。如:Thisdressisdirty,pleasechangeanotheroneforme.②theother\n表示“两个中的另一个”,表示特指,总数为两个;它可以单独使用,也可用theother+可数名词单数。如:Hisparentsbothworkinahospital.Oneisadoctorandtheotherisanurse.①others用于泛指一些人或事物中其他的,可单独使用或用other+可数名词复数来代替。注意others后面不可直接加名词。如:SomestudentslikeEnglishandotherstudents(others)likephysics.②theothers指一定范围内其余所有的人或物,表示特指。如:Thisdictionaryisbetterthantheothers.l形容词、副词的比较级1.比较级的定义大多数形容词都有三个级别:原级、比较级、最高级。其中比较级表示“更……”,用于两者之间的比较,用来说明“前者比后者更……”。比较级前面一般用much,even,alittle修饰。2.比较级的构成(1)规则变化①单音节和部分双音节的形容词或副词一般在词尾加er如:calm—calmertall—tallersmart—smarter②以字母e结尾的直接在词尾加r如:nice—nicerfine—finerlarge—larger③以辅音+y结尾的词,变y为i,再加er如:early—earlierhappy—happierbusy—busier④以重读闭音节的单个辅音字母结尾的词,双写辅音字母,再加er如:big—biggerthin—thinnerhot—hotter⑤多音节或部分双音节的形容词在原级前面加more如:popular—morepopularimportant—moreimportant(2)不规则变化少数形容词、副词的比较级变化是不规则的:good—betterbad/ill—worsemany/much—morelittle—lessfar—farther/furtherold—older/elder3.比较级的用法(1)当两个人或事物(A和B)进行比较时,我们需要用到形容词或副词的原级或比较级。①表达“A和B一样”,用as……as的结构。公式:A+be动词+as+形容词原级+as+BA+实义动词+as+副词原级+as+B如:Iamastallasyou.HerunsasfastasI.②表达“A不如B”用notas/so…as的结构。公式:A+be动词的否定形式+as+形容词原级+as+BA+助动词的否定形式+动词+as+副词原级+as+B如:Iamnotastallasyou.Hedoesn’trunasfastasI.③表达“A大于B”用“比较级+than”的结构公式:A+be动词+形容词比较级+than+BA+实义动词+副词比较级+than+B\n如:Iamtallerthanyou.HerunsfasterthanI.(1)关于形容词、副词比较级的更多用法①比较级前面可以加上表示“优劣程度”的词或短语,意思是“更……”,“……得……”。常见词有much,alittle,even,alot,agreatdeal等。如:HeismuchtallerthanI.Ijumpalittlehigherthanhe.②比较级前面可以加上表示具体数量差别的结构,表示具体“大多少”,“长多少”,“短多少”等。如:Iamtwoyearsolderthanhe.Thisbuildingis20metershigherthanthatone.③表示“越来越……”比较级+and+比较级(单音节词);moreandmore+原级(多音节词)如:Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.Heisrunningfasterandfaster.Ourcountryisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.④表示“越……就越……”;the+比较级…,the+比较级…如:Themore,thebetterThemorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyouwillmake.⑤the+比较级…ofthetwo…表示两个当中较……的一个如:Thetallerofthetwoboysismybrothers.1.运用形容词、副词比较级应当注意的问题(1)按语法规则,than后面的人称代词应当用主格,但口语当中有时会用宾格代替主格。如:HeismorecarefulthanI(me).(2)只有同类的事物才能比较如:Herbagisbiggerthanmine.≠HerbagisbiggerthanI.TheweatherofKunMingismuchbetterthanthatofShenyang.≠TheweatherofKunMingismuchbetterthanShenyang.2.加er的双音节词大多以y、ow、er、ple、ble结尾3.由词根+前缀/后缀形成的形容词+morel一般现在时一般现在时是指经常发生的动作或存在的状态,其谓语动词用原形,当主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词有三单变化。1.一般现在时态的句型:(1)动词为be动词时:主语+be动词(am/is/are)+其他部分否定句在be动词后面加not;一般疑问句把be动词提到句首。(2)动词为行为动词时:一般现在时态的肯定句:①主语+动词原形+其他成分②主语(第三人称单数)+动词s/es+其他成分一般现在时态的否定句\n①主语+don’t+动词原形+其他成分②主语(第三人称单数)+doesn’t+动词原形+其他成分一般现在时态的一般疑问句①Do+主语+动词原形+其他成分?②Does+主语(第三人称单数)+动词原形+其他成分?一般现在时态的一般疑问句特殊疑问句+一般疑问句?1.动词第三人称单数的变化(1)直接加s,如:look—lookssleep—sleeps(2)在字母s,x,ch,sh,o后加es,如:watch—watchesgo—goes(3)辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i再加es,如:study—studiescry—cries注意:一般现在时态的特殊疑问句—Whatdoeshedoonweekend?—HewatchesTV.lllasforsth./doingsth.lllllPoursth/sthforsb./sb.sth.lTherainpoureddownyesterday.昨晚倾盆大雨。llTwoteaspoonsofhoney.lshould+v.(原)\nltaste(系v.)+adj.(表)llladdsth.tosth.黑人英雄爱吃番茄土豆NegroesHeroesTomatoesPotatoes名词复数加eslllon(the)topllllltherebe:①就近原则②不出现therehavellay(产卵)→laidljourney陆地的旅行ll\nllllprize奖品奖金争夺物;值得竞争的目标;〔口语〕极好的东西。lbuysb.sth.=buysth.forsb.llhavefun=haveagoodtime=enjoydoingsth.lalldaylong一整天llbebornlcompetition做不可数名词时表示竞争,做可数名词时表示竞赛。llhelpsb.(to)dosth.lplaceofinterest名胜古迹lIwillnever我不会忘记lhavefundoingsth.llmakehistory创纪录\nlltakeoff起飞、脱掉lhappen发生:sth.happentosb.takeaclass=haveaclasslon……dayoffl一般过去式的时间状语都是明显表示过去的。如:yesterday,lastnight(week/year),in+过去的年份(如:in1998),…ago(如:threetearsago),justnow等等。lrecord/’rekɔ:d/n.hold/keeptherecordbreaktherecordsetthenewwordrecordrecord/ri’kɔ:d/v.Whatareyourecordinginyourbook?lstartdoingsth.=starttodosth.litsays据说ltoo……toMybrotheristooyoungtogotoschool.so……thatMybrotherissoyoungthathecan’tgotoschool.lplayfor为……而战lhiccuppinglcreate→creativelllove→lovely可爱的→loving慈爱的llOsaka[əu’sa:kə,ˌəusa:’ka:]大阪ltakepartin=joinin参加活动(join:加入某组织或团体)lladmire羡慕v.tIadmireherstory.Iadmirehimforhisdiscovery.lseesb.dosth.\nlllearnsth./todosth.lstopsb.fromdoingsth.阻止某人做的事lpracticedoingsth.llWewon’tgoshoppingifitisraintomorrow.条件或时间状语用一般现在时lseesb.doingsth.看见某人正做某事lto后面加v.原lmajorinlldecide→decisionllWhatadj.n.主谓lbelateforschoollmovetosomewherellLet’s……shallwe?Letus……willyou?lwhatwaswrote更糟糕的是llhold→heldlatthesametime同时lthat+定语从句lberich变得富有ll\nllBritish不列颠lseesb.doingsth.lforeign(外国的)→foreigner(外国人)llllllover=morethanlMay/CouldIdosth.lIagreewithyou.我同意你的观点。agreewithsb.agreetodosth.lleaveone’sjob辞职llldowntown(adv.)城市市区lkeep:①keepfit(体型上)/keephealthy{keepadj.}②keepdoingsth.①keepsb./sth.adj.(宾补)例:Keepthefoodcool.②keepsb.doingsth.让某人一直做某事l\nlof一般用来赞扬或批评Itisadj.ofsb.lonce曾经llgivesb.aride顺便搭一程getaride搭便车llstartdoingsth.lsportsstartlllivingroom=sittingroomltakeoutthetrash[U]lwomen’ssinglesplayer女单选手lplanforthellbelike(介)像……lhavebetter(not)dosth.最好(不)做某事lloneofadj.(最高级)n.(pl.)lborrowsthfromsb.向某人接某物Lendsth.forsb./Lendsb.sth.借给某人某物lwhatfor=whylinvitesb.todosth.linfrontof——behindinthefrontof——atthebackoflrise升上來(主動)Thesunriseintheeast.raise把……升上來WeraiseournationalflageveryMonday.\nlDetective偵探lHavegreatmeaning重要的Great重大的lSuchalittlegirl.Solittleagirl.不可數或複數名詞用suchlHavesthdone.讓某物被做某事Havethecomputerrepaired.讓電腦被修理lfallof=falldownfromldisappointing、disappoint、disappointed失望的l(on與this)+weekend不能同時使用lChemistry[‘kemistri]n.化學lChance[ʧæns]n.機會lIf+條件狀語從句+主句一般現在表將來將來lTheadj.一類人lPass(v.)=v.+past(介)lnationalityadj.countryn.lHowisgoing最近好嗎lHaveahardtimewithsth./doingsth.lbad—worse—worstl主句從句現在時任何事態HethinkshisfatherwillgotoShanghai.過去時過去某個事態lhad+過去分詞:過去完成時l即時轉述Bentoldmeitwasgoingtoraintoday.過後轉述Bentoldmeitwasgoingtorainthatdaylhopehopetodosth.hope+從句lBroccoli花椰菜lGetadj.變得lHurryup抓緊時間lhalf→halveslwhen賓語從句時間狀語從句用一般現在表將來lorganize→organizationlhalfofthem≠halfthemhalfoftheclass=halftheclassl\ncomparewith比較to比喻lIt’sadj.todosth.lMarks分數lMountQomolanma珠穆朗瑪峰lEveryoneexcept(KarenandMichael)isgoingtovisitthemuseum.就遠原則lDestroy[di’strɔi]v.破壞lyouareaexcellentskater你是一個優秀的滑雪者lgo→gonebe→beenlblowup引爆lHave/hasbeendoingsth.:現在完成時lIthinkheisagoodstudent,isn’tit前肯后否前否后肯Idon’tthinkheisagoodstudent,isitl賓語從句反義疑問句主語第一人稱反義疑問句與從句保持疑問第二三人稱主句保持一致ldangerousanimal對人危險的動物animalindangerous陷入危險的動物l現在過去完成時是過去做做做到現在lDeGaulle戴高樂lMakealiving(by)doingsth.靠什麽謀生lseemadj.seemliken.lmadat生氣madabout瘋狂lOneofadj.(最高級)n.(pl.)lIt’stimeforsth.l一、概念直接引述别人的话,叫“直接引语”。用自己的话转述别人的话,叫“间接英语”。间接英语在多数的情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语一般前后要加括号,所引用的话前常用逗号,而不是冒号,引号内直接引语的第一个单词首字母要大些。例如:Johnsaid,“Ilikereadingthestory.”Johnsaidthathelikedreadingthestory.二、直接引语变间接英语1.陈述句直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that(在口语中that可省略),从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要相应变化。\n(1)人称的变化Hesaidtome,“IbrokeyourCDplayer.”HetoldmethathehadbrokenmyCDplayer.”(2)事态的变化如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句时态则无需变化。如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去式,从句的谓语动词要做相应的变化。直接引语转换成间接引语时的时态变化例句直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时Hesaid,“I’mafraidIcan’tfinishthework”Hesaidthathewasafraidhecouldn’tfinishthework.现在进行时过去进行时Hesaid,“I’musingapen.”Hesaidthathewasusingapen.现在完成时过去完成时Shesaid,“I’venotheartfromhimsinceMay.”ShesaidthatshehadnotheartfromhimsinceMay.一般过去时过去完成时Hesaid,“Icametohelpyou.”Hesaidthathehadcometohelpme.过去完成时不变Hesaid,“Ihadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforesupper.”Hesaidthathehadfinishedhishomeworkbeforesupper.一般将来时过去将来时Shesaid,“I’lldoitafterclass.”Shesaidthatshewoulddoitafterclass.(3)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化直接引语转换成间接引语的变化例句直接引语间接引语this→thatShesaid,“I’llfinishtheworkthismorning.”Shesaidthatshewouldfinishtheworkthatmorning.these→thoseHesaid,“Thesebooksaremine.”Hesaidthatthosebookswerehis.now→thenHesaid,“It’snineo’clocknow.”Hesaidthatitwasnineo’clockthen.today→thatdayHesaid,“Ihaven’tseenhertoday.”Hesaidthathehadn’tseenherthatday.yesterday→thedaybeforeShesaid,“Iwentthereyesterday.”Shesaidthatshehadgonetherethedaybefore.tomorrow→thenext/followingdayShesaid,“I’llgotheretomorrow.”Shesaidthatshewouldgotherethenext/followingday.ago→beforeShesaid,“Helefttenminutesago.”Shesaidthathehadlefttenminutesbefore.here→thereHesaid,“Mysisterwashereoneweekbefore.”Hesaidthathissisterhadbeenthereoneweekbefore.come→goShesaid,“I’llcomeShesaidthatshewouldgo\nherethisevening.”therethatevening.(1)直接引语变间接引语时态不变的几种情况1)直接引语所述的是客观真理2)直接引语中有确切的时间状语3)直接引语是过去完成时4)直接引语是过去进行时5)直接引语是经常发生的习惯性的动作6)直接引语所述的内容是个事实2.疑问句直接引语如果是疑问句,变为间接引语时,要把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序(主语在谓语的前面),句末用句号,主语的人称时态和状语等也要做相应的变化。ltruea.truthn.lsteal→stole偷llittle一些(不可数)小lpleasev.使某人满意;请pleaseda.对什么满意pleasant令人满意的lChineseJapanesefishdeersheep:CN单复数同形lWouldliketodosth.lHoldv.保存;包含;涵盖lIcollectedshellswhenIwasten.一般过去时IhavecollectedshellssinceIwasten.现在完成时IhavebeencollectingshellssinceIwasten.现在完成进行时现在完成时要用since加在过去时间前lCandywrapper糖纸lTheatre剧院;戏,戏剧;〔集合词〕(某一国、某一作家的)戏剧作品,戏剧文学。lSince加时间点for加一段时间lcollectv.collectorcollectionn.lSend[send]送;寄(强调不当面给);打发;派;遣;放;投;掷;射lProbably[‘prɒbəbli]ad.通常位置:实意动词之前:情态、助、be动词之后,语气比perhaps[pə’hæps][pə’ræps]、maybe[‘meibi:]强lThe比较级the比较级……越……就越……lIamcertain=Iamsurelrun→ran→runrunoutof用尽lstore[stɔ:r]v.积蓄,贮藏;储备;把…存入仓库,把…交给栈房n.=stop\nlroom[ru:m][rum]【UN】场所,席位,地位,空间;余地,余裕;机会;室,房间lrunoutof:主语是人runout:主语是物lapplyfor:申请;请求(applyforaposition求职)Everyonewantstoapplyforthejob.Heappliedtotheheadmaster([‘hedmæstə]校长)forthejob.lWriteinEnglish用英语写lAnother前面不能加定冠词thelsincefiveyearsagoforfiveyearslinpairs:成对lEuropen.European[ju:rə’pi:ən]a.&n.lAlthough、though:让步状语从句,不与but连用lElse[els]通常修饰不定代词疑问代词lcertain[‘sə:tn]→certainly[‘sə:tnli]〔口语〕〔回答语〕当然,自然可以;不错,的确是那样,的确是的lADVICE1.advice[əd’vais](E)n.忠告,意见take(give)one’sadvice接受(给予)忠告或建议[语法]advice是不可数名词:一条建议(忠告)误:anadvice正:apieceofadvice2.advise[əd’vaiz](E)v.忠告,劝说,劝说;(I)v.通知(=inform)advisesb.nottodosth.劝说某人不要做某事againstdoingsth.advisesd.ofsth.向某人通知某事(搭配同类inform[in’fɔ:rm])[辨异]“劝说”(advise)不一定“说服”(persuade)adviser,advisor[əd’vaizə]n.忠告者,建议者,顾问3.忠告advise就是使人(ad-)明白,看见(-vise)的意思,(1)vise=vis=看previse[pri’vaiz]v.先见,预知,警告pre=before看在前面即是预知supervise[‘su:pəvaiz]v.监督;管理super=over高高在上地看既是监督revise[ri:vaiz]v.校订,改订re=again再看一遍加以校订(2)ad=使,ad加在动词前,起加强语气的作用admit[əd’mit]v.(mit=send送)允许进入adopt[ə’dɒpt]v.(opt=选择)接纳,收养触类旁通——advice与advise类易混词类比记忆辨别规则~se[z]——~ce[s](名清动浊)choose[ʧu:z](E)v.选择,挑选(I)n.甘愿(+todo)devise[di’vaiz]——choice[ʧɔis](E)v.选择,选择机会(A)n.入选者,精华——device[di’vais]\n(I)v.设计(机器),想出(方法),作出(计划)(A)n.设备,装置(A)n.设计,方法lbytheway顺便提一下onone’sway前往某地的路inone’sway挡住了某人的路noway不inthis/thatway通过这样、那样的方式insomeway在某些方面lorganize[‘ɔ:rgənaiz]v.organized[‘ɔ:rgənaizd]a.organization[ɔ:rgəni’zei∫n]n.lkeepsilence保持沉默lprovince[‘prɒvins]省,州;〔pl.〕地区,地方;〔theprovinces〕乡下lbe+过去分词:被动语态lmanyyearsagolIt[it]isa.for[fɔ:r][fə]sb.todosth.lThanksto多亏lrecently[‘ri:snt]新近的;近来的;近代的lAGRICULTURE1.agriculture[‘ægrikʌlʧə](E)n.农业2.“农业”离不开“耕田、种地”,agriculture原意即为“耕耘天地”(1)agriculture→agr(田地)agronomy[ə’grɒnəmi][nomy(法则,…学)]n.农学[联想]astronomyn.天文学;economyn.经济acre[‘eikə](A)n.英亩,田地(acre是agr的变体,[k]与[g]清浊辅音交替)acreage[‘eikəridʒ][‘eikridʒ]n.项目数,土地面积(2)agriculture→cult(ure)(耕耘)cultivate[‘kʌltəveit](I)v.耕作,栽培,养殖→(A)v.(喻)教养,教化cultivateone’sland耕种田地roses培养玫瑰one’s修心养性culture[‘kʌlʧə]n.栽培,养殖→(I)n.(喻)教养,修养(I)n.文化,精神文明thecultureofroses玫瑰栽培mindandbody身心修养[辨异]civilization[sivli’zei∫n]主要指物质文明;culture主要指精神文明。lwonder[‘wʌndə]惊奇,惊异,惊叹;不可思议,奇异,奇妙;奇异的事情[东西],奇迹;奇观;奇才lALLY1.ally[ə’lai][‘ælai](E)v.结盟,联盟,联合\n[派生]allyn.(同)盟国,同盟者(具体名词)alliancen.同盟,联盟(抽象名词)theAllies(一战)协约国,(二战)同盟国1.alloy[‘ælɔi][ally(结合)的同源异体词]n.合金2.rally[‘ræli][r(e-)(再度,重新)+ally(结合)](A)v.纠正,集合,团结(A)n.集合,集会,大会amassrally群众大会知rally渊源可易记:rally蕴含着“重新结合到一起”之义:v.重新聚集,重整旗鼓;n.再举,复原Thetiredsoldersralliedanddrovetheenemyback.疲惫的士兵重整旗鼓,打退了敌人的进攻。l△mindwouldyouminddoingsth?/notdosth?表示同意:No,notatall/Certainlynot/Ofcoursenot表示不同意:Sorry,but+理由Mind(not)doingsth.mindone’sdoingsth.lclothing[‘kləuðiŋ]n.(集合词)衣服,衣类;被服lorder[‘ɔ:rdə]n.〔常pl.〕命令;训令;指挥,号令;次序,顺序;整齐;ldo/washthedisheslCouldyouplease(not)dosth?(圆形我还正方形呢)lin加一段时间用将来时ltask[ta:sk]n.(派定的)工作,任务,功课;艰苦的工作,苦差使lHaveyouthoughtofthesolutiontotheproblem?lannoy[ə’nɔi]惹恼,打搅;使烦恼annoyed感到生气annoying令人生气的latameeting在见面会atwork在工作lbreak[breik]毁坏,弄坏,损坏,毁损→broke→brokenllAMONG,MIX1.among[ə’mʌŋ]prep.在(多数)之中,在…中间;一般指“在三者或三者以上之中”2.between表示“在两者之间”,因为其中蕴含着two(twenty)among表示“在三者(以上)之间”,因为其中隐含ming(群体,混合)。mingle[‘miŋgl](A)v.混合,加入(-le表示反复动作)e.g.:withminglefeelings百感交集(a)Ifoundhimamongthecrowd.我在人群中发现了他。(b)Hemingledin(with)thecrowd.他混入人去中commingle[kə’miŋgl][com-=together]v.混合,搀合intermingle[intə’miŋgl][inter-(相互)]v.交杂,混合1.mix[miks](E)v.混合,搀合→(I)v.混淆,搞混mixup(I)混合,混淆,搞糊涂译:当油和水混合时,它们容易看出来。误:Whenoilandwatermix,theyareeasytotellapart.正:Whenoilandwatermingle,theyareeasytotellapart.\n(承上b句)他混入(mingle)人群中,我们仍能在人群中(among)发现他。mingle与mix不同就在于:多种事物mingle后,各事物仍然保持其个性,而且可以区别或辨别出来;各种东西mix后,就不可区分。故水与油不相mix,但可以mingle。1.admix[əd’miks][æd’miks]v.混合,搀合(withsth.)commix[kə’miks]v.混合,混杂(=mixtogether)intermix[intə’miks]v.交杂,混合smilesintermixedwithtears含泪的微笑mixture[‘miksʧə](I)n.混合,混合物lANT1.ant[ænt](E)n.蚂蚁2.antenna[æn’tenə](A)n.(蚂蚁)触电→(电视,无线电)天线[内在联系]你看!“天线”不正形似于蚂蚁的“触角”[英美差异]lstand[stænd]v.坚持;耐,忍耐;忍受;顶住,接受lSth.annoy[ə’nɔi]sb.lwarn[wɔ:rn]v.警戒,警告;训诫,告诫;预先通知,预告lhappen/takeplace沒有被動語態lGetadj.lbehave[bi’heiv]v.处身,行为,做人,举止,表现;(机器等)开动,运转behaviour[bi’heivjə]n.行为,品行;举止,态度,举动,表现,行动ltakecare(not)todosth.注意(不)做某事。lsocial[‘səu∫əl]adj.社会的,社会上的;交际的,社交的;喜欢交际的;合群的lnormal[‘nɔ:rml]adj.正常的,平常的,普通的;平均的。正规的,标准的。l☭polite[pə’lait]adj.有礼貌的;殷勤的;斯文的;文雅的;有教养的。☭impolite[impə’lait]adj.没礼貌的,失礼的,粗鲁的。☭politelyadv.latfirst首先、一开始lkeep宾adj.lallthetime总是,一直lbody[‘bɒdi]language[‘læŋgwidʒ]肢体语言llTrynottodosth.尽量不做某事lsth.happentosb.某事发生在某人身上happentodosth.碰巧做某事ljointheline排好队lculture[‘kʌlʧə]n.教养;修养;磨练。文化,(精神)文明。培养菌,培养组织。linEurope在欧洲BritainisaEuropeancountry.lIt’sbettertodosth.levenif(即使)=although[ɔ:l’ðəu]=though[ðəu]lYou’dbetterkeepyourvoicedown.\nlsituation[sit∫u’ei∫n]n.(房屋建筑等的)地点,位置;场所。形势,局面。lBreaktherule(of…)lputout扑灭;熄灭lAsian[‘eiʒn][‘ei∫n]adj.亚洲的;亚洲人的。n.亚洲人。lcommon[‘kɒmən]adj.共通的,共同的,共有的。公众的;公共的。linpublicplaces公共地方llCutinfrontofyouinline.插队插在你前面。lallowsb.todosth.lhaveabreak休息ltrytodosth.尽力做某事trydoingsth.尝试做某事lBelatetosth.Belatefordoingsth.lrun→ran→runltakeoff起飞、脱下lalmost[‘ɔ:lməust][ɔ:l’məust]adv.差不多,几乎,将近,快要。ltoone’ssurpriselasleep[ə’sle:p]adj.&adv.睡着,睡熟。长眠,已死。发呆,不活泼。lmakeup组成lAPPEAR1.appear[ə’pi:r](E)v.出现,出场,问世;(E)v.好像是,仿佛2.appearance[ə’pi:rəns](appear的名词)(I)n.出现,出场,问世makeanappearance出面,出场;(I)n.外表,外观judgebyappearance从外表上判断apparent[ə’pærənt](appear的形容词)(I)adj.明显的;(A)adj.外表的;貌似的moreapparentthanreal表面而非实际[派生]apparentlyadv.显然;宛然,俨然,似乎lARCTIC1.arctic[‘a:ktik][‘a:tik]a.北极的;北极圈的;theArctic北极(北极在地球仪看来是圆弧的一个端点,故arctic指北极)arc,arch→圆弧,统治2.arc[a:k]n.v.弧3.archn.v.拱,拱门(洞)TheArchofTriumph凯旋门4.monarch[‘mɒnərk]n.君主。[词源]古之君王在圆弧形的宫殿中执政。mon→mono→single单一5.Antarctic[ən’ta:ktik]a.南极的;theAntarctic南极ant-→anti,相反,相对l\nlmakesb.dosth.llfish单复数同形lhearsb.doingsth.看到某人正在做某事hearsb.dosth.看到某人做过某事lperfect[pə’fekt]adj.完美的;理想的;纯粹的。熟练的,精通的(in)。lbuysb.sth.buysth.forsb.lcomposition[kɒmpə’zi∫n]n.编制;结构,构造,组成,组织;成分;合成物。lcongratulation[kəngræʧə’lei∫n]n.祝贺;〔pl.〕祝词,贺辞。lHow/Whataboutsth./doingsth.ltoo…to…She’stoobigtosleepinthehouse.so…that…She’ssobigthatshecan’tsleepinthehouse.ltrendy[‘trendi]adj.lWhydon’tyouv.(原型)lgetsth.forsb.getsb.sth.lARMY1.army[‘a:mi](E)n.军队,军→(I)n.大群anarmyofantsthethreeservices(三军):army陆军navy海军airforces空军2.army(军队)→arm(军器,武器)[词源]army原意即“持武器的人群”arm[a:m](I)v.武装,装备[与arm(手臂)异源]armedtoteeth武装到牙齿[词源]所谓“武装到牙齿”原是“一个人两手各执一把刀,牙齿上还咬着一把刀”。Theywentintotheexaminationroom,armedtoteethwithpens,pencilsandrulers.disarm[dis’a:m]v.解除武器,裁军armour[‘a:mə]n.盔甲,装甲asuitofarmour[派生]armouredadj.装甲的;armouryn.军械库arms(I)n.武器,武装armsandammunition[æmjə’ni∫n]武器弹药alarm[ə’la:m](“To(the)arms”(拿起武器,准备战斗)之缩略)(I)n.警报afirealarm火警,analarmbell闹钟;(I)v.惊动,惊恐;(A)n.惊恐,惊慌lwhile[wail]一段时间;一会儿;(所需、所费的)功夫。lSth.cost(sb.)somemoney.lnot……atall一点也不\nlasleepadj.表语或后置定语→fallasleep→sleepya.瞌睡的;嗜睡的。lthrough[θru:]ad.&a.穿过,通过,经历;从头到尾,完全,全部;到最后,到底,彻底;透;完毕。直通的,直达的。〔英国〕(电话)接通;〔美国〕通话完毕。lratherthan:ア.I’dcallherhailblackratherthanbrown.イ.It’syouratherthanmewhowillgothere.ウ.Sheisanactressratherthanasinger.エ.Shelikessingingratherthandancing.オ.Idecidedtowritealetterratherthan(to)makeacall.ltoomanyn.[C](pl.)toomuchn.[U]muchtooa.linterest[‘intrəst]n.利益。爱好。IhaveaninterestinlearningEnglish.v.使发生兴趣。SingEnglishsonginterestsmealot.interestedbeinterestedinsth./doingsth.takeaninterestin对……感兴趣lmodest[‘mɒdəst]a.淑静的,贞节的;有节制的,适度的,适中的;不大的。lJurassicPeriod[dʒu’ræsik][‘pi:ri:əd]侏罗纪lSwedenn.瑞典Swede[swi:d]n.瑞典人limprove[im’pru:v]v.改良,改善,增进。利用,活用。增高(土地等的)价值。lasa.(原)/ad.(原)aslIttakessb.todosth.Sth.costsb.somemoney.Sb.payssomemoneyforsth.Sb.spendonsth.(in)doingsth.lenter=gointo=takeparkinlladvantage[əd’væntidʒ][CN]利益,好处。优点,优越性,有利方面;优势。lhearfromsb.收到某人来信hearfromsb.’sletter.(收到某人信的来信)lsuggest[sə’dʒest]建议,提议,提出(计划等)。暗示,绕着弯儿讲。suggeststh./doingsth./从句/todosth.lmakefriendswith与谁谁交友lnativespeakerofEnglish以英语为母语的人lencouragesb.todosth.鼓励某人做某事l现在完成时不直接跟时间连用lquiteagood=averygoodlbyheart用心lHave/Makesth.done使某物被……lsatisfy[‘sætəsfai]v.使满足,使果腹;达到(要求)。令人满意。\nllearnabout了解lsixmonthsearlier提前六个月sixmonthsago六个月前linstead[in’sted]ad.代替,顶替。lcontestn.&v.竞争,争论。竞赛,比赛。争夺(胜败,土地等)。lTomisabadstudent.Soheis表赞同SoisMary表另一个也是要倒装lhave/hasbeento去过lborrowsth.fromsb.lendsth.tosb.lyet[jet]ad.仍用法在现在完成时的句子中,already常用于肯定句,yet常用于否定句和疑问句,但yet还有其他用法。1.用于否定句中,意思是“还、尚、迄今、到那时”。ljust[dʒʌst]a.刚才;仅仅,只是;正好;刚要lalready[ɔ:l’redi,’ɔ:lredi]ad.〔表示现在或过去某时发生的事实〕已经,早已。leverad.〔表示否定、疑问和比较〕曾经,这以前。lsofar到目前为止(常用于现在完成时)lyou’dbetter(not)dosth.lratherthan平行对比l不规则动词表be是(am,is)was,beenarewerebeenbear忍受boreborne,bornbeat击打beatbeatenbecome变成becamebecomebegin开始beganbegunbabysitbabysatbabysatblow吹blewblownbreak断开brokebrokenbring带来broughtbroughtbuild建筑builtbuiltbuy买boughtboughtcan能could-catch抓住caughtcaughtchoose选择chosechosencome来camecomecost价值costcostcut切cutcutdeal处理dealtdealt\ndig挖洞dugdugdo做diddonedraw画drewdrawndream做梦dreamed,dreamtdreamed,dreamtdrink喝drankdrunkdrive驾车drovedriveneat吃ateeatenfall落下fellfallenfeed喂fedfedfeel感觉feltfeltfight打架foughtfoughtfind找寻foundfoundfly:飞flewflownforget忘记forgotforgotten,forgotfreeze冷冻frozefrozenflee逃跑fledfledget得到gotgot,gottengive给予gavegivengo去wentgonegrow成长grewgrownhang:挂吊死hunghangedhunghangedhave/has有hadhadhear听heardheardhit打hithithold拿住heldheldhurt伤害hurthurtkeep保持keptkeptknow知道knewknownlay放置laidlaidlead带领ledledlie躺;位于说谎layliedlainliedlearn学习learnt,learnedlearnt,learnedleave离开leftleftlend借出lentlentlet让letletlose丢失lostlostmake做mademademay可以might-mean意思是meantmeantmeet见面metmet\nmistake弄错mistookmistakenmisunderstand误会misunderstoodmisunderstoodovercome克服overcameovercomeoversleep睡过头oversleptoversleptoverspend过度使用overspentoverspentpay付出paidpaidput放putputread读readreadrebuild重建rebuiltrebuiltretell重述retoldretoldride骑roderiddenring响rangrungrise升起roserisenrun跑ranrunsay说saidsaidsee看见sawseensell卖soldsoldsend送sentsentset设置setsetshake摇晃shookshakenshall将should-shine照耀shone,shinedshone,shinedshoot射击shotshotshow展示showedshown,showedshut关闭shutshutsing唱歌sangsungsink下沉sanksunksit坐satsatsleep睡觉sleptsleptsmell闻smelt,smelledsmelt,smelledspeak讲话spokespokenspell拼写spelt,spelledspelt,spelledspend花钱spentspentstand站立stoodstoodsteal偷窃stolestolensweep打扫sweptsweptswim游泳swamswumtake拿到tooktakenteach教taughttaughttell讲述toldtoldthink思考thoughtthoughtthrow投掷threwthrownunderstand理解understoodunderstoodwake醒;叫醒wokewoken,waked\nwear穿着worewornwill意愿would-win获胜wonwonwrite写wrotewrittenlthe比较级the比较级越就越linterestedofsth./doingsth.lattractv.[ə’trækt]吸引。引诱,诱惑。attractionn.[ə’træk∫ən]引,吸引;引力。引人注意的东西;有趣的东西。lseesb.doingsth.看见某人正做某事seesb.dosth.看见某人做(整个过程)lmeanv.&a.[mi:n]意,有…的意思,意思是…。卑鄙的;自私的。lnormal[‘nɔ:rml]a.正常的,平常的,普通的;平均的。额定的,规定的。linfact事实上lprobably可能性最大perhaps可能性居中maybe可能性最小lhearof/about听说lcharacter[‘kærəktə]n.性格,品格;特性,性状,特征;【生物学】形质。lfun[fʌn]n.嬉戏,娱乐,玩笑,兴趣。havefuna.有趣的,奇妙的。供娱乐用的,为玩玩用的。lIt’sa.todosth.lbecome[bi’kʌm]短暂性动词I’vebecomeasinger.lfor+一段时间since+过去时间点l非延续性动词若与一段时间连用,要转为延续性动词lhaveaprobably(in)doingsth.做某事很困难any+probablynosomelallovertheworld=allaroundtheworldlsuchas一般列举多个例子,其后多加名词forexample其后多用逗号隔开lbrave[breiv]a.勇敢的。华丽的,漂亮的。v.冒(风雨、危险等),抵抗;不顾。lgetthejob得到工作l强调句:was……who;it’s……thatl几分之几:分子用基数词,分母用序数词:onethirdlsth.seema.seem[si:m]v.好像;似乎;好像是。看来好像。lstartdoingsth.=starttodosth.lbecloseto靠近lnature[‘neiʧə]n.自然(现象),大自然;自然界;自然力;天理,道理。natural[‘næʧərəl,‘næʧrəl]a.自然界的;关于自然界的。野生的。lmakesb.dosth.\nl相对于过去时间已经做某事用过去完成时linthepast/last一段时间:用现在完成时l现在完成时不与过去的时间连用ltyphoon[tai’fu:n]n.台风。lAreyouinterestedinEnglish?beinterestedinsth./doingsth.DoyoutakeaninterestinEnglish?takeaninterestinsth./doingsth.lendup结束Thepartyusuallyendupwithasong.lgoon进行;参加lprovince[‘prɒvins]n.省,州;〔pl.〕地区,地方;〔theprovinces〕乡下。lpopulation[,pɒpjə’lei∫n]人口整体:谓:单个体:谓:复用largesmall修饰lTheclassroomneedscleaningeveryday.tobecleaned.ldeath[deθ]n.死,死亡。褫夺公权。死状,死法;惨死;死因。绝灭,消灭。lasa./ad.(原级)asa./ad.(原级)notas/soa./ad.(原级)asa./ad.(原级)lWherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者事竟成。lonboard在船上(在甲板上)lhuge[hju:dʒ]a.巨大的,庞大的,极大的。ahugegate【美剧】门票的巨大收入。lfear[fiə]n.恐怖,畏惧。忧虑,担心,顾虑,不安。(对神的)敬畏。lhaveahardtimewithsth.doingsth.lcomealong出现lmakeif(forsb.)todosth.lbesureofsth./doingsth.对……有把握lbepartof…………中的一部分lshowsb.sth.=showsth.tosb.lstopfrom(sb.)doingsth.阻止(某人)做某事labit=abitof+n.lbe动词加过去分词表被动语态litissaid→it’ssaid据说lrememberdosth.lrise[raiz]v.上升,升起;起立,立起〔口语说standup〕,耸起;增大;rise→rose→risenltaketurntodosth./doingsth.轮流做某事l过去某个准确时间点用过去进行时l当陈述部分有fewlittleneverseldomhardlyneithernone等否定词时,后半部分用肯定。l当陈述句有前后缀变否定的词如dislikeunhappy等后半部分仍旧用否定l反义疑问句:①确认信息②留下话尾给别人说结构:前否后肯,前肯后肯\n陈述句/祈使句,()?附加疑问句:类似于一般疑问句人称时态与主句保持一致人称需要用代词:Maryisabadgirl,isn’tshe?回答:按事实回答l祈使句的附加疑问句Let’s……,shallwe?其他祈使句用willyou?(include“Letus”)lmakesuretodosth./ofsth./aboutsth.弄清楚,查明,确认lacross从表面经过through从内部穿过past穿过走过lfeellike感觉起来像+名词/代词/动名词ljust:现在完成时justnow:过去时lshowsb.sth.=showsth.tosb.lwhynotdosth.lletsb.dosth.lclear[kliə]a.(水等)清澈的,透明的;(天气等)晴朗的,明净的,爽朗的;lsuggestdoingsth.lmakeprogressin……doingsth.lalargenumber=manylkeep[ki:p]v.拿着,保持;防守;履行;庆祝,过(节),过(年),举行(仪式)。linaword简言之;一言以蔽之lIt’sadj.of(多指本质)sb.todosth.for(多指会对其产生什么影响)lfor[fɔ:r]前置词〔表示目标、去向〕向,往。连接词因为。lminddoingsth.lfinishdoingsth.lwouldliketodosth.llsimilar[‘simələ]a.&n.近似的,相似的,類似的(to);相似物。l肯定:as……as……否定:notso/as……as……lfind+賓adj.(賓補)lgetoverit/themlfound……wasdifficult\nlpowercut停電lbytheendof在……之前;到……為止l過去的過去:had+過去分詞lWhattodo/Icandolforgettodosth.忘记去做某事forgetdoingsth.忘记做过某事l时间状语从句用一般现在时表将来lgoacross=crosslkick[kik]v.踢。解雇。急冲,突跳。反对,反抗;发牢骚。〔俚语〕死。lworkhardon……在……方面努力lachieve[ə’ʧi:v]v.完成,做到;获得(胜利等);达到(目的),实现。lpickupsb.接某人回来lsth.surprisesb.lColumbus[kə’lʌmbəs]哥伦布〔地名,美国俄亥俄州首府〕。lbelievesb.相信某人的话believeinsb.信任某人lawake、asleep只能作后置定语或表语laslongas只要labsolutely[‘æbsəˌlu:tli,ˌæbsə’lu:tli]ad.完全地。确实地。独裁地。lmakegreatprogresslbeinterestedintake/showaninterestinginlideal[ai’di:əl]a.&n.理想的,典型的。不切实际的。理想;典型;理想数。lATMOSPHERE1.atmosphere[‘ætməˌsfi:r](E)n.大气,大气层(I)n.空气2.atmosphere(大气层)→sphere(球,圈)sphere[sfiə](I)n.[圈→]范围,领域asphereofinfluence势力范围cube[kju:b]prism[‘prizəm]cylinder[‘silində]pyramid[‘pirəmid]sphere\n立方棱柱圆柱棱锥球体spherical[‘sferəkl](A)a.球形的,球面的hemisphere[‘hemiˌsfi:r][hemi-(半)+sphere](A)n.半球theNorthHemisphere北半球lsuggestdoingsth.lSydneyOperaHouse悉尼歌剧院lhasfallenasleep/isasleep/issleepinglbuysth.for钱pay钱forsth.lbefullof=befilledwith前者是主系表结构,full为形容词满的,后者为被动语态,fill为充满的意思。fullof前要加be动词Theroomisfullofpeople=Theroomisfilledwithpeople.fillsth.withsth.用……把……充满Fillthebottlewithwater.lATTEND/ATTENTION1.attend[ə’tend](E)v.(1)出席,参加;(2)照料,护理attendthemeeting出席会议thepatient照料病人2.attendant(照料)→attendant[ə’tendənt](A)n.侍者;护理员;服务员,值班员tend[tend][attend(2)之略](I)v.照料,看护tendthepatient=attendthepatient现代英语中spend的过去分词是spent拉丁语中attendere的过去分词是attentusattention[ə’ten∫n][attend的名词](A)n.照料,治疗Thepatientreceivedattentionofthehospital.1.attention[ə’ten∫n](E)n.注意,注意力;(E)n.立正payattentionto(E)注意。2.由此知彼,attend照料→attention照料由彼知此,attention注意→attend(?)attend[ə’tend](I)v.注意留心,专心于(+to)attendtoone’sbusinessattentive[ə’tentiv][attend的形容词](I)adj.注意的,留心的attendtowhathesays注意听他讲payattentiontowhathesaysbeattentivetowhathesayslBALL1.ball[bɔ:l](E)n.球,球状物2.ball(球)→大小不分的“球”balloon[bə’lu:n][ball+-oon(“大”);大球→](I)n.气球ballot[‘bælət][ball+-ot(表示“小”)]n.(1)[原义]投票用的小纸球→(2)投票纸,选票,投票;vi.(秘密)投票bullet[‘bulət][bull(ball的变体)+et(表示“小”);小球→](I)n.\n子弹,枪弹(古时的子弹就是沙粒状的小球)1.ball(球)→体育上的主要球类baseball[‘beisˌbɔ:l][base(基础)+ball](A)n.垒球,棒球basketball[‘bæskətˌbɔ:l][basket(篮)+ball(球)](E)n.篮球football[‘futˌbɔ:l][foot(足)+ball(球)](E)n.足球volleyball[‘vɒli:ˌbɔ:l][volley(齐射)+ball(球)](E)n.排球[归类记忆法](1)球类前不用冠词;(2)“打(踢)”球常用动词play。比赛:game,match如football等含有单词“ball”的球类比赛常用game,不用match。诸如tennis(网球),boxing(拳击),wrestling(摔跤)等比赛用match。2.ball[bɔ:l](I)n.舞会(比dance豪华的舞会)lhomesick[‘həumˌsik]a.想家的,患怀乡病的。lkindtoyoulhurry[‘hə:ri]n.匆忙。vt.催促,使加快。vi.赶急,赶快,仓促。lskill[skil]n.技巧,技艺,技能。vi.起作用;有助于;有影响。lmailidea主要内容ladvise(v.)sb.todosth.apieceofadvice(n.).lbeconfidentof对……自信ltreat[tri:t]vt.对待,待遇;vi.款待,请客;lwaste[weist]a.荒芜的,不毛的,荒废了的;vt.糟蹋,浪费。vi.消耗;lThemorecareyouare,thefewermistakesyouwillmake.lfar,alot,much,abit,alittle修饰比较级lasif(好像)+句子lBuy/Makesth.forsb.luntil+一般现在时表将来lsometimessometimesometimessometime有时某时几次,几倍一段时间lItissaidthat(据说)+从句lhavefundoingsth.lbe/getexcitedaboutsth./doingsth.lendupwithsth.以……结束lbeginwithsth.lmakemistakesin……lanother三者以上的另一个l宾语从句判断标准:时态,连接词,语序lWhynotjoinus?lendupdoingsth.lThewindowisbright,whohascleanedit?l情态动词后加动词原形lby+交通工具(单)lnoone用于人不指物\nlsuggestdoingsth.lrepeat[ri’pi:t]n.再说,再做,重演;vt.重做。vi..重复说[做]。ljoinin=takepartinlbydoingsth.通过做某事lnot……atall一点也不lhavetroubledoingsth.做某事有困难lby:在……旁边:bythelake不迟于:hewillbeallrightbysuppertime.by常用于过去完成时。靠,用:themonkeywashangingfromthetreebyhistail.被,由:Englishisspokenbymanypeople.bytheway.byone’sself.lmakemademade①make制作asentence/poem②makeaphonecall/adecision/aplan③makethebedmakemoneymakefacesmakeamistakemakefriends④makeit成功了⑤makeit8o’clock约定八点lboring修饰物e.g.:excite/excitingbored修饰人的心理interesting:sheisaninterestingwomanldifferentlyad.differenta.differencen.lby通过方法手段有形with无形by语言单位材料in特征方面与方式心情成语惯用inin用某种材料或某种语言with用工具或人体部位lfindsth.a.forsb.todosth.findita.findthat+句子lSheoftenkeepspracticingspeakingEnglish.lpracticedoingsth.ldifference不同点[CN]区别[UN]lrealizesth.实现,实行lfeel+adj.Theclothesfellsoft.衣服感觉很软ladd(that)+句子addsth.to/on……lspeak/talk/laughloudlworry……aboutDon’tworry\nlrealizesth./句子lbeafraidtodosth.害怕做某事beafraidofdoingsth.担心……I’mafraidso/not(婉转的拒绝)lalso行前系后IcanalsospeakEnglishwell.lhavetroubledoingsth.lsecretofdoingsth.做什么事的秘诀ltobeginwith一开始ldealwith=dowith=solveIdon’tknowhowtodealwithproblem.Idon’tknowwhattodowiththeproblem.lUnlessyouworkhard,youwon’tcatchupwithothers.lpositive['pɒzətiv]a.确实的,明确的;有自信的;十足的,纯粹的。l时间、距离、金钱、看成一个整体Twoyearsgoesby.llast[la:st]vi.继续;持久,耐久,经久。lcomplainaboutsb./sth.llmagician[mə'dʒi∫n]n.魔法师,妖道,术士;魔术家,变戏法的人。lit’sone’sdutytodosth.lTheTVplayendedupwithasadending.电视剧以悲剧结尾。lusedtodosth.过去常常做某事be/getusedtodoingsth.习惯于做某事I’musedtodealingwiththemattersofthiskind.beusedtodosth.被用来做某事1.Thereusedtobeafootballfieldbeforethewar.战争前这有片足球场。2.Heusedtolivehere,didn'the?3.Theyareusedtothehardworkhere.4.MissLindidn'tusetobethinlhit→hit→hitdropvi.&vt.垂直落下fallvi.跌倒lcouple['kʌpl]n.一双。夫妇,夫妻,一对舞伴。lcause[kɔ:z]n.原因,起因;缘故,理由,根据,动机。不能用于被动语态llpayattentiontodoingsth.lTakesb.tosomeplace带某人到某地takesb.home带某人回家lchat[ʧæt]n.闲谈,聊天。鸣禽。chatwithsb.与人家闲聊chatroom聊天室lontheinternet在网上linthelastfewyears近几年lwith短语作伴随短语Shegoestoschoolwithnothinginherschoolbag.\nltakeprideinsth./doingsth.=beproudofsth./doingsth.lcan/can’t/could/couldn’taffordtosth./sth.花得起,买得起lattentionplease立正“MayIhaveyourattention”“通知,通知”lcause[kɔ:z]n.原因,起因;缘故,理由,根据,动机。Theheavyraincausedtheriverrise.lspendtimewithsb.与谁共度时光lSb.spendstime/money(in)doingsth.las……aspossiblelgiveupsmoking戒烟lmakesb.dosth.lItiskindofyou.人本身的性质用ofItisgoodforyoutokillhim.描述事件用forltiesth.tosth.把某物绑在某物上lenemy['enəmi]n.敌人,仇敌;〔集合词〕敌军,敌舰;敌机;敌国。危害物;大害。lseem+adj.e.g.heseemsill.seemtodosth.Heseemstobenervous.Itseems/seemedthat+句子lgetintotrouble陷入麻烦lbedone(vt.)is/aredonewas/weredone情态动词donewillbedonelget/havesth.done请某人做某事、使某事完成Hegot/hadhaircutyesterday.lagreewithsb.todosth.onsth.达成共识indoingsth.linsteadofdoingsth.lconcentrateondoingsth./sth.全神贯注lvolunteertodosth.自愿做某事lsucceedindoingsth.成功做某事lpointat指向近物pointto指向远物lso+助v.+主语(倒装)主语也一样so+主语+助v.确实如此lyet用于否定句和疑问句already用于肯定句lfairindoingsth.llearnsth.fromsb.向某人学习什么Everyonehasstrongpoint,weshouldlearnfromeachother.lhaveanopportunitytodosth.有机会做某事lreply:vi.&vt.回答;答复①makenoreply没有回音\n①replytosb.回答某人reply作为及物动词时后面只能加所说的话replynothingherepliedthathewouldgo.lteachsb.sth.teachsb.todosth.teachsb.howtodosth.lsucceed[sək'si:d]vi.&vt.继…之后,继续;成功,获得成效;使成功。lIachievedmydreamatlast.=Mydreamcametrueatlast.lonly+从句/状语从句放句首要倒装only+状(从句)+系v./助v./情v.+主语+v.原lhaveachangetodosth./todosth.la+序数词表示:又一再一lgoout熄灭lgoover复习lmight可以,可能。用在情态动词或虚拟语气中lneedn’tdosth.=don’thavetodosth.lWhatif……?如果……怎么办lBRINGHERE TAKETHEREWhohastakenawaytoday’snewspaper?Goandgetsomewater.Canyoufetchmesomewater?lIftheyhadleftearlier,wewouldn’thavemissedtheairplane.与过去事实相反Ifitshouldraintomorrow,whatwouldyoudo?与将来时时刻能相反lratherdosth.thandosth.lbeconfidentofsb./sth.对某人某事有自信ldaretodosth.敢于做某事darenotdosth.不敢做某事lpermit[pə'mit]vi.&vt.许可,准许,放任;使可能。允许,容许(of)。permitsb.todosth.=allowsb.todosth.lbefriendswithsb.lintroducevt.引导,带领。介绍。使开始经验[体验]。引进。提出(议案等)。introduceoneself自我介绍It’smyhonourtointroducemyteachertoeveryone.linvitedsb.todosth.lnotintheslightest=notatalllplentyof許多的後可加可數名詞亦可加不可數名詞lwould/hadratherdosth.thandosth.wouldrathernotdosth.不愿做某事woulddosth.ratherthandosth.lpreferAtoBpreferdoingAtodoingBprefertodosth.比起B更喜欢A喜欢做某事lstomach['stʌmək]n.&vt.胃。胃口,食欲;消化。忍耐,忍受。stomachslThemoneyisminetherestisyours.therestof其余的Somefoothasbeeneatenup,andtherestoffoodintheice-boxhasgonebad.lletsb.down让某人失望lcompany['kʌmpəni]{U}n.交际,交往;做伴;伴侣;朋友;来客。inthecompanyof在谁的陪伴下\nloffersb.sth.=offersth.tosb.=providesth.forsb.=providesb.withsth.提供给某人某物lhaveexperience(in)doingsth.lworstofall最糟糕的是lanotherday改天theotherday前几天lkeepsb.doingsth.lvolunteertodosth.ltruth[tru:θ]n.真理;真实;真相,诚实,老实。精确度。lthough[ðəu]ad.可是,但是,然而,不过还是;话虽这样说。lhidesth.fromsb.把某物藏起来不让某人看到lrefuse['refju:s]vt.拒绝,谢绝,不肯(承认、服从等);拒婚〔主指女子拒绝男子〕。lhurtvt.某人受伤,常用于被动语态Hewasbadlyhurt.Ihurtmyself.vi.伤口疼痛Myleghurts.hurt(vt.)=injure,injure指伤势较重,hurt可表感情创伤hurtmyheartwound[waund]n.伤,负伤,创伤;损害,损伤;屈辱;苦痛;awoundsolderpain[pein]n.痛,疼痛;产痛,阵痛。费心,苦心;haveapainin身体部位lworkout解决;算出lmakeup组成;化妆;百分比lpicksth.uplputon举起;张贴putoff推迟ltongue[tʌŋ]n.舌;口条〔食用的牛舌等〕。口才,说法;语言;国语;方言;国民。lmuch+比较级lsth.belongtosb.宾sth.mustbelongtosb.sth.mustbesb.lAtone’sappointment.Itsnowedalldaybutstopsnowingduringthatnight.lanxious['æŋk∫əs]a.忧虑的,焦急的。切望的,急想。使人不安的。beanxiousfor/aboutsb./sth.=beworriedabout担心某事或某人ontheanxiousseat坐立不安lIt’sa.+句子句子为真正主语lmay:允许否定:mustn’tlability[ə'biləti]n.能力,技能;〔pl.〕才,才能,才干。不行:disabilitylShedroppedthebottleontothefloor.lhavetodosth.=musttodosth.l情态动词后加动词原形lREADINGMAKESAFULLMAN阅读使人充实lstrange[streindʒ]a.古怪的,陌生的;异乡的,strangefish〔口语〕怪人。lthesedays最近;近几天llike像unlike不像lanoceanof;(in)oceansof极多的lescapefrom/outof=runaway\nllsth.runoutsb.runoutofsth.sth.beusedupsb.useupsth.Bythistimehehaduseduphissaving.l情态动词+be+ving表示对正在进行的情况进行推测Atthismomentourteachermaybecorrectingourexaminationpaper.情态动词+have+动词的过去分词表示对过去的推测Theroadiswet,itmusthaverainedlastnight.ldrop[drɒp]n.滴;液滴,滴剂;微量,耳坠;降落;(物价)下跌,落差;Apincouldbeheardtodrop.一根针落在地上也听得见,寂静之极。Dropdownfromthetree.Theysawsth.dropoutofhispocket.(价格、温度)下降风声变弱Pricedropped/risedAdropofwaterlCouldyouplease(not)dosth?lMight有“规劝”的意思。YoumightpaymoreattentiontospokenEnglish.lchase[ʧeis]vi.&vt.追随,追逐。寻觅。驱除。chaseacatoutofthegardenlpretendtodosth.假装做某事。pretendthat+句子lattempttodosth.企图做某事Don'tattempttodosomanythingsinsuchashorttime.lallalone独立Sheissittingallalonginthehall.lgeton/offthebus/ship/planegetintothecargetoutofthecarlAllthat=whatllift[lift]vi.vt.使升起,鼓舞。搬运;拔起;消散。水涨船高,lbemadetodosth.lfalloff=falldownfromlJimdislikespeoplewhotalkmuchbutneverdoanything.lturnitoffturnitonturnitupturnitdownlfillwith装满lhaveexperience(in)doingsth.lfoundita.todosth.lsink→sank→sunk[siŋk]vi.沉没。沉入地平线下;沮丧,跌落,渗下,退落。llyrics多用复数lprefersb.todosth.=wantsb.todosth.\nlltakesb.homelremindsb.of……让某人记起……Thissongremindshimofhismother.lwho/that在定语从句中谓语动词的单复数与先行词保持一致Iprefershoesthatarecool.Ihaveafriendwhoplayssports.l当关系代词在句中作宾语时关系代词可省略。lWearetryingtohelpthosechildrenwholosttheirparentsinYushu,QinghaiProvince.lZhangJundidwinthefirstprizeinyesterday’scompetition.张军的确赢了昨天的比赛lasusual像平常那样lbesurethat+句子besureof/aboutsth.对某事确信,有把握makesurethat+句子makesureofsth.lInhiseyes,whateverIdidwaswrong.在他眼里我做什么都是错的。lwherever=nomatterwherewhoever=nomatterwho.lCanyoustandthecat?Ican’tstandtowaitthebus.lfellow['feləu]n.同伴,伴侣;匹敌者,对手;lHewasluckyenoughtocatchthebus.lsuitsb.着重于颜色,色料方面的适合That’saniceblouse,itsuitsyouprefer.fitsb.用于衣着鞋帽形状大小方面的合适Theshoesdon'tfityou.lexpect[ik'spekt]vt.期待,预期,预料expectsb.todosth.expecttodosth.TheyexpecttofinishtheworkbyFriday.lincreasevi.&vt.Production生产canbeincreasedgreatly.lIt’sa.tosb.It’sa.forsb.todosth.l当先行词oneof复数名词在定语从句中做主语时,定语从句谓语动词用复数形式。若先行词为the(only)oneof+复数名词在定语从句中做主语时定语从句谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。l先行词代表人或物在定语从句中做定语时用关系代词Helivesinahousewhosewindowsfacesouth。l当先行词代表物时下列情况只能用that而不用which\n一、先行词为all/little/much/everything/something/anything/none/theone等不定代词时二、先行词有only/all/any/little/few/no/very等修饰词时三、先行词是序数词或有序数词修饰,形容词最高级或有形容词最高级修饰时四、有两个先行词一个指人一个指物五、主句是特殊疑问句疑问词为who或which时。lstayawayfrom=keepawayfromlfinding['faindiŋ]n.发现;发现的东西。〔pl.〕结论;研究结果;常用复数linwhich为非限定性定语从句,先行词为survey。lsothat以便,为了。Heworkedsothateverythingwouldbereadyintime.llbefilledwith=befulloflThousandsofyearshaspassed几千年过去了lelse修饰疑问句what,who,which,when,where,how等不定代词something,everythinglAstheoldsayinggoes,hewhoneverbeentotheGreatWallisnotatrueman.俗话说得好:不到长城非好汉llclose[kləus]1.vt.关(窗等),闭(眼等);盖(盖子等);锁闭,封闭,塞,隔绝。2.a.关闭着的,密闭的。秘密的。窄狭的,紧密的;严丝合缝的,吻合的。3.ad.精密地,细密地,紧密地。秘密地。接近,密接;亲密地。lpackvt.包,把…打包,包装,把…包成一捆;〔美国〕把…装罐头。lcustomer['kʌstəmə]n.主顾,客户,(打交道的)人,〔美口〕观众,听众。ltakeatrip=have/makeatripbeonatrip在旅行beonavisitto在参观lmind(not)doingsth.Wouldyoumindmysittinghere?la./ad.enough(forsb.)/todosth.(not)a./ad.enough(forsb.)todosth.lleave为短暂性动词,不与一段时间连用。lmarry短暂性→married延续性ldreamofdoingsth.laccordingtosth.根据……lquiteafew=manylbewillingtodosth.乐意做某事\nbeunwillingtodosth.不乐意做某事lfantastic[fæn'tæstik]a.空想的,异想天开的。奇异的,古怪的。lconsider+n./doingsth.考虑……lapieceofinformationaskforinformationonsth.amanofwideinformation见多识广lcontinuesth./todosth.=goontosth.继续做某事lWecanseethroughtheglass看过沙漠l介词on表示状态,方法等,意思是:“进行中,在……中,……状态。”ltrek[trek]vi.〔南非英语〕(坐牛车)旅行;payattentiontodoingsth.lsoa.that+句子such+n.+句子ldoharmtosb.伤害某人lgiveout=handout分发lCan’thelpdoingsth.=can’tstopdoingsth.Icannothelpthinkingso.lsign[sain]记号,信号,表示。广告(牌)。形迹lnotonly……butalsoNotonlydoIfeelgoodabouthelpingotherpeople,butalsoIgettospendtimedoingwhatIlovetodo.l动词加介词:sayhelloto其后必须带宾语,都要放在介词之后lputsthtogood/baduse善于、不善于利用某物lhelpsb.out使某人脱离困境lbeabletodosth.能够做某事(可用于任何时态)beunabletodosth.llfixsth.up=repair=fasten['fæsn]上紧,扣紧(钮子等)。lfillAwithB用A充满Bbefullof=befillwithlsupport[sə'pɔ:rt]vt.维护。赞助。维持。激励。忍耐。lbeusedforsth./doingsth.lrunoutof时间、精力、钱、物lbroadcast['brɔ:dˌkæst]撒播的;广泛散布的。广播的。撒播。广播节目。lworkout被证明;结果是workitout算出来lmakeita.lappeal[ə'pi:l]呼吁;要求。lBecarefuloftheglassbrokenbythecat.ldividesth.intosth.lontime准时intime及时lmakeit成功了lconvincesb.使某人相信\nlsetoff出发引爆衬托setaboutsth.开始,着手setout出发lclerk个体stuff整体(职员)ldressupas穿得像dresssb.给谁穿衣服linorderto为了lIliverighthere.right在此表强调lThissignSAYS“NOPHOTOES”lItisbettertodosth.最好做某事lbesimilarto像……llmarry(to)sb.与某人结婚amarringman一个盼望结婚的人amarriedman已婚lornot用whether

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