中考英语语法课件：并列句和复合句+被动语态+定语从句+语音 153页

中考英语语法之并列句和复合句\n一、并列句由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来的句子叫作并列句。常见分类：1.表示同等、平行或承接关系，常用连词and，both...and，notonly...butalso...，neither...nor...，aswellas等。2.表示转折关系，常用连词but，yet(然而),however(然而),while(而)等。\n3.表示选择关系，常见连词or，not...but(不是……而是……),either...or...(要么……要么……)等。4.表示因果关系，常见连词because,as，for(因为),so等。二、复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫作复合句。从句需由关联词引导。初中英语教材主要涉及的复合句有状语从句、宾语从句和定语从句。\n考点一状语从句状语从句在复合句中起状语的作用，修饰主句中的谓语、形容词或副词。状语从句由从属连词引导，从属连词不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。根据意义上的不同，状语从句可分为：时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、地点状语从句等。\n从句类型从句引导词例句时间状语从句when,while,before,after,until,since,assoonas①Hedidn’tgethomeuntil9p.m.lastnight.他直到昨天晚上九点才到家。②I’llcallyouupassoonasIarriveinBeijing.我一到北京就给你打电话。条件状语从句if,unless,aslongasYou’llbekeptoutofthepartyunlessyouhaveaninvitation.如果没有请柬，您是无法参加这个聚会的。\n从句类型从句引导词例句目的状语从句sothat,inorderthatThenewcompanygaveawaylotsofadsinorderthatpeoplecangettoknowit.这家新公司散发了大量广告以加强人们对它的了解。让步状语从句though/although,evenif,whatever,wherever,wheneverThewholelibrarywasinsilence,althoughtherewerenearly500peoplereadinginit.尽管有将近500人在看书，但整座图书馆却寂静无声。\n从句类型从句引导词例句原因状语从句because,since,as,forSinceeveryoneishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.既然大家都到齐了，我们开始开会吧。结果状语从句so...that,such...thatYaoMingplaysbasketballsowellthatmanyAmericanshavealsobecomehisfans.姚明篮球打得如此好以至于很多美国人也成了他的粉丝。\n从句类型从句引导词例句比较状语从句than,as...as...,notas/so...as...I’masoldasBob.我和鲍勃年龄一样大。地点状语从句where,whereverWherethereisawill,thereisaway.哪里有希望，哪里就有出路。（有志者，事竟成）\n状语从句的注意事项1.条件状语从句和时间状语从句中的时态(1)如果主句使用一般将来时，条件状语从句和时间状语从句中使用一般现在时表示将来的动作①Yourdreammustcometrueifyouworkhard.如果努力，你的梦想一定会实现。②I’mgoingtobeanengineerwhenIgrowup.长大后我想成为一名工程师。(2)如果主句使用过去进行时，时间状语从句中一般使用过去时态WewerewatchingTVwhenmyfathergotback.爸爸回来时我们在看电视。\n2.时间状语从句中not...until...（直到……才……）与before/after引导的从句的转换。IwenttobedafterIfinishedmyhomework.=Ididn’tgotobeduntilIfinishedmyhomework.直到做完作业我才去睡觉。\n3.结果状语从句中的特殊句式(1)祈使句+and+简单句：祈使句表示条件，and引导的简单句表示在条件的基础上产生的良好结果，前后句意统一Eatmorevegetablesandlessmeat,andyou’llkeepingoodhealth.多吃菜少吃肉，你会保持健康的。(2)祈使句+or+简单句：祈使句表示条件，or引导的简单句表示在违背条件的基础上可能产生的不良后果，前后句意对立。or在句中表示“否则”，可与if引导的从句进行替换Keepquiet,oryouwon’thearwhattheteachersays.=Keepquiet,andyouwillhearwhattheteachersays.=Ifyoudon’tkeepquiet,youwon’thearwhattheteachersays.保持安静，否则你听不见老师在说什么。\n(3)so...that...（如此……以至于……）与too...to...（太……而不能……）和not...enoughto...（不足以……）句式的转换Heissoyoungthathecan’tlookafterhimself.=Heistooyoungtolookafterhimself.=Heisnotoldenoughtolookafterhimself.他如此年轻以至于他不能照顾自己。\n考点二宾语从句一、在主从复合句中作宾语的句子叫作宾语从句。二、宾语从句的三个考点：时态①主句是现在时，从句根据实际情况使用相应时态②主句是过去时，从句使用过去时的某种形式③从句表示的是客观事实、真理、自然现象等时，不管主句使用什么时态，从句都用一般现在时语序从句一律用陈述语序，即主语+谓语\n连接词①that在从句中作宾语时可以省略；作主语时不能省略②what,when,where,how,whatever,whenever,wherever,who,whom,whose等特殊疑问词作连接词③当宾语从句由一般疑问句变化而来时，连接词用whether或if，表示是否\n【温馨提示】当主句谓语动词为think，suppose，guess,believe等词，主语为第一人称，从句表达否定意义时，形式上应否定主句。例如：Idon’tthinkthatheisright.我认为他不对。\n考点三定语从句一、基本构成1.定义：在复合句中作定语，修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，通常位于定语从句之前。2.句式：含有定语从句的复合句基本结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。\n二、关系代词的基本用法作主语作宾语作定语指人who/thatwho/whom/that/省略whose指物which/thatwhich/that/省略whose\nDoyouknowthegirlwho/thathaswonthefirstprizeinthesingingcompetition?你认识歌咏比赛中获得一等奖的那个女孩吗？Manylaugh-makingstarswhosemasterisZhaoBenshanhavebecomefamoustheseyears.近年来很多师承赵本山的笑星成名了。\n【温馨提示】1.以下情况只用that：(1)先行词前有最高级或序数词修饰①TheTransformersⅢisthegreatestmoviethatIhaveeverseen.《变形金钢Ⅲ》是我看过的最棒的一部电影。②ThefirstgiftthatIgotfromUncleLiuwasatoypanda.我从刘叔叔那里得到的第一件礼物是一只玩具熊猫。(2)先行词前有only，all,any，no，last，just，very等词修饰MissYuseemstobetheonlyteacherthatcanhelpusnow.现在可以帮助我们的老师好像只有于老师了。\n(3)先行词是something，anything，nothing，everything，little，few，many，all，no，none等IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?我可以为你做点什么？(4)先行词既有人又有物Ilovetheschoolsandteachersthatgivemehappiness.我喜爱给我带来欢乐的学校和老师。\n2.以下情况只用who:(1)先行词是anyone,anybody,one,ones,those等Anyonewhobreaksthelawwillbepunished.任何违法之人都将受到处罚。(2)在therebe结构中，先行词指人时，关系代词用whoTherearesomeboyswhoareplayingbasketballontheplayground.操场上有些男孩在打篮球。\n3.以下情况只用which：(1)引导词前有介词且先行词指物ThisisthehouseinwhichI’mliving.这就是我住的房子。\n三、关系副词的基本用法用法例句when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，其先行词是表示时间的名词（year，season，day等）Istillrememberthedayswhenweworkedtogether.我仍然记得我们在一起工作的日子。where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，其先行词是表示地点的名词（place，school，room等）Thisistheschoolwhereweoncestudied.这就是我们曾经学习过的学校。why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词只有表示原因的reason一词Canyoutellmethereasonwhyhehasn’tcomehere?你能告诉我他不来这儿的原因吗？\n【巧学妙记】定语从句的用法主句型，从句型，两种句子要完整。从句紧跟先行词，关系词引导要弄清。定人要用who或whom，定物which当先用。关系代词用that，定人定物有本领。when用来定时间，where用来定地点。关系代词作成分，唯作宾语可省略。\n单项选择1.(2012·达州中考)—DoyouenjoyMyheartwillgoon?—No,Iprefersongs_______loud.A.thatisB.whichisC.thatareD.whatare【解析】选C。由先行词songs指物且在定语从句中作主语可知关系代词为that/which，再由先行词为复数形式可知定语从句的谓语为are。\n2.（2012·六盘水中考）—DoyouknowifwewillgoforapicnicthisSaturday?—Ithinkwewillifwe_______anyclasses.A.won’thaveB.didn’thaveC.don’thaveD.aren’thaving【解析】选C。在if引导的条件状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。\n3.(2012·恩施中考)—Idon’tknowwhen_______tomorrow?—Iwillcallyouassoonashe_______.A.willhecome;arrivesB.hewillcome;arrivesC.hewillcome;willarrive【解析】选B。when引导的宾语从句用陈述语序；assoonas引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时表将来，故选B。\n4.（2012·达州中考）—ThatactoroftenjoinsindifferentactivitiesinBeijing.Doyouknow_______?—For5years.A.howsoonhewillcomebackB.howlonghehasstayedthereC.howlonghashestayedthereD.howoftendoeshegothere【解析】选B。由宾语从句的语序为陈述语序可排除C、D；再由答语是for引导的时间状语可知宾语从句是howlong引导的，故选B。\n5.（2011·广东中考）Thefirstthing_______mybrotherisgoingtodothisafternoonistowritealetter.A.whichB.thatC.whyD.who【解析】选B。在定语从句中若先行词是物且被序数词修饰时关系代词用that，故选B。\n6.(2011·济南中考)—Julie,doyouknow_______yesterdayafternoon?—Bybus.Iguess.A.whenMr.GreenwillgettoQuanchengSquareB.whenwillMr.GreengettoQuanchengSquareC.howMr.GreengottoQuanchengSquareD.howdidMr.GreengettoQuanchengSquare【解析】选C。考查宾语从句的用法。根据回答中的Bybus我们可以判断是对交通方式的提问。A和B选项中when不符合句意；又宾语从句须用陈述语序，而D选项为疑问语序。故选C。\n7.（2011·兰州中考）Janeisoneofthestudentsintheclass_______haveeverbeentoChina.A.whoB.whoseC.whichD.whom【解析】选A。由先行词是students，且在定语从句中作主语，因此用关系词who。故选A。\n8.（2011·山西中考）—Mr.Li,Ifoundawatchontheplayground.—Youshouldtrytofindout_______.A.whoseisthewatchB.whoistheownerofthewatchC.whomdoesthewatchbelongto【解析】选B。宾语从句应该用陈述语序，故选B。\n9.（2011·宁波中考）—Whatanewcomputer!Canyoutellme_______?—Justthedaybeforeyesterday.A.howmuchyoupaidforitB.howmuchdidyoupayforitC.whenyouboughtitD.whendidyoubuyit【解析】选C。从句应用陈述语序，故排除B项和D项；由答语“前天”知问的是时间：“你能告诉我什么时候买的吗?”，故选C。\n10.（2011·广东中考）—Let’sgofishingifit______thisweekend.—Butnobodyknowsifit_______.A.isfine;willrainB.willbefine;rainsC.willbefine;willrainD.isfine;rains【解析】选A。第一个if作“如果”讲，引导条件状语从句，从句用一般现在时表将来。第二个if作“是否”讲引导宾语从句，可以用将来时。故选A。\n11.（2011·呼和浩特中考）—Isthereanyonehere_______nameisBetty?—Sorry,Idon’tknow.A.whoB.whichC.whomD.whose【解析】选D。在定语从句中先行词anyone是人且与name之间存在所属关系，故用whose。\n12.（2011·临沂中考）Thepolicemanaskedthesmallgirl_______.A.whyshewascryingB.whywasshecryingC.whysheiscryingD.whyisshecrying【解析】选A。宾语从句用陈述语序，再由主句是一般过去时可确定从句时态为过去时，故答案为A项。\n13.（2011·襄阳中考）—Doyouknowtheman_______isreadingthebookoverthere?—Yes,he’sMr.Green,ourPEteacher.A.whichB.whatC.whomD.who【解析】选D。先行词theman是人，且在定语从句中作主语，应用关系代词who。\n14.（2011·温州中考)—Jack,couldyoutellme_______?—Sure.InthepostofficeonGreenRoad.A.whereyouboughtthestampsB.wheredidyoubuythestampsC.whenyouboughtthestampsD.whendidyoubuythestamps【解析】选A。由答语InthepostofficeonGreenRoad可知问句中的宾语从句的引导词应当是对地点进行提问的，由宾语从句要用陈述语序可知选A。\n15.（2011·泰安中考）—Tomwantstoknowifyouwillhaveapicnictomorrow.—Yes.Butifit_______,we’llplaychessinstead.A.willrainB.rainedC.israiningD.rains【解析】选D。在if引导的条件状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。\n被动语态初三英语复习ThePassiveVoice\nTheflowersWhatdoesshedoeveryday?everyday.arewateredbyherShewaterstheflowerseveryday.主谓宾后面能接宾语的动词才有被动语态\n主动变被动的方法:Shewaterstheflowerseveryday.主谓宾Theflowersarewateredbyhereveryday.①②③④总结:主动语态被动语态宾语→谓语→主语→其他→抄下来主语be+P.Pby+宾语\nbe+P.P.被动语态的基本结构:有各种时态的变化考点一:\n[1].NowEnglish____bymoreandmorepeopleallovertheword.A.speaksB.isspokenC.wasspoken一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are+PP\ntask（一）1.WelikeMissLinVerymuch.MissLin___________byusverymuch.2.ManyyoungpeopleloveJayChou’songs.JayChou’ssongs__________bymanyyoungpeople.islikedareloved时态:结构：am/is/are+done一般现在时把下列句子改为被动语态：\n[2].Thelostboy____atthestreetcornerlastnight.A.wasfoundB.isfoundC.waslookedfor一般过去时的被动语态：was/were+PP\ntask（二）1.Themanrepairedthecaryesterday.Thecar_____________bythemanyesterday.2.MrSongencouragedustostudyhardlastweek.We________________tostudyhardbyMissPenglastweek.wasrepairedwereencouraged时态:结构：was/were+done一般过去时把下列句子改为被动语态：\n[3].Manyhouses____inthefuture.A.willbuildB.willbebuiltC.arebuilt一般将来时的被动语态：will+be+PPbegoingto+be+PP\ntask(三)1.Thecitywillbuildthenewairportnextyear.Thenewairport________________nextyear.2.HuidongMiddleSchoolisgoingtosendtwostudentstoHongkongtostudy.Twostudents____________________toHongkongtostudy.willbearebe时态:结构：will/begoingto+be+done一般将来时builtgoingtosent\n[4].Threebridges____sincelastyear.A.havebuiltB.werebuiltC.havebeenbuilt现在完成时的被动语态：have/has+been+PP\ntask(四)1.LiMinghasalreadywateredsomeflowers.Someflowers________________byLiMingalready.2.Theyhavesoldoutthelightgreendress.Thelightgreendress____________________________out.havebeenhas时态:结构：Have/has+been+done现在完成时wateredbeensold\n[5].Flowers____everyday.A.hasbeenwateredB.shouldbewateredC.shouldwater含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+PP\n含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+doneYoumustn’tcleantheroomtoday.Theroom______________byyoutoday.2.Weshouldfinishourhomeworkontime.Ourhomework______________byusontime.（四）mustn’tshould结构：becleanedbefinishedPart3\n练习:用be动词的正确形式填空.Aknife_________usedtocutapples.2.Theair_________pollutedalready.3.Therooms________cleanedlater.4.Thestudents_______askedtohavebreakfast.5.They_______encouragedtostudyhardinthepast.6.NotonlyhebutalsoI_____punishedlastnight.ishasbeenwillbearewerewas\n一般现在时：一般过去时：一般将来时：情态动词:am/is/are+done情态动词+be+donewill+be+donewas/were+done以下时态的被动语态构成Summary现在完成时：has/have+been+doneTask4\nHomework1.Reviewpassivevoice2.Doexercisesonthepaper\n考点二:被动语态中的特殊情况:\n[6].①Goodmedicine___bittertothemouth.A.tastesB.istastedC.taste②Thispen___well.A.issoldB.sellC.sells感官动词,和sell等动词用主动语态表被动.\n.思考3:选择1.Thepen___well.A.iswrittenB.writes2.Themusic___nice.A.soundsB.issoundedBA有些动词的主动形式表示被动含义注意问题3：1.read,sell,last,wash,write等带状语（well,easily)时。如:Herbooksellswell.2.感官动词feel,look,smell,sound,taste等与形容词连用时。如：Thecaketastesdelicious.\n[7].Manypeople___duringtheearthquakeinMay,2008.A.werediedB.deadC.diedhappen,last,die等动词不使用被动.\n1.Itwillhappenin50years.()2.Itwillbehappenedin50years.()注意问题2：不及物动词没有被动语态，如：happen,takeplace,begin,becomedissappear,comeout.思考2:判断下列句子的正误挑战√x\n[8].Theman____cleanthetoiletbecausehe___rubbishwhenthepolicewalkedpastthepark.A.wasmade;wasseentothrowB.wasmadeto;wasseenthrowingC.made;saw\nsee/hearsb.dosthbeseen/heardtodosthsee/hearsb.doingsth.beseen/hearddoingsth.makesb.dosth.bemadetodosth.主动:被动:主动:被动:主动:被动:\n思考4:把主动语态变为被动语态Isawhimfalloffthetree.He____________falloffthetree.wasseento注意问题4：一些动词如（如：make,see,hear,watch等），后接宾语补足语为不带“to”不定式时，变被动语态时要加上“to”。挑战\n[9].Childrenshould___.A.takegoodcareofB.betakengoodcareC.betakengoodcareof固定短语的被动不要丢掉后面的介词或副词\n[10].Yourdesk___.A.needsrepairB.needsrepairingC.needstorepairneed,allow可以用-ing形式表示被动needtobedone=needdoingbeallowedtodo=allowdoing\n练习：将下列句子变为被动句。1.LiLeilistenstohisfathercarefully.2.Themotherlookedafterthebabyintheroom.3.Wetookcareofthethings.4.Theygaveussomework.5.Theboymadethemlaughallthetime.6.Mymotherbuysmeabike.HisfatherislistenedtocarefullybyLiLei.Thebabywaslookedafterintheroom.Thethingsweretakencareofbyus.Weweregivensomework.Someworkwasgiventousbythem.Theyweremadetolaughallthetime.Abikeisboughtforme.\nPractisemakesperfect熟能生巧\n1.树要在春天种;2.树坑要挖得够大,但不要太深;3.把树放进坑里,扶直;4.把泥推回坑里,用脚踩实;5.在旁边插一根坚实的长棍子,并且保证棍子插直了;6.用绳子（rope）把棍子和树绑起来7.浇好水.根据提示写一篇以HowtoPlantaTree?为题目的短文，要求内容齐全，上下文连贯。尽量使用被动语态，80词左右。Writing\n1.树要在春天种;2.树坑要挖得够大,但不要太深;3.把树放进坑里,扶直;4.把泥推回坑里,用脚踩实;5.在旁边插一根坚实的长棍子,并且保证棍子插直了;6.用绳子（rope）把棍子和树绑起来7.浇好水.beplantedbedugbigenoughtoodeepput…into…bekeptstraightpush…backto…push…hardwith…knock…into…bekeptstraightbetiedto…with…bewateredwell\nTreesmustbeplantedinSpring.Theholemustbeduglargeenoughbutnottoodeep.Putthetreeintotheholeanditmustbekeptstraight.Pushtheearthbacktotheholeanditmustbepushedhardwithyourfeet.Knockalongandstrongstickintotheearthbesidethetreeanditmustbekeptstraight.Treescanbetiedtothestickwitharope.Andtheymustbewateredwell.\n专题十四定语从句第一部分中考英语语法专题\n在复合句中修饰名词、代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词后面。关系词：引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词分为关系代词（that,which,who,whom,whose)和关系副词（when,where,why)。关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分，关系副词在句中作状语。\nIlikemusicthat/whichIcandanceto.先行词关系代词定语从句Ilikethesingerwhoisbeautiful.Ilikethemoviethatisfunny.找一找IstillrememberthefirsttimewhenImether.\nIhaveanapple.Anappleisred.Ihaveanapplethatisred.修饰先行词anapple\nIhavesomefriends.Somefriendslikesports.Ihavesomefriendswholikesports.修饰先行词friends\nIlikethemovie.Themovieisexciting.Ilikethemoviethatisexciting.that修饰先行词movie\nThewomanwholivesnextdoorisateacher.Thewomanisateacher.Thewomanlivesnextdoor.who修饰先行词woman\n关系代词如何引导定语从句普通代词与关系代词的区别Ihaveasister.SheworksinShanghai.代替sister普通代词：只起代替的作用（如上例she)Ihaveasisterwho/thatworksinShanghai.关系代词：（如上例who/that）1.代替先行词;2.它还在定语从句中担任一定的成分;3.同时连接先行词与它引导的定语从句。（把主句和从句连起来）\nThebuildingisourschool.Thebuildingstandsbytheriver.关系代词的使用取决于先行词，它们的关系非常密切，因为关系代词在定语从句中代替主句中的先行词，所以它在一般情况下都跟在先行词之后，而且它的人称、数必须和先行词一致。Thebuildingwhich/thatstandsbytheriverisourschool.先行词关系词定语从句which/that是关系代词，它在从句中代替先行词thebuilding,同时担任从句中的主语，也起连词的作用，把两个简单句连接起来。\n关系词判断步骤:1.要看先行词；2.要确定关系词在从句中的成分。关系词先行词关系词在从句中作的成分能否省略who/that人主语不能who/whom/that人宾语能whose/ofwhich人定语不能which/that物主语不能which/that物宾语能whose/ofwhich物定语不能when/介词+which时间时间状语不能where/介词+which地点地点状语不能why/forwhich原因原因状语不能\n定语从句谓语动词和先行词一致.定语从句的时态不受主句的限制。Thewomanwho/thatspokeatthemeetingyesterdayismymother.(主句)Thewomanismymother.(叙述客观事实用一般现在时)(从句)Thewoman(who/that)spokeatthemeetingyesterday.(句中yesterday表示过去时间)\nTheboyisTom.Theboyissmiling.TheboyisTom.Theboyhasaroundface.Theboywho/thatissmilingisTom.(主语)Theboywho/thathasaroundfaceisTom.TheboyisTom.Hesitsinfrontofme.Theboywho/thatsitsinfrontofmeisTom.\nThemaniskind.Everyonelikeshim.Theman(who/whom/that)everyonelikesiskind.Thewomangotthejob.Wesawheronthestreet.Thewoman(who/whom/that)wesawonthestreetgotthejob.Theteacherwillgiveusatalk.Wemettheteacheryesterday.Theteacher(who/whom/that)wemetyesterdaywillgiveusatalk.\n关系代词1.who指人,作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略）Theman(who)Italkedwithisourteacher.Apersonwhostealsthingsiscalledathief.2.whom指人,作宾语(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)Theman(whom/who)ItalkedtoisMr.Li.ThemantowhomItalkedisMr.Li.\n关系代词3.whose是代词的所有格形式,它既可以代人也可以代物。Pleaseshowmethebook.Itscoverisred.Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.Isawawoman.Herbagwasstolen.Isawawomanwhosebagwasstolen.\nappletheredthegreenthesmallthebigTheapplewhichisredismine.Theapplewhichisgreenisyours.TheapplewhichisredissmallTheapplewhichisgreenisbig.\nCanyoufindthepen?Iwrotewithitjustnow.CanyoufindthepenwithwhichIwrotejustnow?Canyoufindthepen(which)Iwrotewithjustnow?\n4.which指物，作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.TheTVset(which)heboughtyesterdayismadeinJapan.Isthisthelibrary(which)youborrowbooksfrom?Isthisthelibraryfromwhichyouborrowbooks?\n1)Thisisthehero(whom)weareproudof.Thisistheheroofwhomweareproud.Thisisthehero(that)weareproudof.2)Theroom(that)Iliveinisverybig.Theroom(which)Iliveinisverybig.TheroominwhichIliveisverybig.注意:固定动介词组不可分割,介词不能提前.例如:lookafter,lookat…关系代词与介词:介词放在关系代词的前面时,介词宾语只能用which代物,用whom代人。(介词在末尾时,关系词可以省略)TheroomwhereIliveisverybig.\n定语从句只能用that,不用which的情况：当先行词是all,any,few,little,none,anything,everything,nothing,everybody,nobody,everyone,noone等不定代词或被它们修饰时。That’sallthatIknow.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?Heansweredfewquestionsthattheteacherasked.2.当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时ThatisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveread.\nThefirstthingthatIshoulddoistoreviewmylessons.3.当先行词有thevery,theonly,thesame等修饰时。That’stheonlythingthatIcandonow.Thesearetheverywordsthatheused.4.当主句以who或which开头时，定语从句的关系词用that,而不用which或who.Whoisthegirlthatspoketoyoujustnow?Whichisthepenthatyoulost?\n5.先行词同时包括人或物时，关系词用that.ThemanandhisdogthatIalwaysmeetarestandingbythegate.Icanrememberwellthepersonsandsomepictures(that)Isee.\n关系代词只用who,不用that的情况：1.先行词是anyone,someone,those时，关系词使用whoThosewhowanttogototheGreatWallsignuphere.Isthereanyonewhowantstogothere?2.在therebe句型中，先行词指人,关系词用whoThereisanoldmanwhowantstoseeyou.Therearemanyyoungmenwhoareagainsthim.\n————关系副词关系副词是用来引导定语从句的，它和关系代词一样,在从句中代替先行词,在句中作状语。1.where:在从句中作地点状语,指代地点.Thehotelwasn’tclean.Westayedatthehotel.Thehotelwherewestayedwasn’tclean.Thehotelatwhichwestayedwasn’tclean.Thehotel(which)westayedatwasn’tclean.\n2.when:在从句中作时间状语,指代时间。I’llneverforgettheday.IjoinedthePartyonthatday.I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIjoinedtheParty.I’llneverforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedtheParty.3.why:在从句中作原因状语,指代原因。Wewantstoknowthereason.Hewaslateforschool.Wewantstoknowthereasonwhyhewaslateforschool.Wewantstoknowthereasonforwhichhewaslateforschool.\nExercise1:用关系代词填空Theboy____________isplayingping-pongismyclassmate.Thee-mail___________Ireceivedyesterdaywasfrommysister.Ihatepeople______________talkmuchbutdolittle.Thecar_____________myfatherboughtlastmonthisverybeautiful.who/thatwhich/thatwho/thatwhich/that\n5.Theman______hairiswhiteishisgrandfather.6.Isthereastudent_________fatherisabusinessman?7.Thisisthehousein________wehavelivedfor10years.8.I’veneverheardofthepeopleandthings________youtalkedaboutjustnow.whosewhosewhichthat当先行词同时指人和物时，关系代词只能用that.\n1.Thisisthebag_____mymotherboughtyesterday.A.thatB.whoC.whomD.this2.Theman_____livesnexttousismyEnglishteacher.A.whomB.whichC.whoD./3.Thegirl_____yousawinthestreetisMary.A.thatB.whoseC.whichD.asACA定语从句练习\n4.Isthisthefactory_____alotofstudentsvisitedyesterday?A.theoneB.whichC.whoD.whom5.Isthisfactory_____alotofstudentsvisitedyesterday?A.theone　　B.thatC.whichD./6.Theonlylanguage_____iseasytolearnisthemothertongue.A.whichB.thatC./D.itBAB定语从句练习\n7.Thegirlhandedeverything_____shehadpickedupinthestreettothepolice.A.whichB.inwhichC.thatD.all8._____cleanstheblackboardshouldbepraised.A.ThatB.WhoC.TheonewhoD.Thestudentswho9.Pleaseshowmethebook_____youboughtyesterday.A.whichB.whomC.whoseD.thisCCA定语从句练习\n10.Thisisthebestbook_____Ihavebeenlookingforallthisyear.A.whoB.whomC.whichD./11.Thisistheonlyarticleofthesethat_____writtenbyhim.A.wasB.wereC.isD.are12.Theman_____washerejustnowisadoctor.A.whomB.whoC./D.heDCB定语从句练习\n13.Theboy_____hastwolovelydogs.A.wholivenextdoorB.whichlivesnextdoorC.whomlivesnextdoorD.thatlivesnextdoor14.Those_____madenomistakesintoday’sexercisespleaseraiseyourhands.A.whichB.whomC.thatD.who15.Thefarm_____westayedlastweekisalovelyplaceforaholiday.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.atthatDDB定语从句练习\n16.Heisthemostcarefulboy_____Iknow.A.whatB.whichC.asD./17.Thisistheschool_____Mr.Smithoncetaught.A.inthatB.whenC.whereD.there18.Haveyouvisitedthehouse_____thefamousscientistwasborn?A.whereB.inthatC.thatD.whichDCA定语从句练习\n19.Thefactory_____Mr.Liusedtoworkwasclosedlastweek.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which20.Doyoustillremembertheday_____wefirstmet?A.thatB.whenC.whatD.onthatBB定语从句练习\n21.October1,1949istheday_____we’llneverforget.A.whenB.thatC.whereD.inwhich22.October1,1949wastheday_____thePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.A.whichB.whenC.whereD.inwhich23.Isthistheshop_____sellschildren’sclothing?A.whichB.whereC.inwhichD.whatBBA定语从句练习\n24.Isthismuseum_____theyvisitedlastmonth?A.thatB.whichC.whereD.theone25.Istillrememberthesitting-room_____mymotherandIusedtositintheevening.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.whereDD定语从句练习\n26.Haveyouseenthegirl_____?A.thatItoldB.ItoldyouofC.whomItoldD.Itoldof27.Thedaysaregone_____weuse“foreignmatches”.A.duringwhenB.duringthatC.onwhichD.duringwhich28.Finallythethiefhandedineverything_____hehadstolentothepolice.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whateverDBB定语从句练习\n29.Thelecturespokeofsomewritersandnovels_____wereknowntousall.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.what30.Icanstillrememberthesittingroom_____mymotherandIusedtositintheevening.A.whatB.whichC.that　D.where31.Itwasraininghard,_____keptusindoors.A.whichB.thatC.asD.whatBDA定语从句练习\n32.Theonlyquestion_____istofindourwayhome.A.thatmatteredB.thatmattersC.whichmatteredD.matter33.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_____shecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom34.Thefarmersusedwoodtobuildahouse_____graincanbestored.A.withwhichB.whereC.inthatD.whichBDB定语从句练习\n中考专项复习---语音\nDoe,adeer,afemaledeer鹿，是鹿，一只母鹿Ray,adropofgoldensun光，是金色的夕阳Me,anameIcallmyself我，那是我的名字Far,along,longwaytorun远，长长的路要跑Sew,aneedlepullingthread绣，是针儿穿着线La,anotetofollowSew啦，就跟在嗖之后Tea，adrinkwithjamandbread茶，是果酱配面包ThatwillbringusbacktoDo(oh-oh-oh)那就让我们再次回到兜\ndeerfemalegoldenneedlepullthreadjamdeer/diə/female/'fiːmeɪl/golden/'gəʊld(ə)n/needle/'niːd(ə)l/pull/pul/thread/θred/Jam/dʒæm/\nVowelsandconsonants元音和辅音的读音示范有声版国际音标表\n国际音标归纳表元音(20个)辅音(26个)半元音(2个)单元音12个双元音8个爆破音6个摩擦音16个鼻音边音[i:][i][e][æ][ɔ:][ɔ][u:][u][ə:][ə][ɑ:][ʌ][ei][ai][ɔi][əu][au][iə][ɛə][uə][p][b][t][d][k][g][f][v][Ѳ][ð][s][z][ʃ][ӡ][tʃ][dӡ][ts][dz][tr][dr][h][r][m][n][ŋ][l][w][j]\nAaEeIiOoUu在开音节和闭音节中的发音练习开音节：1.以发音的元音字母结尾的重读音节。如：me,hi…2.以“元音字母+辅音字母（r除外）+不发音的e”结尾的重读音节。如：name,bike…闭音节：以辅音字母结尾（r除外）的重读音节。如：apple,hat,leg,pig…字母本身的音\nLet'sreadThinkaboutit：上面单词中a的发音相同吗？1.snakefaceplate2.haveapplebagcatIfind[ei][æ]Aa[ei]\nLet'sreadwemeshehe2.bedpendesklegThinkaboutit：上面单词中e的发音相同吗？Ifind[i:][e]Ee[i:]\nThinkaboutit：上面单词中i的发音相同吗？1.fivebikekite2.bigfishpigIfindIi[ai][i:][i]Let'sread\nThinkaboutit：上面单词中o的发音相同吗？homeholenose2.boxfoxorangeIfindOo[əu][əu]c[]Let'sread\nThinkaboutit上面单词中u的发音相同吗？cutetubemusic2.buscupumbrellaIfindUu[əu][ju:]v[]Let'sread\nExercise1读一读，找出划线部分发音不同的单词。()1、A.nameB.haveC.cakeB()2、A.kneeB.greenC.redC()3、A.niceB.iceC.fish()4、A.hotB.holdC.open()5、A.blueB.butC.toothbrushCAA\n元音字母组合的读音ar/ɑ:/artcarfarhardgardener/ɜ:/herherstermserviceir/ɜ:/sirbirdgirlfirmthirtyor/ɔ:/orfortornmornfortyur/ɜ:/urgefurhurtnurseturning\n\n1．名词复数词尾加-s/-es的读音规则英语名词的复数形式，一般在单数名词后面加-s或-es构成，其读音规则为：（1）词尾所加的-s或-es在________后读作[s]，在_______和_______后读后面读作[z]。例如：maps/s/,lakes/s/,fields/z/，pandas/z/,boys/z/等。（2）在以s,x,.sh,ch结尾的词加-es读作_____。例如：classes,buses,brushes,watches,boxes等。（3）在以se,ce,ge结尾的词加-s,词尾es读作_____.例如：horses,nurses,places,offices,oranges,changes等（4）从词尾-f或-fe变化而来的复数词尾-ves读作______。例如：thieves,shelves,lives,leaves,halves等。以上名词复数的读音规则也适合于动词第三人称单数词尾所加的-s或-es。清辅音浊辅音元音[iz][iz][vz]\n从A、B、C、D中找出每组单词划线部分发音不同的一个词()1.A.washesB.classesC.brushesD.goes()2.A.lovesB.watchesC.horsesD.boxes()3.A.snacksB.ratsC.worksD.rocks()4.A.wantsB.buildsC.letsD.meetsDBABExercise2\n2．动词的过去式词尾加-ed的读音规则。规则动词的过去式由动词原形加-ed构成，其读音规则为：（1）在清辅音后读[t]。例如：worked,finished,helped,hoped,liked,等。（2）在元音和浊辅音后读[d]。例如：followed,tried,stayed,called,believed,等。（3）在辅音[t,d]后读[id]。例如：wanted,rested,needed,ended等。\n从A、B、C、D中找出每组单词划线部分发音不同的一个词()1.A.neededB.cleanedC.rainedD.played()2.A.askedB.agreedC.coveredD.carried()3.A.stoppedB.washedC.learnedD.worked()4.A.stayedB.lookedC.happenedD.hurriedAACBExercise3\nth:[Ѳ]thinkthreethank[ð]leatherweathertogetherch:cherrywatchbeachsh:sheetshipsheep辅音字母组合th，sh，ch的基本读音\n/pl-/please/pr-/pride/sl-/slow/bl-/bleed/fr-/fry/sm-/smoke/fl-/fleet/kr-/cry/sn-/snow/kl-/clean/ɡr-/gride/sw-/swan/ɡl-/gleam/br-/bright/θr-/through[sp]→[sb][st]→[sd][sk]→[sg]两清浊化/sp-/speak/st-/star/sk-/skate辅音字母组合读音\n根据音标写单词/sik//fut//dכ://ba:rəu//naif//swi:p//'difikəlti//im'pɔ:tns/sickfootdoorborrowknifesweepdifficultyimportanceExercise4\n1.重音Stress单词重音句子重音\n在多音节或双音节词中，有一个读得特别响亮的音节，叫做重读音节。除了一些复合词外，一般说来，每个单词只有一个重读音节，重读音节用重音符号"'"来表示。单词重音\nCanyouread?Exercise5Forexample:a'bout,be'lieve,a'ddressde'cide,re'port,im'press,mis'take,ex'cited,re'pair,\n（二）句子朗读的几个要素：重音连读不完全爆破意群停顿节奏语调\n句子重读Noun名词Verb动词Adjective形容词Adverb副词冠词连词介词感叹词助动词人称代词弱读弱读的词发音轻快\ne.g.I'wantto'study.'Howdoyou'do?句子重读Exercise6Heisa'fine'young'man.Thereis'nothingwecan'donow.Iam'so'gladto'seeyou'again.Canyouread?\n音的同化Assimilation是指一个音受了另外一个邻音的影响或因发音时舌位的影响而发生同化而发成了这两个音之外的第三个音。e.g.I'mgladtomeetyou./mi:tju//mi:tʃu/Didyouseehim?/didju//didʒu/Whatwouldyoulike?/wudju//wudʒu/\n1.辅音+元音要连读2.末尾有字母r的词，在短语或句子中和以元音开始的词相邻时，r要读出音来，并和后面的元音连读。It’sagoodidea.Comeon,Jack!Lookatit.Isitonthedesk?Letmegetit?Canyouplaygameswithus?Asktheteacherforit.Ineedapairofsportsshoesforschool.音的连读Liaison\n绕口令1.Anappleadaykeepsadoctoraway.2.Shesellsseashellsontheseashore.Exercise7\n不完全爆破IncompletePlosion在单词或语句中，当三对爆破音/p/和/b//t/和/d//k/和/g/之中任何两个相邻时，第一个爆破音只按照发音部位形成阻碍，但不发生爆破，稍停发出后一个爆破音，这种现象叫不完全爆破。e.g.abi(g)cake,tha(t)boy,shar(p)pencil,blac(k)board,han(d)bag,goo(d)luck;Goo(d)morning.Idon'(t)know.As(k)Bo(b)tosi(t)behin(d)me.\n意群SenseGroup朗读较长句子时，教师应首先按意群带读几遍，再让学生整句的读。这样学生就能逐步学会划分意群和停顿。有些特殊句型和表达方式可适当讲解如：Theboxissoheavy|thathecan’tcarryit.(有人在that之后停顿)一些有趣的句子可不同的停顿方式来读，如：Samsaid|theteacherissilly.Sam|saidtheteacher|issilly.\n不同的停顿、有不同的效果Sevenplustwotimestwoequalseighteen.||（7+2）×2=18Sevenplustwotimestwoequalseleven.||7+（2×2）=11\n节奏Rhythm（轻）-轻-重-轻-（轻）或重-轻-（轻)-（轻）-重e.g.Good'morning,Miss'Wang.CanI'gotothe'toilet?My'nameis'Janet.I'm'goingto'shopto'buysome'eggs.\n语调Intonation降调：通常用于陈述句、特殊疑问句、祈使句（表示命令）、惊叹句。e.g.Ishallcallyoutomorrowmorning↘.WhattimecanIseeyou↘?Pleasesitdown↘.Whatabeautifulgirl↘!\n升调：通常用于一般疑问句或选择疑问句前半部分、计数时、还有反意疑问句的疑问部分。选择疑问句：Doyouprefertea↗orcoffee↘?Ishecomingtomorrowmorning↗?Doyouhaveanewbag↗?计数或点东西：One↗,two↗,three↗,andfour↘.反意疑问句：Youwenttotheconcertyesterday↘,didn'tyou↗?\n听下面一段材料，回答第8～10题。8．Whatarethemanandwomandoing?A．Theyaretalkingonthephone．B．Theyarehavingtheirsummerholiday.C．Theyarewatchingtheweatherreport.9．What’stheweatherlikeinSanyanow?A．Hotanddry．B．Hotandwet．C.Wetandcool．10．WhereareMike’sfamilygoingtospendtheirholiday?A．InGuangdong．B.InGuangxi．C.InHainan.Exercise8中考英语听力模拟训练\n根据今天所学的语音知识朗读这篇对话，注意重音（名、动、形、副）哦！Mary:Hello!ThisisMary'speaking.Mike:ThisisMike.Howareyou,Mary?Mary:Fine,'Thankyou.Mike:What’sthe'weatherlikeinSanya?Mary:It’svery'hotand'wetnow.Mike:Doyouhave'typhoons(台风)?Mary:Yes,we'do.Theyusually'comein'summer.Buttheysometimes'comein'Septemberand'Octobertoo.Mike:'Our'familyare'planningto'spend'summer'holidayinHainanIsland.Mary:'Really?Sowecan'seeeachother'then.Mike:I'thinkso.\n根据今天所学的语音知识朗读这篇对话，注意连读哦！Mary:Hello!ThisisMaryspeaking.Mike:ThisisMike.Howareyou,Mary?Mary:Fine,Thankyou.Mike:What’stheweatherlikeinSanya?Mary:It’sveryhotandwetnow.Mike:Doyouhavetyphoons(台风)?Mary:Yes,wedo.Theyusuallycomeinsummer.ButtheysometimescomeinSeptemberandOctobertoo.Mike:OurfamilyareplanningtospendsummerholidayinHainanIsland.Mary:Really?Sowecanseeeachotherthen！Mike:Ithinkso.\n根据今天所学的语音知识朗读这篇对话，注意语音语调哦！Mary:Hello!ThisisMaryspeaking.Mike:ThisisMike.Howareyou,Mary?Mary:Fine,Thankyou.Mike:What’stheweatherlikeinSanya?Mary:It’sveryhotandwetnow.Mike:Doyouhavetyphoons(台风)?Mary:Yes,wedo.Theyusuallycomeinsummer.ButtheysometimescomeinSeptemberandOctobertoo.Mike:OurfamilyareplanningtospendsummerholidayinHainanIsland.Mary:Really?Sowecanseeeachotherthen！Mike:Ithinkso.↘↗↘↘↘↘↘↘↗↗↗↗↘↘↘↗\n1、48个音标的复习2、5个元音字母的发音3、句子的重音、连读、停顿、节奏和语调。Whathaveyoulearnedinthispassage?\nDoe,adeer/diə/,afemaledeer/'fiːmeɪl/鹿，是鹿，一只母鹿Ray,adropofgolden/'gəʊld(ə)n/sun光，是金色的夕阳Me,anameIcallmyself我，那是我的名字Far,along,longwaytorun远，长长的路要跑Sew,aneedle/'niːd(ə)l/pulling/pul/thread/θred/绣，是针儿穿着线La,anotetofollowSew啦，就跟在嗖之后Tea，adrinkwithjam/dʒæm/andbread茶，是果酱配面包ThatwillbringusbacktoDo(oh-oh-oh)那就让我们再次回到兜Homework请你运用今天的语音知识唱会这首歌\nPracticemakesperfect.Thankforyourattention.