中考英语语法复习专题21 中考阅读理解分析讲解课件 47页

阅读理解解题技巧 阅读理解 阅读能力是一项语言综合运用能力，是对学生综合知识的考查， 是英语能力培养的重点项目，是中考的一个重要题型，分值高、题量大。 主要包括理解程度和阅读速度。 阅读理解考查的根本是检验学生对有关信息的加工能力。 阅读理解能力的重要标志是阅读速度和理解力的正确率。 阅读基本技能 : 1 ．略读 skimming （适用于判断短文 主旨大意及中心思想） 2 ．扫读 scanning ( 适用于细节搜索、 捕捉、提取及理解 ) 3 ．细读 Reading in details （适用于推理判断、揣摩、理解作者意图） ( 五个 W, who, what, when, where, why) 阅读理解的命题依据 : 1 ﹑ 理解主旨和要义 2 ﹑ 理解文中的具体位置 3 ﹑ 根据上下文推断生词的词义 4 ﹑ 作出判断和推理 5 ﹑ 理解文章的基本结构 6 ﹑ 理解作者的意图 ﹑ 观点和态度 主旨大意型 事实细节型 词 义 猜 测 型 命 题 类 因此有关阅读理解题目主要有以下几种: 推 理 判 断 型 Step Two : How to Deal with the Problems on Reading Comprehension 一、主旨大意题 （做题要领） 1. 干扰项 可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。 2. 干扰项 可能属从文中某些 (不完全的) 事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。 3. 干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。 正确答案的出处应多读 文章的第一段或最后一段，或每个段落的第一句或最后一句。 （ 2013 云南） 65. What’s the main idea of the passage? A. The lady introduces healthy drinks. B. The lady cares about food cost. C. The lady fights obesity in students. D. The lady feel worried about the height. （ 2012 云南） 60. What's the best title( 标题 ) of this passage? A. Lei Feng Spirit B. Lei Feng's Death C. Lei Feng's Good Neighbors D. University Student Volunteers （ 2012 云南） 65. What's the main idea of the passage'? A. Never make mistakes. B. You can make mistakes without thinking. C. Sometimes it's good to make mistakes. D. Making mistakes is terrible. （ 2014 云南） 59. The passage is mainly written for _____. A. students at school B. people who don’t like running C. students who never have breakfast D. people who want to improve health 主旨大意题 的常见的提问形式: 1 、 The title ( 标题 ) of the passage can be________. 2 、 The main idea of this passage is______. 3 、 The main idea of the first/second/last paragraph is_____. 4 、 What is this passage about? 文章中心是 论点 ，事实细节是 论据 或 主要理由 ；有关细节的问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可 直接 或 间接 在文章中找到答案。 提问的特殊疑问词常有： what, who, which , where, how, why 等。 事实细节型 解题原则 ： 忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。 2013 云南 51. The man with his old axe fell into the river. 52. The fairy came out and asked what was wrong with him. 53. The sad man only wanted the gold and silver axes. 54. The fairy found his lost axe for the man. 2012 云南 59. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage? A, Lei Feng gave his money to another soldier's parents. B. Lei Feng bought a ticket for a woman and he told his name to her. C, Lei Feng always helped others. " D. We should learn from Lei Feng, 63. What does the lady want the shops to do? A. To offer gym classes. B. To plant a vegetable garden. C. To serve meals with less fat. D. To sell healthier foods. 57. Who brought Lei Feng up? A. His parents B. Chairman Mao C. His neighbors D. Soldiers 64. When you make a mistake, you are closer to_______ trine B. money C. success D. everything 60. Sun Hotel is open for ________ months of the year. A. nine B. ten C. eleven D. twelve 在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节问题常有以下几种命题方式： 1）Which of the following statement is true/not true? 2）Which of the following is mentioned/ not mentioned in the passage? 3） According to the passage, when ( where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)___? 同义法 常在词或短语之间有并列连词 and 或 or， 顺接关系。 Eg ： （ 2012 佛山） Mobile phones can be carried with us wherever we travel. Some phones can even let you take pictures. And these images can be sent to other mobile phones. 49.What does the underlined word “images” mean? A. pictures B. messages C. telephones D. letters 词义猜测型 词义猜测型 词义猜测型 词义猜测型 词义猜测型 反义法 如 but, while, however, not at all 等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定，转折关系。 Eg: He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother. 根据“ not at all handsome ” 不难推测“ homely” 的意思是不好看的。 词义猜测型 释义法 ： 对文章中的生词用定语（从句）、表语甚至于用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。 Eg:Make sure yourself and others are all right aftershocks—after the earthquake. 通过破折号后的 after the earthquake, 不难猜出 aftershocks 是余震的意思。 情景推断法 ： Eg: If traffic is heavy, the taxi will be slow. During the mornings and afternoons , there is the “rush hour”. 根据情景可以推断“ rush hour ” 为（上下班）交通高峰时刻的意思。 词义猜测型 的常见的提问形式 : 1 、 What does the underlined word “ ” mean? （新单词考法） 2 、 What does “it” mean in the passage? What do “ they ” mean in the passage? 3 、 What does “ it ” refer to? What do “ they ” refer to?( 代词考法 ) 此类题型在中考中一般占 1 题（ 2 分） （ 2013 云南） 62. The word “obesity” in the second paragraph means ________ in Chinese. 厌食症 B. 抑郁症 C. 肥胖症 D. 强迫症 （ 2012 云南） 58. The underlined phrase "good deeds" means __ in Chinese. A. 好人 B. 好事 C. 好梦 D. 好主意 （ 2014 云南） 62. The underlined words straight A’s in Paragraph 2 mean ___ A ___ in Chinese. A. 全优 B. 及格 C. 中等 D. 不及格 （ 2014 云南） 65. When the writer says “my new friend” in the last paragraph, she is talking about__ B ___. A. her son B. her father C. her boyfriend D. her father’s friend 判断词义 1）文中找线索或信息词; 2) 根据熟悉的词及词义判断新单词之意； 3）根据上下文判断新词汇在特定句中确切意思。 做题要领 推理判断题 ： 着重考查学生归纳概括、逻辑推理等综合能力。 以原文内容 为前提，根据作者的观点理论 （ 非考生观点 ） ，客观地对文中未明显说明的现象或事例给予合理的逻辑推断，做出一定解释。 透过现象看本质 ，领悟作者思想倾向、观点、立场、语气及态度等。 推理判断型 推理判断题 （做题要领） 既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章 隐含意思 ，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从 作者的角度 去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。 （ 2013 云南） 55. From the story, we know that an honest man may get more. （ 2012 云南） 55. According to the passage, our life in the future will be better. （ 2014 云南） 64. What does the writer think of her father after visiting him in Arizona’? C A. Strict and hard-working. B. More critical C. Friendly and interesting. D. More successful 推理判断题 的常见的提问形式 : 1 、 The writer tells us_________. 2 、 From the story we can see/ learn / say_____ 3 、 According to( 根据 ) the passage, we know that____ 根据近几年阅读理解的题目类型，中考试题中，仍以主旨大意型和事实细节型为主，词义猜测和推理判断为辅。 summary 学生中考需要什么？ 1 、词汇量 2 、阅读理解能力 3 、语言敏感性 4 、语言准确性 5 、思维逻辑性 6 、心理素质 研究 《 课标 》 、 《 考试说明 》 及近几年中考题，心中有数，全盘筹划 精心安排阶段性教学，灵活复习。 具体如何做？ 试题特点 ： 基础性、工具性、 教育性、交际性、真实性、运用性、综合性、开放性和时代性。 提高语篇理解能力，语言运用能力，培养敏锐的洞察力。 阅读理解的题型： A 篇短文，根据短文内容，判断下列句子的正误。正确的填“ T”, 错误的填“ F” 。 （共 5 小题，每小题 1 分，满分 5 分） B 、 C 两篇短文，根据短文内容，从题中所给的 A 、 B 、 C 、 D 四个选项中，选出正确选项。每篇共 5 小题，每小题 2 分，满分 10 分） 题材 : 故事集萃、饮食与健康、校园生活、人物传记、广告图标图 表、自然与环保、文化风俗、科普知识与现代技术、建议励志、热点话题等。 体裁 : 记叙文、说明文、应用文等。 类型一：判断型 云南近 4 年判断正误型阅读话题包括事物介绍（ 7 次），哲理故事（ 3 次），人物传记（ 3 次），幽默故事（ 2 次），环境保护（ 1 次），健康（ 1 次），广告海报（ 2 次）和家庭教育（ 1 次）。分析云南近 4 年判断正误型阅读理解，其词数在 160-230 词之间，主要考察学生对阅读材料的细节理解能力。 A Some people think that chicken soup is good for a cold. Others believe that it is unhealthy not to eat meat. The question is, are they right? Here are some facts. For centuries, people have believed that chicken soup helps to fight a cold. Now, doctors say it may be true. They think that chicken soup has something that stops a cold from getting worse. Heat from the soup can also make a person feel better. Many people think that it is unhealthy not to have meat. 1t is true that meat, especially red meat, has protein( 蛋白质 )that the body needs. A person who doesn’t eat meat can get enough protein and be healthy by eating tofu, eggs, and some vegetables. A study showed that tea is better than coffee. Tea has something that can protect your heart, fight cancer, and make you less fat. Coffee does not do this. Many people believe that bread and potatoes can easily make people fat. In fact, bread and potatoes do not have fat in them. But eating too much and not exercising can make people fat. Also, adding things like butter to them can raise the chance of becoming fat. 根据短文内容，判断下列句子的正误。正确的填“ T” 错误的填“ F” ，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 ( 共 5 小题；每小题 1 分，满分 5 分 ) （ ） 51. It is helpful to eat some chicken soup to fight a cold. （ ） 52. To get enough protein and be healthy, people must eat meat. （ ） 53. Protein can be found in tofu, eggs and some vegetables. （ ） 54. Tea is better than coffee in fighting cancer. （ ） 55. People who like bread and potatoes become fat easily. T 细节理解题 F 细节理解题 T T 细节理解题 F 细节理解题 类型二：选择型 云南近 4 年选择型阅读话题包括事物介绍（ 10 次），哲理故事（ 9 次），文化交流和差异（ 8 次），情感故事（ 6 次），人物传记（ 4 次），健康（ 3 次），家庭、社会教育（ 3 次），环保（ 2 次），广告海报（ 1 次）。考察方式以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，穿插设置标题归纳题、词义猜测题和主旨大意题。 每篇短文词汇量在 180-260 字之间，时代气息浓，可读性强，语篇难度适中，文字表达通俗易懂。 B Sometimes it may seem difficult to improve our health. If so, the following health habits may help you. Eat breakfast every morning. Research shows that if you eat a meal in the morning you may not become too fat or eat too much during lunch. Dating breakfast can help people feel better through the day. Get enough sleep. Poor sleep can influence our memory and learning. It can also cause traffic accident! Studies show that people who don’t get enough sleep seem to get into more accidents. So stay safe and get enough sleep! Take a walk every day. Walking is an easy way to exercise. You’d better meet friends for a walk, not for a meal. As you walk, you will see the beautiful world around you. Once you try, you will find that adding a walk into your daily life is very easy. Join social groups. Social groups can provide support. They might include sport teams, art or music groups. The people in the group can offer advice and can help each other in difficult times. Also, being in a group keeps your mind busy. An active mind is a healthy mind! Have a hobby. A hobby could be running, reading or making something with your hands. Hobbies help people to relax and rest. Hobbies bring us joy as well. 根据短文内容，从题中所给的 A 、 B 、 C 、 D 四个选项中，选出正确选项，并将所选答案涂到答题卡的相应位置上。 ( 共 5 小题；每小题 2 分，满分 10 分 ) 56. You may have a good memory and learn better if you___ A. eat breakfast every morning B. have a good sleep C. take a walk every day D. join a social group B 细节理解题 57. If you need help and want to help others, you’d better _______. A. invite your friend to a meal B. make something with your friends C. become a member of a social group D. have a hobby C 细节理解题 58. Which of the following is TRUE? A. If you have breakfast every morning, you’ll be fat. B. All the traffic accidents are caused by poor sleep. C. To join a social group helps you have a healthy mind. D. Having a hobby is the best way to relax. D 推理判断题 59. The passage is mainly written for _____. A. students at school B. people who don’t like running C. students who never have breakfast D. people who want to improve health D 推理判断题 60. Which is the best title( 标题 )of the passage? A. Ways to Improve Your Health B. Reasons for Keeping healthy C. Good Habits D. Breakfast and Exercise A 标题归纳题 C Last week my youngest son and I visited my father at his new house in Arizona. He moved there a few years ago, and I wanted very much to see his new place and meet his friends. In my earliest memories my father was a tall, handsome and successful man. He loved his work and family, but was uncomfortable with his children. As a child I loved him; as a school girl and young adult I was afraid of him. He seemed unhappy with me unless I got straight A’s in my study and unhappy with my boyfriends if their fathers were not as “successful” as he was. Whenever I went out with him on weekends, I used to try hard to think up things to say to protect myself. On the first day of my visit, we went out with one of my father’s friends for lunch. We walked along that afternoon, did some shopping, ate on the street table, and laughed over my son’s funny talks. My father’s critical( 挑剔的 )air and strict rules were gone. He seemed so friendly and interesting to be with us. The next day my dad pulled out his childhood pictures and told me many stories about his own childhood. Although our times together became easier over the years, I never felt closer to him at that moment. After so many years, I’m at last seeing another side of my father. And in so doing, I’m happy with my new friend . My dad, in this new home in Arizona, is back to me from where he was. 根据短文内容，从题中所给的 A 、 B 、 C 、 D 四个选项中，选出正确选项，并将所选答案涂到答题卡的相应位置上（共 5 小题；每小题 2 分，满分 10 分） 61. The father was unhappy with the writer because________. A. he didn’t like her B. he expected too much of her C. she had a boyfriend D. she was uncomfortable 62. The underlined words straight A’s in Paragraph 2 mean ___ A ___ in Chinese. A. 全优 B. 及格 C. 中等 D. 不及格 63. When the writer went out with his father for a walk on weekends she felt __ D __. A. tired B. happy C. satisfied D. nervous 64. What does the writer think of her father after visiting him in Arizona’? C A. Strict and hard-working. B. More critical C. Friendly and interesting. D. More successful. 65. When the writer says “my new friend” in the last paragraph, she is talking about__ B ___. A. her son B. her father C. her boyfriend D. her father’s friend 细节理解题 B 推理判断题 词义猜测题 细节理解题 词语理解题 2015 年云南省中考阅读理解的命题趋势： 选材侧重科学文化、生活哲理等； 阅读量可能逐渐增多，知识面逐步拓宽，难度系数逐年加大； 题目设置包含直接理解、间接理解、综合分析题。 1 、快速浏览。 2 、带着问题，找答案。 （找出处、划线） 3 、仔细斟酌不确定的答案。 4 、核对。（总体把握） 阅读理解答题 步骤 如何才能巧答阅读理解题呢？可以采取以下 几种应试技巧和解题步骤： 注意： 先看试题 , 然后带着问题再看文章 . 阅读理解的复习： 结合自己的实际情况，进行具体的指导和有针对性的学习，巩固所学，弥补不足，实现各自在原有基础上的进步。 “ 学什么，考什么” , 全面复习所学的基础知识和基本技能，熟记课本词汇。 有意识、有计划地增加英语阅读量，题材、体裁多样化 . 训练学生阅读理解的解题方法与技巧： 略读全文，抓住话题，掌握主旨大意。 寻读， 阅读题目，带着问题到短文中寻找相关段落或句子。 研读，找到相关段落和语句，认真斟酌，透过表层结构，领会深层含义。 复读， 内在联系， 避免错误或疏漏。 Misunderstandings: 误区一：重 字词 轻 语篇 误区二：重 兴趣 轻 学习 误区三：重 听说 轻 读写 误区四：重 朗读 轻 默读 许多同学在做阅读理解部分时，最大感受就是时间紧、答题项迷惑性大，因而很难又快又准地选出答案。那么，做阅读理解除了平时多读多看多练之外，还有什么好的方法呢？在没有足够时间仔细阅读或文章太难而看不懂的情况下应该怎样答题呢？下面是一些我常教学生的阅读理解方法和技巧。 第一、摆正心态、化难为易 不要以为阅读理解很难不容易得分，恰恰相反，阅读理解是所有题型中最容易得分，也是完全能够得高分（甚至满分）的题型。 阅读理解题和其他题型不一样，它呈现的是一片完完整整、没有任何隐瞒和挖空的文章，每一个题目的答案全部直接或间接蕴含在原文中了，你所做的事情就是把答案从原文中找出来，除了要具备词汇、语法这些基本功之外，就是看你够不够聪明和细心了。 而其他任何题型（单选、完型、写作等），都不是给你一个完整的句子或文章，要么挖了空让你填，要么完全靠自己写，会不会做除了靠基本功外，还有啥办法呢？（英语的知识成百上千，考到一个你不会的，就很难做对了。）而阅读呢，就一个字“找”，带着问题找答案。 Eg:2014 年中考阅读 51 、 52 、 53 、 54 、 55 、 56 、 57 、 58 、 61 、 63 、 64 、 65 小题。 第二、边读边划、原文检查 阅读理解的每一个题都可以直接或间接地从原文中找到对应句子来推断答案，所以，依据原文是做阅读理解题的最可靠方法。 从阅读理解的题型设计上来看，不外乎就是细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、猜测词义题等几种常见题型，而这几种题型都不离开原文，所以找到原文后推敲，注意肯定与否定，前缀与后缀等等。 第三：课堂引导、课后积累 我在上阅读理解课时，常用： Mind-map summarize 联想法 我的复习拙见 : 英语知识是综合性的知识，听、说、读、写缺一不可，是相辅相成，相互促进的。所以，在复习中，我认为应 抓住课本，因为知识来源于课本。复习以三轮为主：第一轮，过教材。五本书的词汇、句型，打牢基础。第二轮：专题复习。主要是语法专项突破，并加以大量的练习。第三轮：查缺补漏，考前再次查找自己的知识漏洞，提高解题技巧和能力。对于阅读理解来说，我认为从开始复习时，就应该增加阅读量，一天两篇，讲解一篇，自读一篇，各种题材都训练。在冲刺阶段，加大阅读量，一天三篇，以解题技巧为主，让学生限时读，抓各段主旨，找细节，让学生能快而准的得高分。 教师备考应建立在“六知”基础上 “ 知考 ” “ 知书 ” “ 知己 ” “ 知生 ” “ 知练 ” “ 知法 ” Game • Played inside on a hard ______ ______ teams get _______ into other team’s ______ floor two the ball basket Popularity • Played by _____________________ people over ______ countries more than 100 million 200 Development • invented by _______________ first game on __________________ became Olympic event in ____in the year____ most famous games: _________ popular games in China: __________ James Naismith December 21, 1891 Berlin 1936 NBA CBA Thank You Your Advice is welcome Success’s ahead!