- 151.00 KB
- 2021-10-12 发布
- 1、本文档由用户上传，淘文库整理发布，可阅读全部内容。
- 2、本文档内容版权归属内容提供方，所产生的收益全部归内容提供方所有。如果您对本文有版权争议，请立即联系网站客服。
- 3、本文档由用户上传，本站不保证质量和数量令人满意，可能有诸多瑕疵，付费之前，请仔细阅读内容确认后进行付费下载。
- 网站客服QQ：403074932
第一章 初中英语语法
构词法 名词 冠词
第一章 构词法（word-formation）
一、 构词法（word-formation）——分为转换、派生、合成
1. 转换：常用于动词和名词之间的转换
1)不改变读音、重度音节，只转换单词词性
e. g.
单词
名 词
动 词
cook
厨师；炊事员
烹调；煮；烧
meet
集会；会
遇见；碰见；会见
watch
手表；守卫；观察
观看；注视
2）有些双音节词，作名词时，第一个音节重度；作动词时，第二个音节重度
e. g. 名词 动词
'increase /'inkri: s/ 增加 in'crease /in'kri: s/增加
3）有些词可以用读音变化改变词性
e. g. excuse /iks'kju: s/（名）歉意；道歉；借口 excuse /iks'kju: z/（动）原谅
4）有些形容词可以转化为动词
e. g. He slowed down at the crossroad./ Please warm up the cold meat.
2. 派生
1） 前缀：加前缀一般不改变词类，而只是改变原词的词义
① 构成反义词的前缀
dis- disagree disappear dislike
im- impolite impossible
un- unable uncertain unhappy
② 一些表示特定意思的前缀
down 往下 download
kilo 千 kilometre
man 人，由人 man-made
mis 错误地 mistake misunderstand
re 重新，再次 rebuild retell
① 可以改变词性的前缀
a- 加在名词前构成形容词或副词 asleep aboard aside
en- 加在名词或形容词前构成动词 encourage enable enrich
1） 后缀：加后缀一般改变词性
① 名词后缀
-an African American
-er dancer driver reporter
-ing feeling reading
-ion action decision
-ment development government
-ness happiness sadness
-or actor visitor
-tion invention pronunciation
-ure failure pleasure
②形容词后缀
-an American African
-en golden wooden
-ese Chinese Japanese
-ful beautiful hopeful useful
-ive active expensive
-less careless endless useless
-ly friendly
-ous nervous dangerous
-y dirty rainy
③副词后缀 -ly carefully happily clearly
④数词后缀 -teen thirteen -ty twenty -th fifth
1. 合成
1) 合成名词
① 词加名词 basketball
② 形容词加名词 blackboard
③ 动词-ing形式+另一词 dining-room
2) 合成形容词
① 形容词+动词-ing形式 hard-working
② 形容词+过去分词 kind-hearted
③ 名词+过去分词 man-made
④ 名词+动词-ing形式 man-eating peace-loving
3) 合成动词
① 词+动词 water-ski
② 副词+动词 overeat overcome
③ 形容词/副词+动词 white-wash
4) 合成副词、代词
① 合成副词 upstairs beforehand
② 合成代词 myself everything
2. 其他构词法 1）缩短法 telephone—phone
2）前后各截部分 refrigerator—fridge
3）缩写法
第二章 名词（Nouns）
一、 名词的数：名词复数的构成规则
1） 规则复数变化
多数在词尾加-s
① 以s, x,ch, sh结尾的名词加-es e. g. match—matches
② 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，改y为i，再加-es e. g. story—stories
③ 以f，fe结尾的名词，一般把f，fe改为v，再加-es e. g. leaf—leaves
但也有只加-s e. g. roof—roofs
④ 以o结尾的名词，多数加-es e. g. hero—heroes
但也有只加-s e. g. piano—pianos
注：以 o 结尾的名词，我们可按下面一条规律来记住它们的复数形式： 指人和农作物的加 -es、其他的加 -s. （或者是有生命的加 -es，无生命的加 -s）
2） 不规则变化
①名词单复数同形 e. g. sheep, deer, fish
②单词拼写中变化元音字母 e. g. man—men tooth—teeth
③有些是用-en做词尾构成复数形式 e. g. child—children ox—oxen
④表示某国人的单词，单复数形式分为三种：
A.单复数相同 a Chinese—five Chinese
B.词尾加-s an American—seven Americans
C. 变-man为-men an Englishman—ten Englishmen
3） 复合名词的复数形式
1.将复合名词中的主题名词变为复数形式 e. g. new-comer—new-comers
2.没有主题名词的，则在词尾加-s e. g. grown-up—grown-ups
3.以man或woman开头的复合词，名词都要变为复数形式
e. g. man-doctor—men-doctors
4.其他合成的词，只把最后一个词变为复数 eg. boy friend—boy friends
5.由两部分组成的物体名词和其他一些名词常用复数形式
e. g. trousers, clothes, scissors
6.专有名词一般为不可数名词，但是表示某姓一家或夫妇和同名同姓若干时，用复数
e. g. The Browns have gone to the cinema.
7.在做定语的合成词中，名词要用单数形式
e. g. an eighty-three-year-old grandpa
8.以-s结尾的专有名词有两种情况
A. 表示国家、报纸等名词看做单数 e. g. the United States
B. 表示群岛、山脉、瀑布、奥运会等专有名词看做复数，谓语也用复数形式
e. g. The Alps are in Europe.
名词复数词尾加-s或-es的读音规则如下表
构成方法
读 音
例 词
在词尾加-s
1. 在清辅音后读作/s/
2. 在浊辅音后读作/z/
1.desks/desks/ map/mæps/
2.miles/mailz/ seas/si: z/
1.在以/s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/等音结尾的词之后加-es
2.如词尾为e，只加-s
-（e）s读作/iz/
1.classes/'kla: ziz/
Brushes/'brʌʃiz/
2.pages/'peidʒiz/
如词尾为-f或-fe，则一般变为-ves
-ves读作/vz/
leaf—leaves/li: vz/
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，改y为i，再加-es
-ies读作/iz/
party—parties/'pa: tiz/
以元音+y结尾的名词，加-s
-s读作/z/
boys/bɔiz/
以o结尾的名词，多数加-es
-es读作/z/
Heroes/'hiərəuz/
以-th结尾的名词，加-s
1.在长元音后，-ths读作/ðz/
2.在短元音或辅音后-ths读作
/θs/
1.mouths/mauðz/
2.months/mʌnθs/
二、 名词的种类： 普通名词——个体名词，集体名词（可数）
物质名词，抽象名词（不可数）
专有名词
1） 普通名词是某一类人、某一类事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名词
① 个体名词：表示单个的人或物
e. g. tree树 doctor医生 cup杯子 apple苹果
② 表示一群人或一些事物的总称
e. g. crowd人群 army军队 class班级 family家庭 group小组，团队
police警方 team队 public公众
③ 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质
e. g. tea茶 paper纸 snow雪 cloth布 wood木头
sugar糖 meat肉 sand沙 ink墨水 coffee咖啡
④ 抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等方面的抽象概念
e. g. happiness幸福 work工作 music音乐 experience经历
pride骄傲 failure失败 protection保护
2） 专有名词
3） 可数名词和不可数名词
①可数名词：其所表示的事物可以用数来计算，前面可用不定冠词a，an和数词，有复数形式
②不可数名词：其所表示的事物不可以用数来计算，前面不能用不定冠词a，an和数词，没有复数形式。需表示数量时， 表示量的词或短语
a piece of 一片，一块 a cup of一杯 a bottle of一瓶
a bag of一袋 a glass of一玻璃杯
1、 只用于可数的名词
个体名词一般是可数的。单数可数名词不能独立使用，前面必须有限定词a，an，the，my等；但复数名词可以独立使用
e. g. 她做作业时，经常出差错。
错 She often makes mistake in her homework.
对 She often makes a mistake in her homework.
对 She often makes (some) mistakes in her homework.
Pandas are found in Sichuan.熊猫生在四川。
2、 只用于不可数名词
物质名词、抽象名词一般是不可数名词
e. g. How much meat, fish and bread do you want?
3、 既可以用于可数也可以用于不可数的名词
① 一些名词看做个体时为可数名词，看做物质或空间时为不可数名词
e. g. How many chickens have they got? 她们有多少只鸡？（个体）
Would you like some chicken? 你要吃点鸡肉吗？（物质）
e. g. Leave a space after that word. 在那个词后面留个空。（个体）
The moon is quite near in space. 在太空中月亮离我们很近。（空间）
② 一些不可数名词在表示某些特殊意义时，可以用作可数名词
e. g. I want an evening paper.我要一张晚报。
It's a pleasure to meet you.见到你是件高兴的事。
4、集体名词的可数与不可数
1）表示无生命的集体名词通常是不可数的
e. g. They wear very little clothing.他们衣服穿得很少。
注：hair泛指头发/fruit泛指水果等，是集体名词，不可数；如果指单个的则是个体名词
e. g. Go and have your hair cut.去把头发理一理。
He has a few white hairs.他有几根白头发。
2）有些有生命的集体名词，复数词尾不加s，而谓语动词用复数形式
e. g. The Chinese people are very friendly.中国人民很友好。
注：当people意为“民族”时，单数前加不定冠词a，复数后加s；
policeman指具体某个警察时为个体名词，可数的。
5、有的集合名词，有时作单数看，谓语用单数；有时作复数看，用复数。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，提及它的成员时作复数看。
e. g. His family isn't large.他家不大。（指整个家庭，作单数看）
His family are all music lovers.他家的人都喜欢音乐。（指家庭成员，作复数看）
三、 名词的格
1） 名词所有格的构成法
① 在单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词后面加“'s”
e. g. my mother's room the children's book
② 以s结尾的单数名词后面加“'”或“'s”均可 e. g.my boss'/boss's office
③ 以s结尾的复数名词后只需加“'”
e. g. the ladies' room
④ 复合名词的所有格，是在后面的一个名词后加“'s”
e. g. an hour and a half's talk
his brother-in-law's photo
⑤ 如果一样东西为几个人所共有，则在最后一个名词后加's；如果不是共有，则在每个名词后都加's
e. g. These are Tom and Jack's books.（两个人共有）/These are Tom's and Jack's books.
2） 名词所有格的用法
① 名词所有格主要用于表示人或有生命的名词
② 用于由人组成的集体名词 e. g. the Party's call党的号召
③ 也可用于一些表示无生命东西的名词后
A、用于表示时间的名词
e. g. It was a summer's morning.
B、用于表示距离、价格的名词后
e. g. It's about an hour's drive from here.
C、用于表示国家、城市等地方的名词
e. g. It's the city's finest park.
3） 名词所有格所修饰词的省略
① 表示住处、店铺等地点名词常可省略
e. g. I'm going to my aunt's tonight.(my aunt's=my aunt's house)
② 所有格所修饰的词，如刚刚提到则可以省略，以避免重复
e. g.—Whose seat is this? —It's Mary's.
1） 表示所有关系的of短语的用法
① 用of短语表示所有关系，主要用于无生命的东西
② e. g. the door of the room
③ 有时of短语也可以用于表示有生命的东西
e. g. the son of an engineer
2） 双重所有格的用法
双重所有格是一种表示部分概念或含有感情色彩的结构，它含有强调或者突出的作用，其结构是“of短语+名词所有格”，其含义是“其中之一”或“其中一部分”
e. g. an old friend of my father's=one of my father's old friends
注：有时双重所有格与“of+名词”结构含义不同，
e. g. a picture of Li's 李所有照片的一张
a picture of Li 李的一张肖像
He is a friend of your husband's.他是你丈夫的一个朋友。（强调你丈夫的朋友不止一个）
He is a friend of your husband.他是你丈夫的朋友。（强调他对你丈夫的友好）
**************************************************************
中考真题欣赏
21. The _____ often eat grass on the hill.
A. chicken B. horse C. cow D. sheep
【答案】D
【解析】选D。此题考查名词的可数与不可数。Chicken，horse和cow的复数形式应该加s,而sheep的单复数形式相同，同时动词eat说明应该填复数形式，由此选D。
34. “What do we need for the salad?” “We need two apples and three ______.”
A. orange B. tomatoes C. broccoli
【答案】B
考查名词的用法。orange意为“橘子”，是可数名词；tomato意为“西红柿”，是可数名词；broccoli意为“西兰花”，是不可数名词。根据句意：你们的沙拉还需要些什么？我们需要两个苹果和三个西红柿。故选B.
28. —I have ______ in learning English and I'm so worried. Could you help me with it?
—Sure, I'd love to.
A. joy B. interest C. trouble D. fun
【答案】C考查名词的辨析。joy“快乐”；interest“兴趣”；trouble“困难”；fun“有趣”。根据“我很担心”以及“你可以帮助我吗”可知此处表示“我英语学习有困难”，故选C。
46. The man tried several times to start the car, and he succeeded______.
A. in the past B. in the end C. at first D. at once
【答案】B
28. The students of Grade 7 visited Mike's farm and saw many_____ there.
A. bird B. duck C. sheep D. Rabbit
【答案】C
32. The Internet is very useful. We can get a lot of ___________ from it.
A. thing B. message C. informations D. information
【答案】D
36. —What is your favorite food?
—I like ______ best. I had a large bowl last night.
A. potato noodle B. potatoes noodles C. potato noodles D. potatoes noodles
【答案】C
【2012贵州安顺】
12. Could you please give some _____ to the _____ teachers?
A. advice; man B. advices; men
C. suggestion; man D. suggestions; men
【答案】D
【2012贵州毕节】
22. —Could you please pass me something to eat?
—What about some ______?
A. water B. orange C. fish D. tea
【答案】C 考查名词的辨析。water“水”；orange“橘子汁；桔子”；fish“鱼”；tea“茶”。根据something to eat可以判断属于吃的东西只有fish，故选C。
【2012贵州铜仁】
25. —Could you tell me what's the ___ of it?— Well, it's an oval.
A. time B. date C. shape D. size
【答案】C
【解析】此题考查词义辨析。time“时间”，date“日期”，shape”形状”，his“尺寸”，
根据答句句意：它是一个椭圆。故问句应该是问形状的。故选C。
【解析】此题考查数词。根据句意：今年大约五分之三的九年级学生出生在九十年代。
分数的分子用基数词，分母为序数词。分子不是一的，分母序数词加S。表示年代的要在后面加“s”。故选B。
【2011湖北恩施】
21. —How far is it from your home to school?
—It's about twenty ______ walk.
A. minute's B. minutes' C. minutes
【答案】B
【2012湖北十堰】
28. Here's Lucy's plan for one week during her summer vacation. What kind of plan is this?
A. A trip plan
B. A party plan
C. An eating plan
D. An exercise plan
【答案】C
【2012·湖北·武汉】
33. If by any chance Peter comes to us ,please ask him to leave a _____.
A. letter B. sentenceC. message D. notice
【答案】C
【2012湖北咸宁】
23.─Mrs. Zhang was sent to teach English in a poor mountain village last year.
─She said she would never forget some pleasant ______while working there.
A. experiments B. expressions C. experiences D. emotions
【答案】C
【2012湖北孝感】
24. I think computers are very useful. They can help us get much on the Internet.
A. game B. information C. idea D. message
【答案】B
【2012湖北孝感】
25. Several years ago, people knew Yao Ming. But now he is well-known all over the world, not only in China.
A. few B. little C. many D. most
【答案】A
【2012湖北宜昌】
31. —Do you know the of the Confucius Institutes（学院）around the world?
—More than three hundred, I guess.
A. list B. name C. number D. country
【答案】C
【2012湖北宜昌】
32. —China is beginning to test the air quality with the new standard（标准）PM2.5.
—Good news! Then the old PM10 standard will be ___________.
A. out of style B. here and there C. on the way D. in a hurry
【答案】A
【2012湖南怀化】
【答案】A
【2011湖南株洲】
22. Bananas, apples and oranges are all ____________.
A. fruits B. vegetables C. drinks
【答案】A
考查名词辨析。fruits意为“水果”；vegetables意为“蔬菜”；drinks意为“饮料”。根据句意“香蕉苹果和橘子都是水果。”故选A。
【2012江苏淮安】
7. Lin Shuhao is one of the best basketball in NBA.
A. actors B. players C. waiters D. writers
【答案】B
【2012江苏南京】
3. -----Could you tell me how to remember new words quickly?
------Yes, I think a ___________tree can help you a lot.
A. grammar B. equation C. punctuation D. vocabulary
【答案】D
【2012江苏无锡】
1. The action film has attracted millions of young people to the cinema.
A. 130-minute B. 130-minutes C. 130 minute D.130 minutes
【答案】A
【2012江苏无锡】
9.— Jason is too stubborn sometimes.
— I quite . But he's always friendly to others.
A. accept B. argue C. agree D. admire
【答案】C
【2012江苏无锡】
12.Man's understanding of nature is developing . It never stays at the same level.
A. at the right time B. for the first time
C. from time to time D. all the time
【答案】D
【2012江苏宿迁】
8. —Where can I buy some books, Simon?
—Go to the___________in the shopping mall in Old Street. You will find many books there.
A. restaurant B. bookshop C. cinema D. library
【答案】B
【2012江苏扬州】
4.—Wish you a pleasant journey!
— Thanks! I'll give you a as soon as I arrive in Paris.
A. ring B. hand C. ride D. present
【答案】A
【2012江苏扬州】
5. We all know that paper burns in ___________.
A. CO B. N C. O D. CO
【答案】C
【2012江苏镇江】
10. - Mr Li was sent to teach Chinese in an American high school last year.
- Yes, I know. He told me he would never forget his pleasant ____ while working there,
A. experiments B. expressions
C. experiences D. explorations
【答案】C
【2012江西】
27. If you go to visit London, don't forget your _______ because it rains a lot.
A. passport B. money C. map D. unbrella
【答案】D
【2012辽宁大连】10.The ____ of the great book, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, is Mark Twain..
A. theme B. price C. owner D. writer
【答案】D
【2012辽宁大连】6.Liu Xiang won the first Olympic gold ____ in the 110m hurdles for China.
A. medal B. prize
C. symbol D. record
【答案】A
【2012年广东省】
28. The students of Grade 7 visited Mike's farm and saw many _____there.
A. bird B. duck C. sheep D. rabbit
【答案】C
***************************************************************
配套练习题及答案
选择填空：
1. I want to buy ________.
A. two bottles of ink B. two bottle of ink
C. two bottle of inks D. two bottles of inks
2. They don't have to do _______ today.
A. much homework B. many homeworks
C. many homework D. much homeworks
3. The ______ of machine made us feel sick.
A. voice B. noise
C. sound D. noises
4. The blouse is made of ________.
A. a wool B. these wood C. wools D. wool
5. There are three ______ and seven ______ in the picture.
A. cows, sheeps B. cows, sheep
C. cow, sheep D. cow, sheeps
6. June 1 is _______.
A. children's day B. children's Day
C. Children's Day D. Children's day
7. ______ room is next to their parents'.
A. Kate's and Joan's B. Kate's and Joan
C. Kate and Joan's D. Kate and Joan
8. Miss Green is a friend of _______.
A. Mary's mother's B. Mary's mother
C. Mary mother's D. mother's of Mary
9. Tom is ______. He will come to see me.
A. my a friend B. a friend
C. mine friend D. a friend of mine
10. Sheep _______ white and milk _______ also white.
A. is, are B. are, is
C. is, is D. are, are
11. I'd like to have a glass of milk and _______.
A. two breads B. two pieces of breads
C. two pieces of bread D. two piece of bread
12. It's a long ______ to Paris. It's two thousand kilometers.
A. street B. road
C. way D. end
13. Many ______ are singing over there.
A. woman B. women
C. girl D. child
14. He bought _______.
A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoes
C. two pairs of shoe D. two pair of shoe
15. Mr. White has three _______.
A. child B. children
C. childs D. childrens
16. Beijing is one of the biggest _______ in the world.
A. citys B. city
C. cityes D. cities
17. --- Where's Mr. White? --- He's in _______.
A. the room 202 B. Room 202
C. the Room 202 D. room 202
18. Shops, hospitals and schools are all _______.
A. places B. homes
C. rooms D. buildings
19. Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _______ to his office.
A. 20 minutes' walks B. 20 minute's walk
C. 20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk
20. ---Are these ______? --- No, they aren't. They're _______.
A. sheep, cows B. sheep, cow
C. sheeps, cow D. sheeps, cows
21. There are many ______ in the fridge.
A. fish B. fruit
C. eggs D. bread
22. --- Whose room is this? --- It's _______.
A. Li Ming B. Li Ming's
C. Li Mings D. Li Mings'
23. Here are ______ for you, Sue.
A. potatos B. some potatoes
C. three tomatos D. some tomato
24. Here are some birthday cards with our best ______ for her.
A. wish B. hope
C. wishes D. hopes
25. I always go to that ______ to buy food on Sunday.
A. shop B. park
C. zoo D. garden
26. What's the Chinese for “ PRC”?
A. 中国人民解放军 B. 中华人民共和国
C. 联合国 D. 中国共产党
27. Sam gave Ann some _______ to look after Polly while he was away.
A. picture-books B. inventions
C. instructions D. messages
28. --- Which of the following animals lives only in China? --- The ________.
A. monkey B. elephant
C. panda D. cat
29. ______ room is on the 5th floor.
A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily's
C. Lucy's and Lily D. Lucy's and Lily's
30. The third month of the year is _______.
A. March B. January
C. February D. April
31. Mum, I'm quite thirsty. Please give me ________.
A. two orange B. two bottle of oranges
C. two bottles of orange D. two bottles of oranges
32. How wonderful! The ______ is made of _______.
A. house, glass B. house, glasses
C. houses, glass D. houses, glasses
33. I met some ______ in the park and talked with them the other day.
A. Janpaneses B. American
C. Chineses D. English
34. _______ is the best time for planting trees.
A. Summer B. Winter
C. Spring D. Autumn
35. Tom was badly hurt in the match. They carried him to the ______ as quickly as possible.
A. bank B. post office
C. shop D. hospital
36. There are two ______ in the room.
A. shelf B. shelfs
C. shelfes D. shelves
37. There are seven ______ in a week.
A. years B. months
C. days D. minutes
38. My father is a ______. He works in a hospital.
A. teacher B. doctor
C. farmer D. writer
39. It's very cold today. Why don't you put on your ______?
A. watch B. shirt
C. sweater D. glasses
40. --- Excuse me, are you ______? --- Yes, I'm from ________.
A. Japan, Japanese B. China, Chinese
C. England, English D. American, America
41. They took a lot of _______ in the children's park.
A. photo B. photoes
C. photos D. the photo
42.There is _______ in the bottle.
A. no any orange B. not a orange
C. not any orange D. no oranges
43. Maths _______ an important subject taught in the middle school.
A. are B. is
C. was D. were
44. There are more ______ in this hospital than in that one.
A. woman doctors B. women doctor
C. women's doctor D. women doctors
45. The ________ eat a lot of rice.
A. Japan people B. Japanese
C. Japaneses D. people of Japanese
46. Two ___ and five _______ are studying Chinese at Beijing University.
A. German, English B. Germans, English
C. Germans, Englishmen D. Germen, Englishmen
47. Then the ______ began to eat the green ______ of young trees.
A. deer, leafs B. deer, leaves
C. deer, leaf D. deers, leafs
48. Would you like _____ ?
A. some rice B. any rice
C. some rices D. any rices
49. Don't hurry! We still have _______ time left.
A. little B. few
C. a little D. a few
50. These mountains will be covered with tree in ______ .
A. a few year's time B. a few years' time
B. C. a few year's times D. a few years' times
参考答案
1-5AABDB 6-10 CCADB 11-15 CCBAB
16-20 DBDDA 21-25 CBBCA 26-30 BCCBA
31-35 CADCD 36-40 DCBCD 41-45 CCBDB
46-50 CBACB
*****************************************************************结束
第三章 冠词（Articles）
一、 不定冠词的用法
a 、an与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前，而an则用于元音音素前。
(1) 表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个,经常用在第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍作用，表示一个。
I gave him a book yesterday .我昨天给了他一本书。
(2) 表示人或事物的某一种类, 强调整体, 即以其中的一个代表一类。
A horse is useful to mankind. 马对人类有用。
(3) 不定冠词用在事物的"单位"前,如时间, 速度, 价格等意义的名词之前,表示 "每一"。
We often go to school two times a day. 我们常常一天两次去学校。
(4) 不定冠词用来指某人某物,但不具体说明任何人或任何物。
A boy came to see you a moment ago. 刚才有一个小孩来找你。
(5)在序数词前表示"又一;再一"时。如:
I want to read the story a second time 我想再读一遍这篇小说。
(6) 表示不特定的"某一个"时。如:
A Mr. Smith is calling on the phone. 有一位史密斯先生来电话找你 。
(7) 在特定的短语里表示特定的含义，与不可数名词连用，
如：have a good time过得高兴
(8) 一日三餐前有修饰语时。如:
-Mum, what shall we have for lunch? -Jiaozi.
-Oh, what a wonderful lunch! I enjoy it very much.
(9) 在形容词最高级前表示"非常"时。如：
Lesson Nine is a most difficult lesson, but it isn't the most difficult One.
(10)不定冠词用于某些词组中。 a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold /have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
一、 定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this, that, these, those同源，有"那（这）个" "这（那）些"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。以下为必须加定冠词的情形:
(1)在表示双方都明白的人或物的名词之前：Take the medicine.
(2)在上文提到过的人或事的名称之前：
He bought a house. I've been to the house.
(3)在指世上独一无二的事物的名词之前： the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth
(4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：The fox is cunning .狐狸是狡猾的。
(5)与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。
(6)用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面
e. g. Where do you live? I live on the second floor.
(7)在表示"...世纪...年代"的结构之前 He began to learn Russian in the 1950s.
但注意:in one's 50s意为"在某人五十多岁时"。如:He looked quite healthy though he was in his 80s.
(8)在比较级的两种句型中:
① 表示"越 ......,就越......"时。如: The lighter, the better. 越轻越好 。
② 表示"两者中比较..."时,用定冠词。
如: There are two books on the table. I like the thicker one.
(9)用在"动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位名称"的结构中(注意:介词常用in/on/by)。
如: The ball hit me on the back.
(10) 在表示"计量单位"的可数名词前(注意:介词用by)。
如：The workers are paid by the hour/day/month.
(11)用在某些由普通名词构成的专有名词前：
the Great Wall(长城)，the People's Park(人民公园)等。
(12)用在表示乐器的名词之前：
She plays the piano. / The little girl likes to play the violin.
(13)定冠词用在文艺活动,运动场所的名称前。
They are going to the cinema tonight.
(14)用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：
the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
(15)在方位名词之前 ，如：in the west on the west
(16)在某些短语中 in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), the day after tomorrow ,the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky(water，field，country), in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre
三、零冠词（不用定冠词）
(1) 在物质名词前，如：Water is very important . 水是非常重要的 。
(2) 在抽象名词前，如：Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
(3) 复数名词表示人或物的种类时，如：Doctors cure patients. 医生治病救人 .
(4) 在有关游戏的名词前，如：Do you like to play chess? 你喜欢下棋吗 ?
(5) 在"by + 交通工具"的短语里，
如：Shall we walk or go by bus?
我们乘车还是步行 ?
(6) 在国名，人名和地名前通常不用定冠词，如 ：England，Mary；
(7) 在年份、季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；
We go to school from Monday to Friday.
我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
(8)在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；
The guards took the American to General Lee.
士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
(9)在三餐、球类运动的名称前，不加冠词。如：have breakfast，play chess
(10) 在某些固定词组中，是否有冠词，意义不同。如：
in hospital住院，in the hospital在医院里 in bed在卧床 ，in the bed在床上
in front of在......（外）前面，in the front of 在......（内）前部
go to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)
泛指用a/ an，单数可数；特指用the，不特不the
释：1）泛指用a/ an，单数可数——泛指的单数可数名词前要用a/ an。
2）特指用the——如果是特指，那么无论是可数名词单数、复数或不可数名词前均要用the。
3）不特不the——不特指则不用the，包括泛指的可数名词单数前用a/ an，泛指的可数名词复数前不用冠词，泛指的不可数名词前也不用冠词三种情况
定冠词：特指双熟悉，上文已提及，世上独一无二，序数最高级，某些专有名，习语及乐器。
（1）the用在“特指”谈话双方都知道的某个人或某些人或物前。如：Where is the teacher？
（2）the用在上文已提到的人或事物前。
如：I can see a cat. The cat is Lucy's.
（3）the用在世界上独一无二的事物前。
如：The earth goes around the sun.地球围绕着太阳转。
（4）the用在序数词或形容词最高级前。
如：Mike is the tallest of the three boys.
（5）the用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。
如：the Great Wall
（6）the用在一些习惯用语中或乐器名词前。
如：in the day，play the piano
不用冠词：代词限定名词前，专有名词不可数，复数名词表泛指，学科球类三餐饭，季节星期月份前，颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。
********************
2012中考真题欣赏
【2012 铜仁】
1. —Be careful ! There is _____dog lying on the ground.—Thanks a lot.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
【2012 安顺】
2.——_____ is your mother?
—— She is _____ English teacher.
A. Who; the B. What; / C. What; an D. Who; a
【2012 遵义】
3. —Mum, where are my shoes?
—They're in _________ black box under the bed.
A. a B. an C. The
【2012 黔西南】
4. ______ girl riding a bike is ________ university student.
A. A; an B. The; an C. A; the D. The; a
【2012达州】
5. —What cold weather！
—Yes. But it's ___________ unusual experience for us, we normally live in a hot place.
A. /; a B. a; an C. / ; an D. a; the
【2012连云港】
6.----Is Mr. Franco Hollande __________ honest and capable man?
---- Yes. And that is why he was chosen ____________ president of France .
A. a ; a B. an ; C. the ; the D. a ;
【2012苏州】
7. In order to find ___ better job, she planned to learn ___ second foreign language.
A. the； a B. a； a C. the； the D. a； the
【2012株洲】
8. This is ______ story-book. It was written by Yang Hongying.
A. the B. a C. an
【2012毕节】
9. —Who's that girl?
—You mean ______ one with long blond hair? That's Jack's daughter.
A. a B. an C. the D.不填
【2012烟台】
10. —Do you often play____________soccer with your friends?
—No, I don't like sports. I often play____________piano in my free time.
A. a, the B. the, / C. /, the D. the, a
【2012 滨州】
11. —Listen! Someone is playing ______ piano.
—Wow! ______beautiful music! I like it very much
A. a; what B. an; How C. the; What D. /; How
【2012 嘉兴】
12.—Where is _____________ pen on the desk?
—It's Mary's.
A. a B. an C. the D.不填
【2012 温州】
12. －Who's that man?
－Jeremy Lin. He's _______ American basketball player.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
【2012 衢州】
13. Li Na is one of ______ most popular tennis players in China.
A. a B. an C. the D.不填
【2012 杭州】
14. They want their daughter to go to _____ university, but they also want her to get________ summer job.
A. 不填；a B. the; a C. an; a D. a; the
【2012 河北】
15. The children stood in ______________ circle and danced to music.
A. a B. an C. the D. 不填
【2012 福州】
16. There is no living thing on _______ moon.
A. the B. a C. 不填
【2012 恩施】
17. ______ girl who will perform at the party tomorrow comes from ______ European country.
A. The； a B. A； the C. The； an
【2012 自贡】
18. -- I hear your friend is visiting San Ya again. Is it the second time for him?
-- Yes, and he will come for time next spring.
A. a third B. a second C. the third
【2012 广安】
19. —What are you going to be in the future?
—I want to be ______ actor.
A. a B. an C. The
【2012 凉山】
20. This is __________ interesting movie and it's also _______ most interesting one I've ever seen.
A. an; a B. an; the C. a; the
【2012 南京】
21. —What do you want to be when you grow up?
—I want to be ___ social worker. Many people are in great need of our help.
A. a B. an C. the D.不填
【2012 绥化】
22. Don't you know ________ girl under the tree? She's our teacher's daughter.
A. a B. an C. the
【2012 淮安】
23. This summer, I'm going to visit _______ Great Wall.
A. a B. an C. the D./
*********************************************************结束
普通练习题及答案
一、选择填空：
1. She is ____ girl. She is ____ English girl.
A. a, a B. an, a C. a, an D. a, /
2. Tom is ____ English. He is ____ English boy.
A. an, an B. / , an C. / , / D. a, a
3. ____ live in Room 208.
A. The Green B. Green C. The Greens D. Greens
4. January is ____ first month of the year.
A. a B. / C. an D. the
5. We should think of ____ old and ____ sick.
A. a, a B. an, a C. the, the D. /, /
6. ____ number of the students in our class is 52.
A. A B. An C. The D. /
7. She can play ____ piano, but she can't play ____ football.
A. the, the B. the, / C. /, the D. a, a
8, There is ____ “s” in the word “six” and ____ “s” is the first letter of the word.
A. a, the B. a, an C. an, the D. a, a
9. A horse is ____ useful animal.
A. an B. a C. the D. this
10. He has already worked for ____ hour.
A. an B. a C. the D. three
11. Lucy wants to become ____.
A. some teacher B. a teacher C. teacher D. teachers
12. Hainan is ____ island, isn't it?
A. the B. one C. a D. an
13. What do you usually do after ____?
A. the class B. class C. the classes D. a class
14. I'll have to buy ____ trousers.
A. a B. two C. a pair of D. pair
15. I've thrown my old shoes away. I'll have to buy ____.
A. a new pair B. a new one C. some new D. some new pair
16. My uncle told me he was going to visit ____.
A. the United State B. The United States C. United States D. United State
17. They failed six times, but they have decided to try____.
A. seven times B. the seven time C. the seventh time D. seventh time
18. Who are those boys? One is my brother and ____.
A. the big boy is Mike B. a big is Mike
C. the big boy is a Peter D. a big boy is a Peter
19. You will find ____ girl in black. She is ____ teacher.
A. a, the B. the, a C. a, a D. the, the
20. ____ birds can fly very high in ____ sky.
A. The, the B. The, a C. An, the D. A, the
21. I'm not looking at ____
A. sun B. sky C. the sun D. some sky
22. The little boy wishes to be ____
A. Lei Feng B. the Lei Feng C. this Lei Feng D. a Lei Feng
23. ____ have studied English in our school.
A. Most of students B. The most students
C. Most of the students D. Most students
24. Tom's brother hit Bob on ____ nose.
A. his B. the C. its D. a
25. We are going to have an exam ____.
A. in the class B. in a class C. at the class D. in class
26. We have had ____.
A. good dinner B. a good dinner C. the good dinner D. good dinners
27. ____ fine weather we have today! Let's go swimming.
A. What a B. How C. What D. How a
28. There's ____ apple tree behind ____ house.
A. an, the B. a, a C. an, a D. the, the []
29. We can see the sun in ____ daytime, but we can't see it at ____ night.
A. a, the B. the, / C. a, / D. an, /
30. I saw ____ old man walking across the street and ___ old man looked worried.
A. an, an B. the, the C. an, the D. the, an
31. What ____ it is!
A. a heavy rain B. heavy rain C. a heavy rains D. heavy rains
32. ____ time we had at the party!
A. What wonderful B. What a wonderful
C. How wonderful D. How a wonderful
33. ____ tallest building in the town is ____ Bank of China.
A. The, the B. A, a C. The, a D. A, the
34. Little Tom looked at the big shark ____.
A. in the surprise B. in surprised C. in surprise D. at a surprise
35. ____ more carefully you ride, ____ fewer falls you'll get.
A. The, the B. A, the C. The, a D. A, a
36. He has made____ decision that he will be ____ inventor some time.
A. a, the B. a, an C. the, an D. the, the
37. – We haven't seen for ____ long time. Where have you been?
- I have been for ____ holiday with my parents.
- Have ____ nice time!
- Thank you.
A. a, the, a B. the, a, a C. a, a, a D. a, the, the
38. – Excuse me, can you tell me way to ____ Xinhua Bookstore?
- Go along this road, and then turn to ____ right at ____ first crossing, at ____ end of the street, you can find it.
A. the, a, the, the, the B. a, the, the, a, the
C. the, the, the, a, the D. the, the, the, the, the
39. Why not take ____ friend with you? That's ____ good idea.
A. a, the B. the, the C. a, a D. the, a
40. Take the medicine three times ____ day.
A. a B. the C. an D. /
41. English is ____ language. It is ____ important tool.
A. a, a B. a, an C. the, an D. a, /
42. Meimei has ____ high fever and his mother is looking after her.
A. a B. the C. an D. /
43. Lucy takes ____ walk after supper every day.
A. the B. a C. / D. an
44.Paper is made of ____ wood.
A. a B. the C. / D. that
45. ____ February is the second month of the year.
A. The B. A C. / D. an
46. We have no classes on ____ Sundays.
A. the B. a C. an D. /
47. I studied ____ English in ____ England.
A. /, / B. an, the C. an, an D. /, the
48. We go to school by ____ bus.
A. / B. a C. the D. an
49. These boys play ____ football after class.
A. a B. the C. an D. /
50. There is ____ bridge over the river, ____ bridge is made of stone.
A. a, a B. a, the C. the, the D. the, a
参考答案
1C 2B 3C 4D 5C 6C 7B 8C 9B 10A
11B 12D 13B14C15A 16B 17C 18A 19B 20A
21C 22D 23C 24B 25D 26B 27C 28A 29B 30C
31A 32 B 33A 34C 35A 36B 37C 38D 39C 40A
41B 42A 43B 44C 45C 46D 47A 48A 49D 50B
****************************************************************结束
微信/支付宝扫码支付下载