河南专用2020版中考英语语法过关专题十三简单句陈述句感叹句疑问句祈使句课件人教新目标版 47页

专题十三　简单句(陈述句、感叹句、疑问句、祈使句) 考点一　陈述句及疑问句 考点突破 考点二　祈使句及感叹句 考点一　陈述句及疑问句 考点突破 陈述句 陈述句用来陈述一件事或表达一种看法,有肯定和否定两种形式,句末通常用句 号,读降调。 一、陈述句的肯定式 结构:主语+谓语+其他。如: That boy often helps others.那个男孩经常帮助别人。 I went to the cinema yesterday.昨天我去看电影了。 二、陈述句的否定式 1.be的否定式 (1)be用作系动词时,陈述句结构为:主语+be+not+表语+其他。如: She is not a teacher.她不是一个老师。 (2)be用作助动词,用于be doing/be going to do/be done等时态或被动语态中,陈述 句结构为:主语+be+not+动词的现在分词或过去分词+其他。如: Jim isn ' t playing football.吉姆没在踢足球。 The sweater isn ' t made of wool.这件毛衣不是羊毛做的。 2.助动词、情态动词的否定式 Man can ' t live without water.没有水人类不能生存。 3.除not外,其他否定词也可以构成否定句 (1)用no表示,no=not any/a(n)。如: He has no sisters.=He doesn ' t have any sisters. 他没有姐妹。 (2)never绝不,从来不。如: I have never seen such a man.我从没见过这样的人。 (3)little,few几乎没有。如: There are few students in the classroom. 教室里几乎没有学生。 (4)no one/nobody 没有人。如: No one/Nobody is interested in the book. 没有人对这本书感兴趣。 (5)nothing什么也没有。如: There is nothing wrong with you.你什么问题也没有。 (6)neither of... 没有一个 ( 用于表示两者都不 );none of... 一点儿也没有 , 一个也没 有 ( 用来全面否定三个或三个以上的人或物 ) 。如 : Neither of them has ever been to Beijing. 他们两个都没有去过北京。 (7)seldom 很少 ,hardly 几乎不。如 : I seldom go to hospital.我很少去医院。 I can hardly say a word.我几乎不能说一句话。 (8)too...to...太 …… 以至于不能 …… 。如: He comes too late to catch the bus. 他来得太晚了以至于不能赶上公共汽车了。 疑问句 用于提问的句子叫疑问句,句末用问号。疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问 句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。 一、一般疑问句 一般疑问句表示询问事物或某种情况是否属实,需要对方给予肯定回答(yes)或 否定回答(no),读时用升调,它的基本结构为:①be动词+主语+其他?②助动词(或 情态动词)+主语+谓语+其他?使用一般疑问句时应特别注意问句与答句在人 称、数和时态上的一致。 对一般疑问句作肯定回答时,通常是:Yes,主语+be动词/助动词/情态动词;作否定 回答时,通常是:No,主语+be动词/助动词/情态动词+not。如: —Are you a doctor?你是医生吗? —Yes,I am.是的,我是。/—No,I ' m not.不,我不是。 —Do you like playing football?你喜欢踢足球吗? —Yes,I do.是的,我喜欢。/—No,I don ' t.不,我不喜欢。 注意:一般疑问句通常是怎么问怎么答,即用什么词提问,就用什么词回答,但在 下列情况中例外。 1.用其他词语代替yes或no来回答,从而使语气变得客气、委婉。如: —Can you come and go to the park with me? ——你能来和我一起去公园吗? —I ' m afraid not.I have a lot of work to do. ——恐怕不行,我有很多工作要做。 2.否定的一般疑问句通常是以be动词、情态动词或助动词与not的缩略形式开 头,往往表示惊讶、赞叹、怀疑等语气。如: —Don ' t you hear of that?(表示惊讶)你没有听说过那件事吗? —Yes,I do.不,我听说过。/—No,I don ' t.是的,我没有听说过。 对否定的一般疑问句作简略回答时也用yes或no,但其汉语翻译与其原意正好相 反。 二、特殊疑问句 用特殊疑问词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。回答时不能使用yes或no,读降调。 疑问词包括疑问代词、疑问副词和疑问词组。 1.疑问代词:可以对主语、表语、宾语、定语提问,有what(对“物”提问),who (对“人”提问),which(哪一个,哪一些),whose(谁的),whom(宾格“谁”)。如: —Who is your teacher?谁是你的老师? —Miss Gao is my teacher.高小姐是我的老师。 2.疑问副词:用于对状语提问,有when(何时),where(何地),why(为什么)和how(怎 么样)等。如: —When did you come here?你是什么时候来到这儿的? —In 2005.在2005年。 3.疑问词组:how soon,how long,how far,how often等。如: —How soon will the concert begin?再过多久音乐会就开始了? —In twenty minutes.再过二十分钟。 —How long have you lived here?你住在这里多长时间了? —For five years.五年了。 —How often do you have an English party?你们多久举行一次英语聚会? —Once a month.一个月一次。 —How far do you live from your school?你住的地方离学校有多远? —About ten minutes ' walk.步行大约十分钟。 4.否定的特殊疑问句一般含有劝告、建议、责备等意味。如: Why don ' t you go to the zoo? =Why not go to the zoo? 为什么不去动物园呢? 三、选择疑问句 提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种情况回答的问句叫选择疑问 句。选择疑问句中的两种或两种以上的情况用or连接,回答时不能使用yes或no, 而要用一个完整的句子或其省略形式。语调一般是前升后降。选择疑问句可 以分为一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句两种。 1.一般选择疑问句:一般疑问句+or+被选择部分?如: —Do you like apples or pears?你喜欢苹果还是梨? —I like pears.我喜欢梨。 2.特殊选择疑问句:特殊疑问句,A or B?如: —Which do you like better,tea or coffee? —I would prefer coffee. ——你更喜欢什么,茶还是咖啡? ——我更喜欢咖啡。 四、反意疑问句 反意疑问部分是附在陈述部分之后,对陈述部分所说的事实或观点提出疑问的 句子。反意疑问部分要与前面的陈述部分用逗号隔开,句末用问号。如果陈述 部分是肯定结构,反意疑问部分就用否定结构,反之亦然。反意疑问句可用yes 或no来回答。反意疑问部分的主语要用代词,并与陈述部分的主语一致,谓语动 词在人称、数和时态上也要与陈述部分一致。 反意疑问句的重点是反意疑问部分的主语和谓语这两部分,因此对此知识点的 命题重点就是反意疑问部分主语和谓语的确定,这是此考点命题的基本指导思 想。不过,由于对反意疑问句作出回答的特殊性及易错性,考查反意疑问句的回 答方式也常会出现在中考英语试卷中,而且由于对反意疑问句作回答与语境或 情景联系较大,所以此考查方式越来越受到命题人的青睐。 1.反意疑问部分主语及谓语的确定 反意疑问部分主语与谓语的确定应以陈述部分的主语和谓语为依据,尤其要注 意一些特殊的情况;同时,反意疑问部分的主语一般应用人称代词,而动词若为 否定形式则一般应用缩略形式。 (1)陈述部分含有never,few,little,nothing,nobody,no,hardly,none等表示否定意义 的词时,其反意疑问部分应用肯定形式。如: There are few people in the room,are there? 房间里几乎没有人,是吗? (2)陈述部分是“There be”结构时,反意疑问部分用“be there”。如: There is a tree in front of the building,isn ' t there? 大楼前面有一棵树,是吗? (3)当陈述部分的主语为指事或物的不定代词something,anything,everything等 时,反意疑问部分的主语应用it。如: Something is wrong with your computer,isn ' t it? 你的电脑出毛病了,是吗? (4)当陈述部分的主语为指人的不定代词somebody,anybody,everybody等时,反意 疑问部分的主语可用he或they,但不可用it。如: Somebody wants to see you,doesn ' t he(don ' t they)? 有人要见你,是吗? (5)当陈述部分的主语为this,that等时,反意疑问部分的主语应用it。类似地,当陈 述部分的主语为these,those等时,反意疑问部分的主语应用they。同时,陈述部分 为肯定形式时,反意疑问部分应用否定形式,反之亦然。如: This is a beautiful picture,isn ' t it? 这是一幅美丽的画,是吗? Those aren ' t your books,are they? 那些不是你的书,是吗? (6)当陈述部分动词为have/has/had时有下列几种情况: ①have在一般现在时中表示“有”之意,反意疑问部分的谓语可用have也可用 助动词do。如: Tom has a new watch,hasn ' t/doesn ' t he? 汤姆有块新手表,是吗? ②have to表示“不得不”“必须”之意时,反意疑问部分的谓语应用助动词 do。如: Kate has to help her mother at home,doesn ' t she? 凯特不得不在家帮她的妈妈,是吗? ③have表示“吃、喝、玩、度过”等意思时,其反意疑问部分的谓语应用助动 词do。如: They had a good time in Beijing,didn ' t they? 他们在北京玩得很愉快,是吗? ④had better表示“最好”之意,当其用在陈述部分时,反意疑问部分的谓语应用 had。如: We ' d better stop talking,hadn ' t we? 我们最好停止说话,好吗? ⑤have/has用在现在完成时中,其反意疑问部分的谓语应用助动词have/has。如: Lucy has ever been to Japan,hasn ' t she? 露西曾经去过日本,是吗? (7)当陈述部分含有need时,如果need用作行为动词,则反意疑问部分的谓语应用 助动词do;如果need用作情态动词,则反意疑问部分的谓语应用need。如: We need to arrive in Shanghai at 7:00,don ' t we? 我们需要在七点到达上海,是吗? We needn ' t leave at once,need we? 我们不必马上离开,是吗? (8)当陈述部分含有情态动词must时,有下列几种情况: ①must表示“必须”之意,反意疑问部分的谓语否定式用needn ' t。如: They must come on time,needn ' t they? 他们必须准时到,是吗? ②must表示推测,意为“一定”时,反意疑问部分谓语动词的确定应根据must后 面的动词来确定。如: That man must be Mr.Wang,isn ' t he? 那个人一定是王先生,是吗? (9)当陈述部分为I am形式时,反意疑问部分应该用aren ' t I。 I ' m right,aren ' t I?我是对的,是吗? (10)肯定的祈使句的反意疑问部分可以用will you或won ' t you,否定的祈使句的 反意疑问部分用will you。如: Listen to me carefully,will/won ' t you? 仔细听我说,好吗? Don ' t play with fire,will you? 不要玩火,好吗? (11)以let ' s开头的祈使句,反意疑问部分应用shall we;以let us开头的祈使句,反 意疑问部分应用will you。如: Let ' s go to the park,shall we?咱们去公园,好吗? Let us help you,will you?让我们来帮你,好吗? (12)陈述部分若为主从复合句,反意疑问部分的主语通常与主句的主语一致。 如: She said he would come tomorrow,didn ' t she? 她说他明天会来,是吗? 注意:若主句的主语是第一人称I/we,其谓语动词又是think,suppose,expect,be- lieve,imagine等,则反意疑问部分的主语和谓语一般应与从句一致。(应特别注 意否定的转移)如: I think he is a good student,isn ' t he? 我认为他是一个好学生,是吗? We don ' t think you are right,are you? 我们认为你是错的,是吗? 2.反意疑问句的答语 对反意疑问句作回答时,如果答案是肯定的,则用yes,后跟肯定形式的简略回答 方式;若答案是否定的,则用no,后跟否定形式的简略回答方式。其回答方式与 一般疑问句的回答方式完全一致。 特别注意有时要根据具体的语境确定应用肯定形式还是否定形式来回答。如: —Lucy skates very well,doesn ' t she? ——露西滑冰滑得非常好,是吗? —Yes,she does. ——是的,她滑得很好。 —They don ' t like the house,do they? ——他们不喜欢这套房子,是吗? —No,they don ' t. ——是的,他们不喜欢。 考点二　祈使句及感叹句 祈使句 一、祈使句的结构及用法 祈使句表示命令、请求、建议或劝告等。主语通常被省略,谓语动词用原形,句 末用感叹号或句号,读降调。 1.肯定的祈使句 (1)句型:以动词原形开头(省略主语)。如: Come in!进来! Be quiet!安静! (2)有时为了加强语气,可以在动词之前加上do,表示“务必,一定”。如: Do come on time!一定要准时来! Do look out!一定要小心! 2.否定的祈使句 (1)Don ' t+动词原形。如: Don ' t be late.不要迟到。 (2)Let ' s+not+动词原形。如: Let ' s not speak loudly. 我们不要大声说话。 二、祈使句中一些需要注意的情况 1.有时为了表示委婉的语气,可在句首或句尾加上please,但please加在句尾时,前 面要用逗号隔开。如: Please sit down.请坐。 Stand up,please.请起立。 2.在意思较为明显的情况下,可把谓语动词省去。如: This way,please.请这边走。 3.有时为了明确地向对方提出请求或发出命令,可加称呼,但称呼要与句子隔 开。如: Turn off the light,Jim.吉姆,关灯。 4.某些名词、形容词或副词等后面加感叹号,也可作为祈使句使用。如: Hands up!举起手来! Taxi!出租车! 感叹句 感叹句是用来表达人的特殊情感的句子,可以表达人的喜、怒、哀、乐等情 感。感叹句可以是一个单词、一个不定式、一个由短语构成的独立句,也可以 是由what或how引导的句子,句末常用“!”。 一、what引导的感叹句 1.What+a/an+形容词+可数名词的单数形式+主语+谓语!如: What a beautiful girl she is!她是一个多么漂亮的女孩呀! 2.What+形容词+可数名词的复数形式+主语+谓语!如: What important jobs they have done! 他们做了多么重要的工作呀! 3.What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!如: What sweet water it is!多么甜的水呀! 二、how引导的感叹句 1.How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!如: How interesting the dog is!多么有趣的狗呀! 2.How+形容词+a/an+可数名词的单数形式+主语+谓语!如: How useful a subject it is!多么有用的一门学科呀! 3.How+主语+谓语!如: How time flies!时间过得真快呀! 三、一些特殊形式 1.在陈述句、祈使句或疑问句句尾加感叹号变成感叹句,表示某种强烈的感 情。如: He runs so fast!他跑得真快呀! Do read it carefully!一定要仔细阅读! 2.用一个词或词组表达强烈感情的句子也是感叹句。如: Wonderful!好极了!　Look out!小心! Great!太棒了! 3.以there,here等副词开头的感叹句。如: There she is!她在那儿! There goes the bell!铃响了! 四、如何判断用what还是用how来引导感叹句 方法一:凡是有a,an开头的,多用what; 方法二:凡是形容词直接加名词的,多用what; 方法三:其他一般用how。 一、单句填空 1.(2019北京)—Excuse me, how     much     is this T-shirt? —It ' s 88 yuan . 2.(2019江苏南京)—     When     will the Jinniu Lake Animal Kingdom be open? —Maybe in the second half of this year. 3.(2019广东)     How     smart the driverless car is!I really want to have one. 4.(2019福建)—How     long     is the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge? —55 kilometers. 中考题组 5.(2019新疆)—All of my classmates have passed the English test. —     How     exciting the news is! 6.(2019吉林)—How     often     do you eat out, Molly? —Once a month. 7.(2019贵州铜仁)—The Belt and Road(一带一路) has improved the trade between China and other countries. —So it has.     What     exciting news for people all over the world! 8.(2019甘肃兰州)—How     far     is it from Lanzhou to Lhasa? —It ' s about 2,160 kilometers. 9.(2019山东青岛)     What     special classes we had! We have learned a lot about paper cutting. 10.(2019海南)—     What     a hard-working boy Zhou Bin is! —Yes. I ' m sure he ' ll pass the test. 11.(2019内蒙古呼和浩特)     Send     (send) me an email before you come to Ho- hhot, and I ' ll meet you at the train station. 12.(2019湖南长沙)     What     fun it is to have a field trip on the Orange Island! 13.(2018河南)     Treat     (treat) everyone with politeness even those who are very rude to you, not because they are nice, but because you are. 14.(2018北京)—     How     do you usually go to school, Mary? —By bike. 15.(2018上海)Please     put     (put) the rubbish into different litter bins according to the signs. 16.(2018江苏南京)—How     far     is it from the Children ' s Palace to Nanjing South Railway Station, Tom? —About 10 minutes ' ride by bus. 17.(2018湖南长沙)—Mom, I bought us two tickets to the 2018 World Cup in Rus- sia. —Really?     What     a pleasant surprise! 18.(2018云南)—     How     fast China is developing! —Yes, we are so lucky to live in such a great country. 19.(2018福建)—     What     does Liu Chuanjian do? —He ' s a pilot of Sichuan Airlines. He ' s a hero! 二、语篇填空 阅读短文 , 从方框中选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空 , 使短文通顺、意思完 整。每空限填一词 , 每词限用一次。 that,way,poem,from,year,introduce,finish,easily,decide,reach There are many different methods for studying languages and learning new words. One man has come up with his own 　1     to understand the meanings of words— through rhyming(押韵). He uses words 　2     end with the same sound or a similar sound. Chris Strolin, an old man 　3     America, is working on an English language dic- tionary completely made up of limericks. A limerick is a short 　4     that has five lines that rhyme. Strolin says the idea for his dictionary started out as a joke when he 　 5     it to some of his language-loving friends. His way was to use limericks. In 2004, he 　6     to start his own limerick dictionary online. He called it The Om- nificent English Dictionary in Limerick Form . He started out with a limerick expla- nation of the word “a”. From there, he just kept going. Since the work is not 　7     , Strolin invited others to help come up with and add their own limericks to the dictionary. So far, 1,000 people have given their ideas. To date, more than 97,000 rhyming definitions(释义) have been created, with the number expected to 　8     100,000 this year. The dictionary itself will be growing for many 　 9     to come. Strolin said his dic- tionary would not be fully finished until 2076. He said he hoped his grandchildren, or maybe their children, would take over the work and 　10     it. 1.     way     　2.     that     　3.     from     　4.     poem     　5.     introduced     6.     decided     　7.     easy     　8.     reach     　9.     years     　10.     finish     一、单句填空 1.(2019河南洛阳一模)Life is just like a journey.     Get     (get) started whenever you decide to begin your journey. 2.(2019河南安阳一模)     Stop     (stop) thinking too much. It ' s all right not to know all the answers. 3.(2019河南商丘一模)Parents are taught to understand     how     important educa- tion is to their children ' s future. 4.(2019河南郑州二模)—     What     a beautiful work the china is! 模拟题组 —Yeah! My friend bought it for me in Jingdezhen as a birthday gift. 5.(2019河南安阳二模)—I don ' t think I can make it. It ' s too difficult for me. —Don ' t worry.     Work     (work) hard, and your dream will come true one day. 6.(2019河南安阳二模)     What     useful information! It helps us find the correct answers in a short time. 7.(2019河大附中一模)Do you want to be healthy?     Smile     (smile). Smiling can help you stay healthy. 8.(2018河南开封一模)—Do you know we ' ll have three days off after the tests in May? —     What     exciting news! 9.(2018河南信阳一模)What     an     exciting match it is! I haven ' t seen a better one for a long time. 10.(2018河南郑州一模)When life gives you a hundred reasons to cry,     show     (show) life that you have a thousand reasons to smile. 11.(2018河南省实验中学一模)     Find     (find) ways to get on well with your classmates, or you ' ll get yourself lonely. 12.(2018河南郑州外国语中学一模)     Get     (get) a good rest tonight, and you will be at your best tomorrow. 二、语篇填空 (2020河南中考原创) 阅读短文,根据语篇要求填空,使短文通顺、意思完整。每空限填一词。 Last night I had two dreams. One was that I was preparing for my twentieth birth- day party. The 　1     was a bit funnier than the first one. I dreamed that I fell in love with a girl 　2     sold tomatoes at the gate of my school. Did you dream yes- terday? In fact, everyone dreams. But few can remember all their dreams clearly. A person can usually have up to seven dreams a night and each dream lasts from 10 to 40 minutes. 　3     do people dream? Scientists believe that dreams come from our own experi- ences in our daily life and they tell us a lot about ourselves. They also help us learn from the past and even help us to find an answer 　4     a question. Different dreams mean differently to people. For example, if you dream about fly- ing, you are probably quite happy. And when you dream that you are too late for a test, it often means that you are worried about an important thing 　5     will come in your life. 1.     other     　2.     who     　3.     Why     　4.     to     　5.     that