2018年中考英语总复习易错知识点专题十九短文填空专项训练含解析 11页

专题十九 短文填空 知识清单 一、 考点分析 短文填空要求考生根据所给短文内容考查考生对短文的理解和词汇的掌握情况。主要测试理解能力和词汇的运用能力。考查内容一般涉及以下方面:‎ ‎1. 对短文内容的判断 短文填空的题材多样,包括幽默故事、人物传记、科普小品、新闻报道、历史文化、人生哲理等。有的贴近学生生活实际,能激发学生的学习热情,启发他们的思维。有的介绍最新的科研动态和科研成果等特点、用途等。有的讲述人生哲理,给人以启迪。‎ ‎2. 对词性、单词适当形式和短文内容的判断 短文填空的考查形式主要以选词填空、首字母填空为主,兼顾中文提示和单词的适当形式。单词的适当形式有名词的单复数形式,时态和语态和非谓语形式以及选择句子填空。难度较大的是根据短文内容完成短文。答题时,可以适当参考阅读理解的解题步骤和技巧。‎ ‎3. 对其他方面的判断。‎ 短文填空对其他方面的判断出现的频率较低,多数文章不设此类题目。主要是在解题时,考生了解其要点或未尽事宜,以便判断文章内容或来源,以便推测前后可能出现的内容;这就要求考生对文章有更深层次的理解。‎ 二、 解题步骤 ‎1. 阅读原文、捕捉信息、理解大意。先通读原文,捕捉文中所提供的信息,抓住文章内容概略,理解短文的大意和理清全文脉络。‎ ‎2. 审读题目、找出相关依据判断。读懂短文内容后再审读题目,把握每个待判定句子的含义,通过寻读法在原文中找出与每个问题相关的段落与词句,然后依据短文内容对试题所给出的句子进行是非判断。‎ ‎3. 重读短文,逐题复检、核查无误。完成正误判断后必须将短文重读一遍,加深对短文的理解,在此基础上再对每一道题进行复查,对有些似是而非的句子,一定要重新认真识别。尤其对于深层理解的句子,原文没有提供直接或间接的答案,我们应仔细斟酌,复读文章,敲定最后答案。‎ 提分策略 11‎ ‎ 怎么做好短文填空是考生复习最关心的问题。短文填空尽管以不同的形式出现,但是解题时却有很多相同之处。解题时需要注意以下几点:‎ ‎1. 通读全文,弄清短文大意。‎ 越过空格,通读全文,通过掌握的基本常识和逻辑思维了解文章的大意,理清文章的脉络,同时还要注意某些与空格有关的关键信息,为填写空格打好基础。‎ ‎2. 复读短文,运用技巧,前后照应,确定答案。‎ 掌握了短文的大意之后,答题时就有把握了。然后再根据文中前后信息,确定正确的答案。‎ ‎①根据句子的语法结构判断所填词是什么词类。‎ ‎②根据上下文判断所填写的单词用什么形式(动词涉及时态、语态、非谓语动词等;形容词和副词涉及比较级等;名词涉及单复数;数词分基数词和序数词等等)。‎ ‎③注意同义词语、形容词与副词等之间的区别。‎ ‎④还要注意某些特殊的语法要求和结构。‎ ‎3. 复读检验,消除疏漏。‎ 答案基本确定之后,我们还要再次阅读全文,认真检查是否存在疏漏,意义是否连贯,语法是否有误,是否符合逻辑,是否存在拼写错误等。由于考试时间有限,很多同学答题时比较快,往往做完后不进行仔细检查,于是会出现不应该发生的错误,这样就把不该丢掉的分数丢掉了,非常可惜。‎ ‎【例1】　(2014·北京)‎ 阅读短文,根据短文内容,从短文后的五个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项,选项中有一项为多余选项。‎ Peter lost his friend's book,He felt very sad. Kate broke her mom's favorite cup. 　1　 She was so sorry for her mistake. ‎ We all make mistake because we're human. And it's not always easy to get on well with everyone all the time. Sometimes we hurt people's feelings although we don't do it on purpose. Sometimes we hurt people's feelings on purpose. 　2　 So we apologize(道歉). ‎ An apology tells someone that we're sorry for our mistakes. It's a way to show that we'll try to do better in future.‎ Apologies are one of the tools to build good friendships and relationships. When you say “I'm sorry”,you probably feel bad because what you did or said hurt another ‎ 11‎ person. 　3　,you're also saying that you respect the other person,and care about his or her feelings. Apologizing shows you have empathy(同感). ‎ After apologizing,you might feel a little better 　4　. When you apologize in a caring way,you might feel good because you are trying to make things right again. ‎ A. Then she cried B. But we feel bad later C. When you say “ I am sorry”‎ D. And you want to return his book E. The other person will probably feel better,too ‎【主旨大意】　本文主要说明人都是会犯错的,但是我们要学会为错误道歉,道歉是一种表明将来会做得更好的方式,也是维持友谊的工具。‎ ‎【答案】1~4　A B C E ‎【例2】　(2014·江苏镇江· 56~60)‎ ‎　　Brazil is the biggest country in South America,where the 2014 World Cup is being held now. The name Brazil comes from a tree named Brazilwood. Its beautiful landscape,various cultural events and delicious food make it a great travelling place. However,what makes it more famous is football. It has won the World Cup five times.‎ Christ the Redeemer—World Wonder As one of the New Seven Wonders and an icon of Brazil,Christ the Redeemer is a famous statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro. It stands 30 metres tall and its arms stretch to a width of 28 metres. ‎ Carnival—Cultural Festival As Brazil's best known festival,Carnival(嘉年华) is 46 days before the Easter and lasts about 5 days. Nowadays,the most famous Carnival's celebration is held in Rio de Janeiro,where thousands of people wearing masks and colourful costumes dance samba to the sound of drums and music. ‎ Acaraje—Local Food Made from black-eyed peas that are rolled into balls and then fried,acaraje is a ‎ 11‎ popular street food and beach snack with a long history in Brazil. It is usually filled with fruit,peanuts and egg. ‎ ‎　　阅读以上信息,用恰当的词完成下面的短文,每空一词。‎ Brazil is the biggest country in South America. It has one of the world's New Seven Wonders,Christ the Redeemer. Its 　1　 is 30 metres and its arms stretch to a width of 28 metres. Carnival,Brazil's best known festival,is 　2　 by people dancing samba with masks and colourful costumes. Local food acaraje is popular among people. It is in the 　3　 of a ball and its main material is black-eyed peas. As we know,much more 　4　 is always being paid to its football than to its landscape,cultural events and food. Now Brazil is 　5　 the 2014 World Cup. Many football fans must be crazy about watching the matches these days. ‎ ‎【主旨大意】　本篇文章是一篇应用文。文章通过表格的形式介绍了巴西的诸多情况:它是2014年世界杯的举办国,巴西国家名字的由来及其在往届世界杯参赛中取得的成就;巴西耶稣雕像——新世界七大奇迹之一;巴西的嘉年华狂欢节;巴西当地的特色小吃——Acaraje。‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎1. height　解析:根据第二个表格句子“It stands 30 metres tall”可知Christ the Redeemer的高度为30米,注意此处要用名词height形式。‎ ‎2. celebrated　解析:根据第三个表格中的句子“Nowadays,the most famous Carnival's celebration is held in Rio de Janeiro,where thousands of people wearing masks and colourful costumes dance samba...”可知嘉年华狂欢节被那些跳桑巴舞的人们庆祝,根据本句中的关键词by people可知句子应该用被动语态。‎ ‎3. shape/form　解析:根据第四个表格中的句子“Made from black-eyed peas that are rolled into balls”可知Acaraje被轧制成球形。所以可知Acaraje在外形或形式上是一个球状物。‎ ‎4. attention　解析:根据第一个表格中的句子“However,what makes it more famous is football.”可知在巴西比起文化、食物等人们更加注意足球。pay attention to意为“注意”,该句运用了它的被动语态形式。‎ ‎5. holding/hosting　解析:根据第一个表格中的句子“Brazil is the biggest country in South America,where the 2014 World Cup is being held now.”可知现在巴西正在举办2014‎ 11‎ 年世界杯。举办可以用hold或host来表示,同时句子要用现在进行时。‎ 专项训练 Passage 1(2014·湖北枣阳)‎ 阅读下面的短文,根据短文内容及首字母提示,在短文空白处填入一个恰当的词,使短文内容完整、通顺。‎ In American schools there is something called Homecoming Day. Many high schools and colleges w 　1　 a football team have a homecoming game. This can be the most i 　2　 event of the year except graduation or commencement(毕业典礼) day. Students plan homecoming day for many weeks in advance(预先). ‎ Several days before Homecoming,students start to decorate(装饰) the school. There are songs to wish luck to the team,and many other signs to welcome all the g 　3　. Many people still come to Homecoming twenty or thirty years after t 　4　 graduation. ‎ The members of school clubs build booths(摊位) and s 　5　 lemonade,apples and sandwiches. Some clubs help to w 　6　 visitors. ‎ During the day people like to look for teachers that they r 　7　 from long ago. Often they see old friends and they talk together about those happy years in school. ‎ Everyone soon comes to watch the football game. When the game is half over,the band comes onto the field and plays school songs. A 　8　 important moment is when the Homecoming Queen or King appears. All the students vote a most popular student Homecoming Queen or King. It is a great honor to be c 　9　. ‎ Homecoming is a happy day,but it won't be perfect u 　10　 the football team wins the game. Even if the team l 　11　,the students still enjoy Homecoming. Some stay at the school to dance,and others go to a party. ‎ For everyone it is a day worth remembering.‎ Passage 2(2014·江苏泰州)‎ 根据短文内容及首字母提示,补全空格内单词,使短文完整、通顺。‎ Everyone wants to be successful. As a student,you also want to have success at school,no matter w 　1　 you're good at studies or not. But it's difficult to learn ‎ 11‎ all the lessons well because it requires good ways and habits. If you take right ways of studying,you can m 　2　 great progress. Here I will offer you some a 　3　. ‎ Firstly,be sure to make up your mind to work h 　4　 and do well in everything you learn. It is wise of you to do your b 　5　 in your studies. ‎ Secondly,it's necessary for you to have a good study habit. While s 　6　,make sure to pay attention to it. After you finish your study,don't forget to find some time for f 　7　 in order to help you relax as well. ‎ Thirdly,you should try to learn every subject well. If you are w 　8　 in a subject,you need to encourage yourself to do well in it. You should often remind yourself why you need to study. ‎ Finally,you had better t 　9　 notes in class because you cannot remember everything. These notes will be h 　10　 for you to review or remember what you have learnt. If you forget some points,you can go over them. ‎ If you take all the suggestions,you will certainly develop into a better student in studies.‎ Passage 3(2014·山东济南)‎ 阅读短文,从方框中选择适当的动词,并用其适当形式填空。有的需要加助动词或不定式符号(每词限用一次)。‎ kill, have, catch, work stay Jenney is my friend. She 　1　 a cat. The cat is very old. So she can't run quickly and she can't bite,either. ‎ One day the old cat saw a mouse. She jumped and 　2　 the mouse. But she could not bite it,so the mouse jumped out of her mouth and ran away. ‎ Jenney became very angry because the mouse couldn't 　3　 by the cat. She began to hit the cat. “Don't hit your old servant,” the cat said. “Dear Jenney,I 　4　 here for you for many years. Although I am too old,I 　5　. You should be friendly to me.” ‎ Please remember what good work the old did when they were young.‎ 11‎ Passage 4(2013·湖北黄冈)‎ 根据括号内的汉语提示完成句子。(每空一词)‎ ‎1. There are two 　　　　(刀) and three forks on the desk. ‎ ‎2. What 　　　　(其他的) do you like,Jack? ‎ ‎3. In a basketball match,players move 　　　　(朝向) one end of the court while throwing the ball to each other. ‎ ‎4. That company 　　　　(提供) us with 3,000 dollars in 2012. ‎ ‎5. In China,we shouldn't 　　　　(指向) at anyone with our chopsticks. ‎ ‎6. Talking loudly in a library,a museum,or a movie theater is 　　　　(不礼貌的). ‎ Passage 5(2013·河南)‎ 阅读短文,从方框中选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空,使短文通顺、意思完整。请将答案写在相应题号的横线上。每空限填一词,每词限用一次。方框中有两个词是多余的。‎ angry,invite,however,with,please,from,visitor,celebrate,taste,soup,fine,he One day a visitor came to Nasreddin's house. “I am your cousin 　1　 Konya,”he said. “And I have brought you a duck to 　2　 the visit.” Nasreddin was 　3　. He asked his wife to cook the duck,and served the visitor a 　4　 dinner. ‎ The next day another visitor arrived. “I am the friend of the man who brought you the duck,” he said. Nasreddin invited him in and gave 　5　 a good meal. The next day another visitor arrived,and said he was the friend of the friend of the man who had brought the duck. Again Nasreddin invited him in for a meal. ‎ ‎　6　,he was getting a bit angry. 　7　 seemed to be using his house as a restaurant. ‎ Then another visitor came,and said he was the friend of the friend of the friend of the man who had brought the duck. He was 　8　 in. Nasreddin's wife brought some 　9　 to the table and the visitor tasted it. “What kind of soup is this? It 　10　 just like warm water.” “Ah!” said Nasreddin. “That is the soup of the soup of the soup of the duck.” ‎ Passage 6(2013·山西)‎ 根据语篇内容,用方框中所给词的正确形式填空,使短文通顺、连贯。方框中有两个词为多余项。‎ 11‎ one,fill,quick,write,except,interest,yo,late,come,story,unless,young Just look at how much young writers like Han Han and Guo Jingming are loved,we may know writing has become a fashion among today's teenagers.‎ Gao Can,a 13-year-old girl,is the 　1　 member of the Association of Writers of Shanxi. She writes fairy tales,short 　2　,and most of all,poems. Gao said she began poem writing when she was in primary school. Once the teacher asked the class 　3　 a composition called “If I were...” Gao had an idea,“Why not make it a poem?” That was her 　4　 poem,and it won a lot of compliments from both her teacher and classmates. So far,hundreds of her poems 　5　 out. ‎ ‎“Writing poems is not difficult at all. Just express 　6　 what you do,what you see or what you think.” Said Gao. “I don't have enough life experience,so I write about nature,about things I feel inside.” ‎ However,teenagers these days seldom write poem or read them because exams want any kind of articles 　7　 poems. ‎ But like Gao,there are still students who like poems. Hu Jingzhi is one of them. The 14-year-old boy said he was 　8　 in poem writing. But it was annoying that he couldn't find poem collections in nearby bookshops. ‎ Gao agreed with Hu. She said today's bookshops 　9　 with books on “how to give a successful speech”,“how to know what others think” or “how to make money 　10　 ”. ‎ ‎“Poems won't teach you how to make money,but the beautiful words clear your mind and activate your imagination.” Said Gao. “At least read poems—for the nice things in life.‎ Passage 7(2013·上海)‎ 在短文的空格内填入适当的词,使其内容通顺。每空格限一词,首字母已给出。‎ At some time in your life,you might have a roommate. It is a good idea to share a flat,especially for students or people who have just finished school,because flats are usually expensive. And m 　1　 is not the only reason for having a roommate. Sharing a flat can be fun. ‎ But life with a roommate can also be a t 　2　 experience. Some experts(专家) ‎ 11‎ did a study of college students who shared a room. They found that students who had problems with their roommates were not happy at school and were more likely to get sick than other students. So,how can you l 　3　 with a roommate and enjoy it? Here is some advice: ‎ Being roommates with a friend can be hard. Friends may be different when you stay with them all the time from when you don't see them very o 　4　. So,before you plan to share a room with a friend,discuss the situation carefully. ‎ If you decide to share a room with someone you don't know,talk to each other. It's important to be h 　5　 about your habits and things you hate. ‎ When you move in with a roommate,make rules. Decide how you will share h 　6　,such as cleaning,washing and shopping. Will you share food? Is it OK to have guests? And what about loud music? ‎ Don't get angry at small things that your roommate does. Try to f 　7　 the unhappy things between you and your roommate. No one—including you—is perfect. ‎ Passage 8(2013·江苏连云港)‎ Mo Yan,the 　1　 of 2012 Nobel Prize for Literature,is extremely popular now. He is 　2　 as one of the greatest writers in China. ‎ Mo Yan is fifty seven,and his real name is Guan Moye. The name of Mo Yan 　3　 “Don't Speak”. The writer said he chose the name 　4　 remember to stop his tongue from getting himself in trouble. Mo Yan began 　5　 in the 1970s,and his 　6　 novel was “Falling Rain on a Spring Night”,published in 1981. Then his second and more books were published,including “Red Sorghum(红高粱)” and “Big Breasts and Wide Hips”. ‎ CCTV reporter Dong Qian once said to him,“I always feel that a writer is 　7　 a hen,and his works are like eggs. We may not always wonder 　8　 the hen looks like while we eat eggs. But this time,it's a golden egg. So naturally,everybody becomes curious(好奇的) about this hen who laid a golden egg. That's why you've drawn so 　9　 attention.” ‎ China is celebrating the success of this native son. Minutes 　10　 the award was announced,millions of Chinese expressed pleasure and pride for Mo Yan in their ‎ 11‎ own ways. ‎ 参考答案与解析 Passage 1‎ ‎1. with　2. important　3. graduates　4. their　5. sell ‎6. welcome　7. remember　8. Another　9. chosen　10. unless　11. loses Passage 2‎ ‎1. whether　2. make　3. advice　4. hard　5. best　6. studying　7. fun　8. weak　9. take　10. helpful Passage 3‎ ‎1. has　2. caught　3. be killed　4. have worked　5. will stay Passage 4‎ ‎1. knives　2. else　3. towards　4. provided　5. point ‎6. impolite Passage 5‎ ‎1. from　2. celebrate　3. pleased　4. fine　5. him　6. However　7. Visitors　8. invited　9. soup　10. tastes Passage 6‎ ‎1. youngest　2. stories　3. to write　4. first　5. have come　6. yourself/yourselves　7. except　8. interested　9. were filled ‎10. quickly Passage 7‎ ‎1. money　2. terrible　3. live　4. often　5. honest ‎6. housework　7. forget Passage 8‎ ‎【主旨大意】本文主要介绍莫言在获奖之后,无数中国人对莫言用自己的方式表达满意和自豪。‎ ‎1. winner　解析:由后面的“Nobel Prize for Literature”可知是“获得者,获胜者,得主”。故填winner。‎ ‎2. considered/regarded/famous/well-known　解析:“considered/regarded/famous/well-known as(被看作是……)”是固定搭配。‎ 11‎ ‎3. means　解析:由上下文判断,此处应该填动词;“Don't Speak”作宾语是动词所表达的意思。故填means。‎ ‎4. to　解析:动词之前应该用不定式符号。故填to。‎ ‎5. writing　解析:由后面的“novel”可知是“开始写小说”。“begin doing sth”是固定搭配。故填writing。‎ ‎6. first　解析:根据上文判断,此处应该是他的第一部小说。故填first。‎ ‎7. like　解析:根据句意判断,作家不是母鸡,但两者之间有想象关系因此填介词like。‎ ‎8. what　解析:由句子结构和“look like”判断,这里应该用从属连词来引导宾语从句。故填what。‎ ‎9. much　解析:attention是不可数名词,之前应该用much来修饰。故填much。‎ ‎10. after　解析:根据上文判断,此处应该是在获奖之后。故填after。‎ 11‎