初中英语语法第4集 名师讲解+配套练习题 - 名词性从句 17页

初中英语语法English Grammar 名词性从句 ‎ ‎******************************************************‎ 第十一章 名词性从句 在主从复合句中，从句可以充当主句的主语、表语、宾语或同位语。由于在多数情况下，主语、表语、宾语或同位语这四种句子成分由名词性词类充当，所以，我们把这些作用相当于名词的从句统称为名词性从句，把充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语的从句分别称为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或同位语从句。也就是说充当什么成分就叫什么从句。名词性从句由连接词（或关联词）引导。常用的连接词有：‎ 连接词 作用 whether 是否 that (本身无词义)‎ 只起连接词作用，引导从句，在从句中不作任何成分 who, whom, whose which 哪一个 what 什么，所…的 在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语 在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语 在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语 when什么时候，where什么地方 how怎样、怎么，why为什么 除了起连接词作用外，还在从句中作状语 疑问词（who, whom, whose, what, which, where, why, when, how）可以引导主语、宾语和表语从句。它们的特点是：1、疑问词有本身的词义；2、疑问词在从句中担当句子成分，如主语、宾语或状语；3、这种疑问词引导的从句一律用陈述语序，不能用疑问语序。‎ For example:‎ Do you know whom they are looking for? 你知道他们在找谁吗？（宾语从句，陈述语序。不能是whom are they looking for?）‎ I don’t know who did it.我不知道这是谁干的。（宾语从句。在从句中如果疑问词作主语，其陈述语序和疑问语序一致。）‎ She asked me where I had been.她问我到哪儿去了。（宾语从句。陈述语序，不能是where had I been. 直接引语，间接引语。注意这句话的时态。）‎ Can you tell me when the train will arrive? 你能告诉我火车什么时候到吗？(宾语从句。陈述语序，不能是when will the train arrive. 直接引语，间接引语。)‎ I don’t know why he hasn’t come yet. 我不知道他为什么还没来。（宾语从句，陈述语序。不能是why hasn’t he come yet.）‎ He didn’t tell me what you were doing. 他没和我说你在干什么。（宾语从句，陈述语序。不能是what were you doing.）‎ What you have done might do harm t other people.‎ ‎ 你所做过的事情有可能伤害别人。（主语从句。what 作从句的宾语。陈述语序，不能是what have you done. 如果用疑问语序，意思发生了变化，成了“你做了什么？”。）‎ I don’t know where he is now. 我不知道他现在在哪里。（宾语从句，陈述语序。不能是where is he now.）‎ Where he went for his weekend is not known. 不知道他去哪里过的周末。（主语从句，where 作从句的地点状语。陈述语序，不能是where did he go for his weekend.）‎ Whose fault this is is not important. 这是谁的过错并不重要。（主语从句，whose 作从句的定语。陈述语序，不能是whose fault is this.）‎ What I want to know is where he has gone for his weekend. 我想知道的是他到哪里度周末去了。（这句话包含两个名词性从句：what I want to know是主语从句，what 在从句中作宾语，从句用陈述语序，不能是What do I want to know. Where he has gone for his weekend 是表语从句，where 在从句中作状语，从句用陈述语序，不能是where has he gone for his weekend.）‎ 下面我们再分别讲述主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句。‎ 一、 主语从句 ‎1．that 引导主语从句时，that 没有意义，但不能省略。（that 引导宾语从句时可以省略。）‎ For example:‎ It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.她的头发正在变白，这使她很不安。that引导主语从句，it 作形式主语，that 不能省略。‎ That she is a rich woman is known to us all. 众所周知，她是个富有的女人。这是that 引导主语从句，that 不能省略。这句话可以改为用it 作形式主语的句型。请同学们改写：It is known to us all that she is a rich woman.）‎ We didn’t know (that) you had sold your house. 我们不知道你已经把你的房子卖了。这是that引导宾语从句，that 可以省略。注意这句话的时态。‎ ‎2．从句作主语时，多数情况下由 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句放在后面，尤其是谓语部分（包括宾语）较短的情况下。‎ For example:‎ It wasn’t very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什么意思。‎ It is important that he should come on time. 他按时来是很重要的。‎ It is true that that man on the left is a well-known writer here. 左边那个人是本地的一位著名作家，这是真的。这里，第一个that 引导主语从句，是单纯的连词，无词义，不作句子成分。第二个that 是指示代词，作句子成分，是man 的定语。‎ ‎3．whether 既可以引导主语从句也可以引导宾语从句，但if不能引导主语从句。whether 后面可以加or not, 而if 不能与or not 连用。作介词宾语时不用if.如：‎ Whether I knew John doesn’t matter. = It doesn’t matter whether I knew John. 我是否认识约翰没有关系。‎ Whether or not she’ll come isn’t clear. = Whether she’ll come or not isn’t clear. = It isn’t clear whether …. 她是否来还不清楚。‎ It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation. 这是主语从句还是宾语从句？it 是形式主语吗？it 是代词，whether 引导的是宾语从句，作介词on 的宾语，不能用if引导。请翻译这句话。这完全取决于我们是否能得到他们的合作。‎ I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 宾语从句，介词宾语，不能用if 引导。请翻译这句话。‎ She asked me whether/if you were married. 宾语从句，既可以用whether, 又可以用if 引导。注意时态的对应。请翻译这句话。‎ We haven’t decided whether/if we shall give them aid. ‎ I’m not sure whether/if the report is believable. ‎ Now let’s do some translation:‎ 现在还很难预测谁会赢得下一届总统选举。‎ It is still hard to predict who will win the next presidential election.‎ 对于多数公民来说，谁当选总统无关紧要。‎ Who will become the president doesn’t matter much to most citizens.‎ 这位前总统是否会被判处死刑还有待观察。‎ It remains to be seen whether the ex-president will be sentenced to death. ‎ 真可惜，王教授不能出席我们的英语晚会。‎ It is a pity that Prof. Wang can’t attend our English Evening.‎ 我们需要的是更多的时间。‎ What we need is more time. ‎ 一、 宾语从句 在谓语动词、介词、动词不定式、分词、动名词之后都可以带有宾语从句。某些形容词如sure, happy, glad, certain, pleased 等之后也可以带有宾语从句。‎ 1． that 引导的宾语从句: that 没有意义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略 例如：‎ I really feel she’s making a mistake. 我的确感到她正犯错误。‎ James said (that) he was feeling better. 詹姆斯说他感到好些了。‎ Hearing that his son was badly wounded, he hurried to the hospital to see him.听说儿子受了重伤，他急忙赶到医院去看望他。‎ ‎ I suggested that we should go home. 我建议我们回家去。虚拟语气，that 一般不能省略。‎ ‎ 2．whether/if (是否)引导的宾语从句：如果要突出“究竟是…还是不…”，常在whether 后面加or not; if 一般不与or not连用。如：‎ ‎ He asked me if/whether I knew John. 他问我是否认识约翰。‎ ‎ Let me know whether you can come or not.‎ ‎ 你能来还是不能来，告诉我一声。‎ ‎3．在think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词的宾语从句中，否定不用在从句中，而是将think 等词变为否定形式。For example:‎ ‎ I don’t think the film is interesting.我觉得这部电影没什么意思。‎ ‎ I don’t suppose we are going outing tomorrow. 我认为我们明天不会出去郊游。‎ ‎ 4．如果从句作宾语而后面还有补语，为了保持句子的平衡，用it 作形式宾语，而将宾语从句放在句尾。常跟这样的复合宾语的动词有：make, find, see, hear, feel, think, consider, regard, take….for granted等。如：‎ ‎ George made it clear that he opposed this project. 乔治已明确表示他反对这个项目。it 代表that 引导的句子，作宾语，clear 是宾语补足语。‎ ‎ They kept it quiet that he was dead. 对他已经死亡的消息，他们秘而不宣。‎ ‎ I took it for granted that you’d stay with us. 我想当然认为你会和我们呆在一起。‎ 一、 同位语从句 同位语从句是对名词的内容给予具体、详细的说明。常在后面接同位语从句的名词有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, suggestion, question, problem, doubt, fear,‎ ‎ belief等。同位语从句常用的引导词为that,有是也用when, where 等疑问词。‎ 如：‎ The news that the United States was hit by terrorist attacks took the whole world by surprise. 美国受到恐怖主义分子袭击的消息令全世界吃惊。‎ The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。‎ People used to hold the belief that the earth was the center of the universe. 人们曾认为地球是宇宙的中心。‎ The difficulty lies in the fact that we are short of money.困难在于我们缺乏资金这个事实。‎ They have no idea at all where he has gone.他们一点儿也不知道他去哪儿了。‎ 注意：同位语从句的that 只是引导词，没有其他语法作用，在句子中不作句子成分，不能省略；而定语从句中的that 除了引导定语从句外，还是定语从句的一个成分，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。‎ 如：‎ The idea that some peoples are superior to others is sheer nonsense.有些民族优越于其他民族这种想法简直荒谬。（请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。）（同位语从句）‎ The idea that he proposed at the meeting is sheer nonsense.‎ ‎ 他在会议上提出的这个想法简直荒谬。（请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。）（定语从句）‎ No one is happy with the fact that he found out. 没有人对他发现的事实感到高兴。（请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。）（定语从句）‎ No one is happy with the fact that he will become their boss.没有人对他将成为他们的老板这一事实感到高兴。（请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。）（同位语从句）‎ 四、表语从句 表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后，在非正式文体中引导词that可以省略。如：‎ That’s not what I want. 那不是我要的。‎ That’s why I have come.那就是我为什么来了。‎ My opinion is that things will improve.我的意见是事情会好起来的。‎ One advantage of solar energy is that it will never run out. 太阳能的一个优点是永远也不会枯竭。‎ The truth is that he didn’t really try. 实际情况是他没有真正努力。‎ The problem is who is to pay and when we can start.问题是谁来付帐、我们又何时开始。‎ The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late. 事实是他注意到车时已经太晚了。‎ What surprised me was that he spoke English so ‎ well.使我感到吃惊的是他英语讲得那么好。‎ All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it. 我能说的就是我与此事没有关系。‎ What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们。‎ 此外，表语从句还可由as if （好像）引导。如：‎ It looked as if it was/were going to rain. （虚拟语气）‎ Now let’s do some translation:‎ 这就是她昨天请一天假的原因。‎ That is why she had a day off yesterday.‎ 我的想法是，个人的权利应该得到充分尊重。‎ My idea is that individual rights should be fully respected.‎ 问题在于上帝是否真的存在。‎ The question is whether the God really exists. ‎ 我想知道的是，他是如何在这么短的时间内完成这个项目的。‎ What I want to know is how he managed to complete the project in such a short time.‎ 五、形容词后的that 从句 that 引导的名词性从句还可以用在一些形容词后面。这种句型一般都用人作主语，所用的形容词都是表示思想状况或感情色彩的形容词，如certain, sure, positive, afraid, convinced, anxious, disappointed,‎ ‎ worried, glad, happy, sorry, amazed, surprised, aware, doubtful, confident等等。‎ 如：‎ I am sure/certain that he’s at home now.我肯定他现在在家。‎ He became angry that you made the same mistake. 你犯了同样的错误，他生气了。‎ He remains confident that he will win. 他仍然自信他会赢 She is aware that I can’t help her. 她知道我帮不了她的忙。‎ I am glad that you’ve come. 你来了我很高兴。‎ He appeared/seemed surprised that I said “no”. 我说不，他似乎很吃惊。‎ I am afraid that I can’t promise you anything. 恐怕我不能向你保证什么。‎ We were rather disappointed that you were not able to come yesterday. 昨天你没能来我们有点失望。‎ I am a bit worried that she will not be able to make it. 我有点担心她做不成这件事情。‎ 六、what 从句的小结 1． 意思是“所….的事/物”, 相当于the thing(s) that…, that which…, 或those which… 可以用于以下情况：‎ (1) 引导主语从句。如：‎ What she saw frightened her. 她看到的事情吓了她一跳。‎ What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality.‎ ‎ 曾经被认为不可能的事情，现在已经变成了事实。‎ What I’m afraid of is their taking him to that place. 我怕的是他们带他到那地方去。‎ What we are worrying about is just her innocence. 我们担心的是她的幼稚。‎ But what hurt our feelings most was the personal comment of the judge. 最伤我们感情的是法官的私下评论。‎ What will be, will be. 要发生的事总是要发生的。（谚语）‎ What is gone is gone. 过去的事就过去了。‎ (1) 引导表语从句。如：‎ That’s what I hope. 那就是我希望的。‎ I should like to be a teacher. That’s what I want to be. 我想当老师，那是我想干的事。‎ Times are not what they used to be. 时代不同了。‎ He’s not what he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。‎ Your health is not what it ought to be. 你的身体应该更好。‎ (2) 引导宾语从句，包括介词宾语。如：‎ He could not express what he felt. 他不能表达他的感受。‎ Well, I’ll do what I can. 好吧，我尽力。‎ I can’t do what you’ve just asked of me. 我不能做你刚才要求我的事。‎ And having got what he wanted, he took his hat and went away.‎ ‎ 得到了他要的东西，他拿上帽子就走了。‎ As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear. 作为你的朋友，我想告诉你我所听到的。‎ The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父亲开始批评男孩所做的事。（注意时态）‎ She was not happy at what he had said. 她对他说的话不高兴。‎ Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管闲事。‎ The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 这座城市和十年前不同了。‎ It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和现在比起来，它那时候是个小地方。‎ I don’t care about money or what people call position. 我不在乎金钱或者别人所谓的地位。‎ Philip was depressed by what he had gone through. Philip经历过的事情使他很消沉。‎ They paid fifty percent of what they were able to earn to the state.‎ 他们能挣来的东西，百分之五十交给了国家。‎ 1． 用作插入语，指代后面的成分。这和非限定性定语从句正好相反，非限定性定语从句指代的是前面的成分。如：‎ Then I discovered, what was news to me, that his wife was Mary’s niece. 后来我发现，他妻子原来是Mary的侄女，这对我是个新闻。‎ He never joined in the usual sports of the boys, and, what is ‎ remarkable, never went out in a boat on the river. 他从来不参加男孩子通常做的体育活动，更奇怪的是，他从来不坐船出去到河上面去。‎ He’s an interesting speaker, and, what is more important, he knows his subject thoroughly. 他讲话生动有趣，更重要的是，他对课题了如指掌。‎ He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking. 他去参加了会议，而且更糟糕的是，他坚持要发言。‎ It is a useful book, and, what is more, not an expensive one. 这是本很有用的书，再说也不贵。‎ You’ll have nobody but yourself to blame, and, what’s more, you’ll get no sympathy from anybody. 你怪不着别人，只能怪你自己；还有，你得不到任何人的同情。 We invited a new speaker and, what’s more, he was happy to come. 我们请到了一位新的发言人，而且他很乐意来。‎ 1． 引导让步状语从句，等于“不管什么…”。注意状语从句的语序。如：‎ Do what she would, she could not invent a reason for not going. 不管她会做什么，她都编不出不去的理由。状语从句把实义动词放在句首，句子倒装。＝No matter what she would do, …‎ Come what may, you’ll always keep it secret. 无论怎样，你都要保守秘密。＝No matter what may come, ….‎ Jack has made up his mind that, come what might, he would stay there. Jack已经拿定主意，无论如何他也要呆在那里。＝…no matter what might come, …‎ Say what he will, in his heart he knows that he is wrong. 不管他怎么说，内心里他知道自己错了。= No matter what he will say, …‎ 练习：‎ 一、 选择最佳答案填空 ‎1．______ he always serves the people very well is known.‎ A. What B. That C. Which D. Who ‎2．______ you have done might do harm to other people.‎ A. What B. That C. Whether D. Which ‎3．I don’t care ____ she has no money. I care____ she is honest or not.‎ A. if…if B. whether…whether C. if…whether D. whether…if ‎4. They found at last ____ they had been looking for.‎ A. that B. what C. where D. which ‎5. He will be here on time. But I’m not sure _____ he drives or takes the train.‎ A. whether B. if C. when D. how ‎6. The reason why he was late is ___ he got up too late.‎ A. that B. because C. as D. for ‎7. I want to know ____ the leather coat belongs to.‎ A. who B. which C. that D. whom ‎8. Can you tell me ___ the hospital is?‎ A. where B. who C. that D. whether ‎ ‎9. We all know ____ she will be our English teacher.‎ A. which B. what C. that D. who ‎10. I wish _____ he would pass the examination.‎ A. how B. whether C. when D. that Key: BACBA ADACD 一、 把两个单句合成主从复合句 model: Does he live there? Could you tell me?‎ ‎→Could you tell me whether (if) he lives there?‎ 1. Can Mike write a little Chinese now? I want to know.‎ ‎→I want to know whether/if Mike can write a little Chinese now.‎ 2. Did Jenny try to explain why she was late? Can you tell us?‎ ‎→Can you tell us if/whether Jenny tried to explain why she was late?‎ 3. Did the monkey want to eat bananas? Do you know?‎ ‎→Do you know if/whether the monkey wanted to eat bananas?‎ 4. Do you like sports? I ask you.‎ ‎→I ask you if/whether you like sports.‎ 1. Does she play basketball? Do you know?‎ ‎→Do you know if/whether she plays basketball?‎ 2. Has the whole street been cleaned? I don’t know.‎ ‎→I don’t know if/whether the whole street has been cleaned.‎ 3. Were there a lot of people in the street? Can you tell me?‎ ‎→Can you tell me if/whether there were a lot of people in the street?‎ 4. Are they preparing for the sports meet? Do you know?‎ ‎→Do you know if/whether they are preparing for the sports meet?‎ 5. Had John told Mr. Smith about his past? Could you tell me?‎ ‎→Could you tell me if/whether John had told Mr. Smith about his past.‎ 6. Has anybody ever been into some of the pyramids? Please tell me.‎ ‎→Please tell me if/whether anybody has ever been into some of the pyramids.‎