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动词时态复习
一般现在时
一般现在时常表示：
1.客观事实或普遍真理
2.经常发生，反复进行的动作或状态
3.主语现有的特征
常与下列时间状语连用：
1）
often, always, usually, sometimes, never
等:
It never snows in Australia in December.
They usually go to school by bike.
2)once a year, twice a month, every year/week/day, every two days
等：
He writes to his father twice a month.
3)
有时可与表示未来的时间状语连用，表达按规定，计划或安排要发生的情况， 此类状语有：
at 11:30, tomorrow, tonight, now
等：
Where do we go now?
现在进行时
现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行或发生的动作，常与时间状语
now, this week, these days
等连用。另外，我们还要注意句中的隐含条件（如：
look, listen, It’s nine o’clock
等）。如：
The student are doing their homework.
You are working on a farm these days.
Whom are you waiting for?
有些动词如
come, go, leave, begin, stay, start
等的现在进行时可以表示预定的或即将发生的动作，句中常有表示将来的状语:
I’m leaving on Sunday morning.
Jim is coming here this evening.
一般过去时
一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或状态。用于一般过去时的时间状语有：
1）
at that time, at that moment, just now, just then
Tom was here just now.
2)yesterday, yesterday morning/afternoon/evening, last night/week/month/Sunday/January
等。
I called you last night, but you weren’t at home.
3)during the holidays, a few days/weeks/years ago
I finished the work a few days ago.
4)
由
when, while, before, after, whenever
等。
When we reached London, it was twelve o’clock.
5) “in (on
或
at)+
一个过去的时间”，如
in 1980, on the morning of July 2
nd
, at 10:00
等。如：
This story happened in 2003.
一般将来时
一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表将来的时间状语连用。如：1)
tomorrow, today, tonight
2)
next spring/ week/ month/ year
3)
during this term
4)
first, next
5)
when I grow up
What will you do next week?
We’ll only stay for two weeks.
过去将来时
过去将来时指的是立足于过去某时，从过去的观点看将来发生的动作， 常用的时间状语有：
1)yesterday, the next day, that day/night
2)the following week 3) last 4) by then
5)when he grew up, after it stopped raining
They said that they would have a basketball match with Class Two this afternoon.
过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，常用的时间状语有：
1)at this time last night, at 9:00 yesterday
2)when I saw him; while I was watching TV
3)from seven to nine
4)yesterday, last year, yesterday morning
What were you doing this time yesterday?
He was drawing an elephant on the blackboard when the teacher came in.
现在完成时
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的结果或影响，也可指过去开始延续到现在的动作或状态，常用的时间状语有：
1)now, today, tonight, this week/month/year
2)yet, already, just, recently
3)since
引导的时间状语或时间状语从句
4)
for
引导的表示一段时间的状语
I’ve been here for just over two years.
He’s been here since two years ago.
过去完成时
过去完成时表示过去某一动作或时间前已发生或完成的动作，也可指从过去某时开始到过去另一时间为止的动作或状态，即“过去的过去”，常用时间状语有：
1)
before I went to the cinema; when I got there
2)by last year, by the end of last term
The meeting had begun when we got there.
We had learned about 1,000 English words by the end of last term.
它还可表示从过去某一时间开始持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，往往和由
for
或
since
引导的时间状语连用，如：
Mr White had lived in Beijing for two years before he moved to Canada.
延续性动词与
终止性动词
动词按其动作发生方式，动作发生过程的长短，分为延续性动词和终止性动词。
延续性动词表示的是一种延续的动作， 这种动词可以延续下去或产生持久的影响。 如：
learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live
等。
终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词，表示的动作发生立即结束，产生某种结果。如：
leave, start, set out, arrive, reach, get to, begin, stop, shut, turn off, marry, put, put on, get up, wake, fall, join, receive, finish, end, complete, become, come, go, die, close, open, break, give, jump, buy, borrow
等。
1终止性动词的用法
1)终止性动词可用来表示某一动作的完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：
The plane has arrived.
I have finished my homework.
2)
终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续，所以现在完成时（肯定式）不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：
不能说
He has come here for three months.
应该说
He has
been
here for three months.
将暂短性动词改为相应的延续性动词或短语和一段时间连用，其常用的方法有：
a.
用相应的延续性动词替换的主要有：
buy have borrow keep
come/go/become be
catch/get a cold have a cold
get to know know
be+
名词
join the Party be a Party member
go to school be a student
be+
形容词/副词
leave be away （from) die be dead
put on be on finish/end be over
begin/start be on come be here/in
fall asleep be asleep go out be out
d. be+
介词短语
go to school be in/at school
join the Army be in the Army
e.
去掉短语中的暂短性动词
come to work work begin to study study
B.
把误句中表示一段时间的状语改为表示过去时间的状语，原动词的完成时改为过去时
He come here three months ago.
C.
用 “
It is/ has been +
一段时间 +
since(
一般过去时)”结构。
It is/ has been three months since he came here.
D.
用“多长时间+
has passed + since(
一般过去时)”结构：
Three months has passed since he came here.
3)
暂短性动词现在完成时的否定式，已成为一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：
I haven’t heard form him for two weeks.
He hasn’t left here since 1990.
4)
暂短性动词的否定式同
until
一起连用，构成 “
not… until”
结构，表示这个动作直到
until
所表达的时间到来时才发生。如：
We won’t go to visit the Great Wall until the rain stops. --- When did you go to bed last night?
---I didn’t go to bed until my father got home.
5)
在
while(
表示‘一段时间’)引导的从句中，不能用暂短性动词，但
when
可以，因为
when
可表示时间点，也可表示时间段
误：
While I got to the village, it was dark.
正：
When
I got to the village, it was dark.
6)
暂短性动词的肯定式的完成时不能和
how long
连用。如：
误：
How long have you borrow the book?
正：
How long
have you
kept
the book?
正：
When
did you
borrow
the book?
2.
延续性动词的用法
1)延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，可以与时间段连用：
I have waited for him for nearly two hours.
2)
延续性动词不可以与时间点连用
误：
It rained at eight yesterday morning.
正：
It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.
3)
在
until
引导的时间状语中，若主句的谓语动词是延续性动词，既可以用肯定形式，也可以用否定形式，但句子含义不同：
She listened to the radio until her father came back.
She didn’t listen to the radio until her father came back.
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School and school life(
学校和学校生活
)
(7A Unit 3
，
Unit 9
，
9 Unit 1
，
Unit 14)
话题
四
1
．
box
(
n.
)
________(
复数
)
箱；盒
2
．
dictionary
(
n.
)
___________(
复数
)
字典；词
典
3
．
help
(
v.&n
.
)
________(
过去式
)
________(
过去分词
)
________(
adj.
)
有益的
________(
反义词
)
无用的
4
．
watch
(
n.
)
________(
复数
)
表；手表
5
．
library
(
n.
)
________(
复数
)
图书馆
________(
n.
)
图书管理员
6
．
find
(
v.
)
________(
过去式
)
________(
过去分
词
)
发现；找到
7
．
lose
(
v.
)
________(
过去式
)
________(
过去分词
)
丢失
8
．
favorite
(
adj.
)
________
...
________(
同义词短语
)
最喜欢的
9
．
music
(
n.
)
________(
n.
)
音乐家
________(
adj.
)
音乐的
10
．
history
(
n.
)
________(
复数
)
历史
boxes
dictionaries
helped
helped
helpful
helpless
watches
libraries
librarian
found
found
lost
lost
like
best
musician
musical
histories
11
．
useful
(
adj.
)
________(
反义词
)
无用的
12
．
pronounce
(
v.
)
____________(
n.
)
发音；读音
13
．
express
(
v.
)
___________(
n.
)
表情；表达方式
14
．
active
(
adj.
)
________(
n.
)
活动
15
．
create
(
v.
)
________(
adj.
)
有创造力的
16
．
ability
(
n.
)
________(
复数
)
能力；才能
17
．
connect
(
v.
)
__________(
n.
)
联系
18
．
wise
(
adj.
)
________(
比较级
)
________(
最高级
)
________(
adv.
)
聪明地
19
．
congratulate
(
v.
)
_______________(
n.
)
祝贺
20
．
manage
(
v.
)
________(
n.
)
经营者；经理
21
．
thank
(
v.
)
________(
adj.
)
感谢的；感激的
22
．
thirst
(
n.
)
________(
adj.
)
口渴的；渴望的
useless
pronunciation
expression
activity
creative
abilities
connection
wiser
wisest
wisely
congratulation
manager
thankful
thirsty
1
．
________
high
(
school
)
高中
2
．
in a
_______
连续几次地
3
．
look
________
at
回首
(
往事
)
；回忆；回顾
4
．
make a
________
弄得一团糟
(
一塌糊涂
)
5
．
________
one's cool
沉住气；保持冷静
6
．
________
by
(
时间
)
逝去；过去
7
．
________
in
信任；信赖
8
．
________
of all
首先
9
．
be
________
for
渴望；渴求
10
．
be
________
to sb.
对某人心存感激
senior
row
back
mess
keep
go
believe
first
thirsty
thankful
11
．
ahead
________
在
……
面前
12
．
________
with
连同；除
……
以外还
13
．
be
___________
for
对
……
有责任；负责任
14
．
________
________
出发；启程
15
．
separate
________
分离；隔开
16
．
be
________
________
天生具有
17
．
look
________
查阅；抬头看
18
．
depend
________
依赖；依靠
19
．
________
attention
________
关注；注意
20
．
connect...
________
把
……
和
……
连接起来
21
．
give
________
report
做报告
22
．
________
the teacher
________
help
向老师寻求帮助
of
along
responsible
set
out
from
born
with
up
on
pay
to
with
a
ask
for
23
．
have...
________
common
有共同之处
24
．
________
subject
最喜爱的学科
25
．
from...
________
...
从
……
到
……
26
．
________
box
铅笔盒；文具盒
27
．
________
me
劳驾；请原谅
28
．
What
________
...?
怎么样？
……
好吗？
29
．
thank you
________
...
为
……
而感谢你
30
．
You're
________
!
别客气！
31
．
ID
________
学生卡；身份证
32
．
ask...
________
...
请求；恳求
(
给予
)
33
．
a set
________
一套；一副
in
favorite
to
pencil
excuse
about
for
welcome
card
for
of
1
．
—Is
______
/
______
your pencil?
这
/
那是你的铅笔吗？
—No
，
it
________
. It's
________
pencil.
不
，
是他的铅笔。
2
．
—
________
your
________
subject?
你最喜欢的学科是什么？
—My favorite subject is P
．
E.
我最喜欢体育。
—
________
do your like P
．
E.?
你为什么喜欢体育？
—Because it's fun.
因为它有趣。
this
that
isn't
his
What's
favorite
Why
3
．
—
________
is your geography class?
你的地理课在什么时候？
—It's
________
________
and
________
.
在星期一和星期五。
4
．
—
________
do you learn English?
你怎样学英语？
—I learn
________
________
with a group.
我通过小组合作学习。
5
．
________
you learn English by
________
________
？
你通过大声朗读来学习英语吗？
6
．
Don't read
________
________
________
.Read word groups.
不要一个单词一个单词地读
，
要按词组读。
7
．
________
________
you read
，
________
________
you'll be.
你读得越多就会越快。
When
on
Monday
Friday
How
by
working
Do
reading
aloud
word
by
word
The
more
the
faster
8
．
I was
________
________
ask questions
________
________
my poor pronunciation.
我害怕问问题是因为我发音不好。
9
．
I don't know
________
________
________
my reading speed.
我不知道如何提高我的阅读速度。
10
．
Everyone is
________
________
the
________
to learn.
每个人天生就有学习能力的。
11
．
But
________
________
________
you can do this well
________
________
your
learning habits.
但是你能否做好取决于你的学习习惯。
12
．
Knowledge
______
______
questioning.
知识源于提问。
13
．
Who told someone to
________
________
________
from running?
谁说在跑步时要休息一下？
afraid
to
because
of
how
to
increase
born
with
ability
whether
or
not
depends
on
comes
from
take
a
break
14
．
She helped you to
________
________
the answers yourself
________
________
________
difficult they were.
无论多难她都帮你让你自己找出答案。
15
．
________
________
her
，
I put in more
________
and my exam scores doubled.
因为她
，
我更加努力
，
从而我的考试分数翻了一倍。
16
．
I'm trying
________
________
my
________
.
我在尽力保持冷静。
17
．
I am
________
________
________
going to senior high school.
我正期待进入高中。
18
．
I can't believe
________
________
the time went by!
真难以相信时光流逝得如此快！
work
out
no
matter
how
Because
of
effort
to
keep
cool
looking
forward
to
how
fast
19
．
You were all so
________
________
energy and
________
________
knowledge.
你们都是如此得精力充沛
，
渴望知识。
20
．
You've all
________
________
so much and I'm so
________
________
you.
你们已经长大了
，
我为你们感到极其的骄傲。
21
．
I hope you'll remember the important people in your lives
________
helped and
__________
you.
我希望你会记得在你生活中曾经帮助和支持过你的重要的人。
22
．
As you
________
________
on your new journey
，
you shouldn't forget
________
you
________
________
.
在你们新的旅行启程之际
，
不应忘了你们来自何处。
full
of
thirsty
for
grown
up
proud
of
who
supported
set
out
where
came
from
1
．
fish
【
典例在线
】
I have three fish at home.
我家里有三条鱼。
There are many fishes in the sea.
大海里有很多种鱼。
I had fish for dinner.
晚餐我吃的鱼肉。
【
拓展精析
】
①
意为
“
鱼
”
，是可数名词，单复数同形；
fish
也可加
es
，指不同种类的鱼。
②
意为
“
鱼肉
”
，是不可数名词。
③
意为
“
钓鱼
”
，是动词。常用于短语
go fishing
，意为
“
去钓鱼
”
。
2
．
depend on
【
典例在线
】
The price depends on the quality.
价格依质量而定。
All living things depend on the sun for their growth.
万物生长靠太阳。
The amount you pay depends on where you live.
付钱多少要视你住在哪里而定。
You can't depend on your parents forever.
你不能永远依赖你的父母。
【
拓展精析
】
depend on
意为
“
视
……
而定；依靠；依赖
”
，其后可接名词、代词、动词
ing
形式或从句。
既不能用于进行时态，也不可用于被动语态。
3
．
strict
【
典例在线
】
Our English teacher is very strict with us
，
and she is also very strict in her work.
我们的英语老师对我们要求很严格，而且她对她的工作要求也很严格。
【
拓展精析
】
strict
形容词，意为
“
严厉的；严格的
”
；
be strict with sb.
“
对某人要求严格
”
；
be strict in
sth
.
“
对某事要求严格
”
。
4
．
separate from
【
典例在线
1
】
Please separate the white shirts from the colored ones.
请把白衬衫与其他颜色的衬衫分开。
We talked until midnight and then separated.
我们一直谈到午夜，然后才分开。
The fence separates the garden from the yard.
围栏把花园与院子分隔开了。
【
拓展精析
1
】
separate from
意为
“
与
……
分离；分开
”
。
separate
此处作动词，意为
“
分开
”
，经常与
from
连用。
【
典例在线
2
】
The children sleep in separate beds.
孩子们睡在各自的床上。
【
拓展精析
2
】
separate
还可以作形容词，意为
“
单独的；独自的
”
。
1
．
Why did Wei Fen find it difficult to learn English?
为什么魏芬发现英语很难学？
【
典例在线
】
I find it very interesting to learn English.
我发现学英语很有趣。
I found it hard to work with him.
我发现和他一起工作很难。
【
拓展精析
】
“
find
＋
it
＋
adj
.
＋
to do
sth
.
”
意为
“
发现做某事
……”
。
find
后接复合宾语，其中
it
在本结构中作
形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式
to do
sth
.
，形容词在句中作宾语补足语。
2
．
I don't know how to increase my reading speed.
我不知道如何提高我的阅读速度。
【
拓展精析
】
how to increase my reading speed
是
“
疑问词＋动词不定式
”
结构，在句中作
know
的宾语。英语中，疑问代词
what
，
who
，
which
和疑问副词
where
，
when
，
why
，
how
等后面可接动词不定式，这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
We don't know when to have the meeting.
我们不知道什么时候开会。
The problem is where to go.
问题是去哪儿。
注意：
“
疑问词＋动词不定式
”
结构作宾语时，其作用相当于宾语从句。当宾语从句的主语与主句主语相同时，可以与此结构互换。因此上面课文中的句子也可以转换为复合句：
I don't know how I should increase my reading speed.
I can't decide where to go.
＝
I can't decide where I should go.
我不能决定该去哪儿。
1
．
accept
，
receive
【
典例在线
】
I have received an invitation
，
but I don't think I'll accept.
我收到了一封邀请函，但我不准备接受邀请。
【
拓展精析
】
accept
意为
“
接受
”
，指经过考虑，由主观意志来决定接受，动作本身是主动的。
receive
意为
“
收到
”
，指收到某物这一动作，本身有一定的被动性，不包含本身是否愿意接受的意思。
2
．
separate
，
divide
【
典例在线
】
The fence separates the garden from the yard.
围栏把花园与院子分开了。
This patient should be separated from the others.
这个病人应该与其他人分开。
The apple is divided into two parts.
这个苹果被分成两部分。
A year is divided into four seasons.
一年分为四季。
【
拓展精析
】
separate
常与介词
from
连用，
separate...from...
表示
“
将
……
与
……
分开
”
，指把原来连在一起或接
近的部分隔开。
divide
常与介词
into
连用，
divide...into...
指把某个整块分割为若干部分。
3
．
pride
，
proud
【
典例在线
】
They take pride in everything good that I do.
他们为我所做的每件好事而感到自豪。
They are always proud of me.
他们总是以我为骄傲。
【
拓展精析
】
proud
形
容词，意为“自豪的；骄傲的”。
be proud to do
sth
.
意为
“
因做某事而骄傲
”
，
be proud of
意为
“
以
……
为骄傲
”
。
pride
名词，意为
“
骄傲，自豪
”
。
be the pride of
意为
“
是
……
的骄傲
”
，
take pride in
意为
“
以
……
为骄傲
”
。
A
．
(
一
)
用所给词的适当形式填空。
1
．
Yesterday I
________(
watch
)
a film about the history of the
________(
watch
)
in my English class.
2
．
My teacher went to
________(
help
)
Lily and told her that reading books was very
________(
help
)
to her.
3
．
We have many different
________(
active
)
after school every day.They play a very
________(
active
)
part in our school life.
4
．
Maksim is a famous and talented
________(
music
)
．
He grew up in a
________(
music
)
family and showed a
________(
music
)
ability.
5
．
Nowadays people usually use all kinds of QQ
__________(
express
)
instead of words to
________(
express
)
what they want to say.
watched
watches
help
helpful
activities
active
musician
music
musical
expressions
express
6
．
A Game of Thrones is not only a
________(
create
)
series but also
________(
create
)
miracle of audience rating and huge profits.
7
．
I think the best way to learn English is by
________(
use
)
it as much as
possible.Keeping
an English diary is also a
________(
use
)
way.
8
．
Everybody
________________(
congratulate
)
Tom's marriage and said
_______________(
congratulate
)
to him.
9
．
There are many different
____________(
dictionary
)
on the shelf and I like Longman
____________(
dictionary
)
best.
10
．
The
____________(
manage
)
are telling people how
___________(
manage
)
a company in the meeting.
creative
creates
using
useful
congratulated
congratulation
dictionaries
dictionary
managers
to manage
tasks
gentlemen
degrees
overcome
caring
textbook
secrets
to repeat
physics
finishing
B
．
根据短文内容和括号内所给汉语意思
，
写出空白处各单词的正确形式
(
每空一词
)
。
(
一
)
Although you've all worked very hard over the last three years
，
1.
________(
没有人
)
of you did it alone. I hope you'll remember the important people in your lives who helped and
2.
__________(
支持
)
you—your parents
，
your teachers and your friends. Please
3.
________(
考虑
)
what they've done for you and what they mean to you.Never fail to be
4.
________(
感激的
)
to the people around you.
none
supported
consider
thankful
The end of junior high school is the
5.
__________(
开始
)
of a new
life.I
don't need to tell you that life in senior high school will be
6.
________(
辛苦的
)
and that you have many difficult tasks ahead of
you.You'll
make
7.
__________(
错误
)
along the way
，
but the
8.
________(
关键
)
is to learn from your mistakes and never give
up.But
along with difficulties
，
there will also be many exciting things waiting for
you.Behind
each door you open are
9.
________(
机会
)
to learn new things
，
and you have the
10.
________(
能力
)
to make your own
choices.Choose
wisely and be
1
1.
__________(
有责任心的
)
for your
1
2.
________(
决定
)
and
actions.Although
you have to go your
1
3.
________(
单独的
)
ways now
，
I hope that in a few years' time
，
you'll come back to visit our
school.As
you set out on your new
1
4.
________(
旅途
)
，
you shouldn't forget where you came
from.The
future is
1
5.
________(
你们的
)
．
Good
1
6.
________(
好运
)
and hope to see you again sometime soon!
beginning
harder
mistakes
key
chances
ability
responsible
decisions
separate
journey
yours
luck
(
二
)
It is school time again
，
a new start of a new
1.
________(
阶段
)
．
You are probably feeling excited and a little sad that summer is
over.Some
kids feel
2.
________(
紧张
)
or a little scared on the first day of school because of the new things
，
new teachers
，
and maybe
3.
________(
甚至
)
a new school.
4.
________(
幸运地
)
，
these new worries only stay for a little while.
On your first day
，
most teachers start the school year by
5.
__________(
介绍
)
themselves and talking about all the things you'll do that
year.Maybe
you'll have a
6.
________(
机会
)
to tell something about yourselves to the others of the
class.The
most important thing for you is to learn new
7.
________(
规则
)
and follow
them.After
all
，
rules can make the school life better.
8.
________(
除
……
之外
)
，
the most exciting thing for you is to meet more new friends in a new
place.The
first day of school doesn't sound bad
，
but there is still some
9.
________(
建议
)
for you to make you a better person
，
such as
10.
___________(
养成
)
good learning
1
1.
________(
习惯
)
，
making a good plan and taking your schoolwork
1
2.
________(
认真地
)
．
The last but not the least is to have fun in your new school.
As the
1
3.
________(
谚语
)
goes: Good beginning is half done.
period
nervous
even
Luckily
introducing
chance
rules
Besides
advice
developing
habits
seriously
saying
C
．
阅读下面短文
，
按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求
，
在空格处填入一个适当的词
，
或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空
(
每空不多于
3
个单词
)
。
(
一
)
Last year
，
I did not like my English
class.Every
class was like a bad
dream.The
teacher spoke so quickly
1.
________
I did not understand her most of the
time.I
was afraid
2.
________(
ask
)
questions because of my poor
pronunciation.I
just hid behind my textbook and never said anything.
Then one day I watched an English movie called Toy
Story.I
fell in love
3.
________
this exciting and funny movie! So I began to watch other English movies
，
too.Although
I could not understand everything
4.
________
the characters said
，
their body language and the expressions on their faces helped me to get the
meaning.I
also realized I could get the meaning by listening
5.
________
just the key
words.My
pronunciation
6.
________(
improve
)
well by listening to the conversations in English
movies.I
7.
___________(
discover
)
that listening to something interesting is the secret
8.
________
language
learning.I
also learned
9.
________(
use
)
sentences like “It's a piece of cake” or “It serves you right”
．
I did not understand these sentences at
first.But
because I wanted to understand the story
，
I looked them
10.
________
in a dictionary.
that
to ask
with
that
for
improved
discovered
to
useful
up
(
二
)
When I first arrived in America
，
I was surprised by the honesty of my
classmates.Over
my first month at school
，
I didn't see or hear anyone
1.
________(
cheat
)
．
I found two reasons for this.
First
，
2.
________
any student cheats
，
he or she will get
3.
________(
punish
)
．
My school has a rule called the Honor
Code.It
asks students
4.
___________(
not steal
)
，
lie or
cheat.If
someone goes against the code
，
he
5.
________
she will have to leave the
school.During
my first year in the school
，
seven students left the school
6.
________
of cheating.
Second
，
American students don't care about
7.
________(
score
)
as much as Chinese students
do.They
know
8.
________
colleges will look at their
allround
abilities instead
9.
________
only
scores.So
they have
10.
________(
few
)
reasons to cheat.
cheating
if
punished
not to steal
or
because
scores
that
of
fewer
(
一
)
物主代词的练习：根据语境
，
用
my
，
mine
，
her
，
hers
，
his
，
his
，
your
，
yours
，
our
，
ours
，
their
，
theirs
填空
，
完成下列句子。
1
．
________
uniform with brass buttons is missing.What should I do?
2
．
Lily said this was
________
ID card.
3
．
—Is this notebook
________
，
Tina?
—Yes
，
it is.
4
．
Girls are looking for
________
yellow crayon.Is this
________
？
They hope it is.
5
．
Jack can't find
________
dictionary.Where is it?
My
her
yours
their
theirs
his
(
二
)
特殊疑问句的练习：根据语境用
what
，
why
，
when
，
who
，
how
填空
，
完成下列句子。
1
．
—
________
is your favorite teacher?
—My favorite teacher is my English teacher.
2
．
—
________
do you like her best?
—Because she is friendly and patient.
—
________
do you learn English?
—I usually learn English by listening to English music and reciting beautiful essays.
3
．
—
________
do you have chemistry class on Fridays?
—It begins at
10
o'clock.
4
．
—
________
your favorite subject at school?
—My favorite subject is math.
5
．
—
________
do you want to learn physics at MIT?
—Because it is famous and I can meet some excellent scholars.
Who
Why
How
When
What’s
Why
(
三
)
by
＋
doing
句式的练习：用下列方框中的词组或单词的适当形式填空。
1.
I can remember more words by
____________________
.
2
．
I learn how to make delicious cakes by
______________________
.
3
．
It's a good way to improve our reading speed by
_________________________
.
4
．
I passed this examination by
_______________________
.
5
．
I got so much information by
________________________
.
making word cards
ask my mother's help
，
make word cards
，
read as much as possible
，
search on the Internet
，
study with my friends
asking my mother's help
reading as much as possible
studying with my friends
searching on the Internet
(
四
)
用适当时态完成下列句子：根据所给的动词
，
用其适当形式填空。
1
．
I can't
___________(
pronounce
)
some words so I'm afraid of answering English teacher's questions.
2
．
My parents
____________(
encourage
)
me when I made a little progress.
3
．
It's very lucky for me to find my dictionary that I
________(
lose
)
several days before.
4
．
I
_____________(
miss
)
the last train so that I have to stay in the village one more night.
5
．
While the twins
____________(
play
)
in a little garden
，
Linda was reading Happy Prince.
pronounce
encouraged
lost
have missed
were playing
一、完形填空。
Homework is as important as classwork.It helps you
__
1
__
what you were taught in class.
__
2
__
after many long hours in school
，
many students don't want to do their homework.Here are some
__
3
__
to help you complete your homework easily.
Complete it as
__
4
__
as possible
You may be too tired to complete your homework after returning from school.But the sooner you complete it
，
the __
5
__ it is.For some students
，
this might not seem to be a good idea.However
，
putting your work off for later will only increase the chances of not __
6
__ it.Do your homework as early as possible.Homework is a great way to __
7
__ what you learned in school.
1
．
A. choose
B
．
remember
C
．
translate
D
．
list
2
．
A. Unless
B
．
Though
C
．
But
D
．
If
3
．
A. suggestions
B
．
Expressions
C
．
directions
D
．
decisions
4
．
A. directly
B
．
exactly
C
．
wisely
D
．
early
5
．
A. worse
B
．
better
C
．
smaller
D
．
larger
6
．
A. hearing
B
．
copying
C
．
finishing
D
．
improving
7
．
A. review
B
．
care
C
．
share
D
．
discuss
解题微技巧指导
1
．
B
【
解析
】
家庭作业帮助你
“
回想起
”
课堂所学知识。
2
．
C
【
解析
】
上一句和本句构成语义上的转折，所以用
But
连接。
3
．
A
【
解析
】
由下文的黑体标题可知作者给出了帮助同学们顺利完成家庭
作业的
“
建议
”
。
4
．
D
【
解析
】
由下文
Do your homework as early as possible.
可知要尽
“
早
”
完成作业。
5
．
B
【
解析
】
本段主要告诉同学们越早完成作业越
“
好
”
。
6
．
C
【
解析
】
由本段内容可知推迟写作业只能降低作业
“
完成
”
的可能性。
7
．
A
【
解析
】
做家庭作业是
“
复习
”
课堂所学内容的有效方式。
二、阅读理解。
指代关系
【
技巧点拨
】
在阅读理解材料中，有时为了避免重复，常常用代词
it
，
this
，
that
，
one(s)
，
they
，
them
等来代替前面提到的人、事或物。在解指代关系题时可以采用以下步骤：
1
．返回原文，找出代词所在位置。
2
．从上文中找出与该代词最接近的名词、名词性词组或句子。
3
．替换该代词，看意思是否通顺、符合逻辑。
4
．将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项相比较从而确定答案。
需要注意的是
，
如果代词指代的是名词
，
那么该代词应与被指代的名词在数上保持一致。因此
，
数的形式也可以帮助我们
确定对象。
【
真题分析
】
There is a famous English saying “You are what you eat”
，
and it means what you put in your mouth will become part of you.Many experts
(
专家
)
use
it
to tell people it's important to have a good eating habit.For example
，
too much sweet food makes a person overweight.To avoid being fat
，
kids are told to keep off sweet food.However
，
a team of American scientists have discovered something new about eating sweet food.
8
．
The underlined word “it” refers to
(
指代
)
________
．
A
．
the sweet food B
．
the eating habit
C
．
the American team D
．
the English saying
8
．
D
【
解析
】
在上文中
，
只有英语谚语
“
You are what you eat
”
能替换划线单词
it
，
且符合逻辑。该句意思是
“
很多专家用它来告诉人们有良好的饮食习惯很重要
”
。
Dear President Obama
，
I am worried about how early my school
starts.My
bus shows up at around 7
：
00 every
day.After
the holiday, I am not used to getting up early so I can hardly catch
it
and arrive school on
time.
①
At
the
beginning
of
the
day
，
everyone
is
too
tired
to
actually
learn
anything.
②
School
should
start
later
in
the
day
so
that
we
can
have
a
chance
to
get
more
sleep
time.
Your friend
，
Jenny Gleason
，
sixth grade
，
Chicago
1
．
After reading the letter from Jenny Gleason
，
we can know
________
.
A
．
she won't take the school bus
B
．
she takes the school bus at about 7
：
00
C
．
the school bus is not safe enough
D
．
the bus driver is too tired
2
．
The underlined word “it” refers to
(
指代
)
________
.
A
．
my school B
．
my bus
C
．
my study D
．
my classmate
3
．
长难句分析：文中画线句子
①
句中
too...to...
表示
“
________”
。
②
句是含有
________
状语从句的复合句，
________
是连词，表示
“
为的是；以便
”
，主句是
________
。此两句可翻译为：
_________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
解题微技巧指导
1
．
B
【
解析
】
信中提到了
“
My bus shows up at around
7
：
00 every day.
”
由此可知，她大概
7
点的时候乘坐校车。故答案为
B
，
属于细节理解题。
2
．
B
【
解析
】
在上文中
，
作者说到
“
学校
”“
公交
”
，
故排除
C
与
D
，
而根据句意
“
很难赶上
，
不能按时到达学校
”
可知
it
指代公交
，
故选
B
。
3
．
太
……
而不能
，
目的
，
so that
，
School should start later in the day
，
每天开始时
，
大家都太
累，实际上学不到任何东西。上课时间应该晚一些，以便我们能够有机会获得更多的睡眠时间。
一、本话题的常用表达。
学校与学校生活的表达：
1
．
School is a place where we can learn and do many meaningful things.
2
．
School is a place where we can open up eyes to the outside world with the help of our teachers.
3
．
I really enjoy my colorful school life because there are many kinds of colorful activities.
4
．
Our school life is so rich and meaningful that I enjoy it very much.
5
．
What an enjoyable school life we have!
6
．
I remember meeting all of you in Grade
7 when you were just starting Grade 7
at this school.
7
．
I can't believe how fast the time went by!
8
．
Even though I am sad that junior high is over
，
I am looking forward to new experiences in senior high.
学习困难的表达：
1
．
I find it difficult to increase my reading speed.
2
．
I have some trouble/problems in memorizing English words.
3
．
My biggest problem is that I often make mistakes in grammar.
4
．
It's difficult for me to improve my listening skills.
5
．
Another thing I find difficult is writing.
6
．
I don't know how to increase my vocabulary.
学习方法的表达：
1
．
The best way to learn English is by using it as much as possible.
2
．
Studying grammar is a great way to learn a language.
3
．
Reading a lot is helpful for us to increase our vocabulary.
4
．
It's a good idea to remember English words by making word cards and using them.
5
．
I regard problems as challenges and try my best to deal with them by myself.
6
．
She helped you to work out the answers yourself no matter how difficult they were.
7
．
You'll make mistakes along the way
，
but the key is to learn from your mistakes and never give up.
二、难句表达。
1
．
The more
you read
，
the faster
you'll be.
【
the
＋比较级，
the
＋比较级
越
……
越
……
】
我们练习得越多
，
我们就会越少犯错误。
________________________________________________________________________
2
．
The teacher spoke
so
quickly
that
I did not understand her most of the time.
【
so...that...
如此
……
以致于
……
】
Tom
学习如此认真
，
以致于每次都能取得好成绩。
________________________________________________________________________
The more we practice
，
the fewer mistakes we'll make.
Tom studies so hard that he can get good grades every time.
3
．
My pronunciation also improved
by
listening to the interesting conversations in English movies.
【
by
＋动名词
通过
……
】
我认为学习英语的最佳方式是尽可能多地使用它。
________________________________________________________________________
4
．
I discovered that listening to something you are interested in is
the secret to
language learning.
【
the secret to...
……
的秘诀
】
努力学习是成功的秘诀。
________________________________________________________________________
5
．
Paul
finds it difficult to
learn English.
【
sb.finds it
＋
adj
.
＋
to do sth.
某人发现做某事怎么样
】
Jenny
发现提高她的阅读速度有点难。
________________________________________________________________________
I think the best way to learn English is by using it as much as possible.
Working hard is the secret to success.
Jenny finds it difficult to improve her reading speed.
三、典例分析。
三年的初中生活即将结束，
你马上就要进入高中学习，请以
My Life in the Senior High School
为题，根据下表所提供的信息和参考词汇，用英语写一篇小短文，畅想自己未来的高中生活。
要求：
1.
短文必须陈述你的高中校园、老师、同学、学习和课外活动五个方面的内容，每个方面用
2
－
3
句话表述；
2
．词数：
80
词左右；
3
．中文不能出现真实的校名、人名和其他真实信息。
参考词汇：
宁静的
peaceful
；知识渊博的
knowledgeable
；宽敞明亮
wide and bright;
关爱
care for;
自主学习
learn by oneself;
积极参加
take an active part in;
小组学习
group work;
课外活动
outofclass
activities
【
范文
】
My Life in the Senior High School
My junior high school will be over. And I'm going to my senior high school in September. I think my senior high school life will be colorful and meaningful.
The campus of my senior high school will be peaceful and beautiful. The classroom will be wide and bright. It must be a good place to study. The teachers will be knowledgeable. They will be strict with the students but they care for them
，
too.I will get along well with my classmates. I will learn by myself and take an active part in group work. And I will try my best to make big progress. I will take part in all kinds of out-of-class activities and keep fit. What a wonderful senior high school life! I can't wait!
【
写作指导
】
人称：第一人称和第三人称；时态：一般现在时。
写作思路：先开篇点题
——
同学们相互送礼物；再具体写出每个人的观点；最后写出作者个人观点及做法。
Recently I have found that some classmates are giving graduation gifts to each other. Are we supposed to do this? My friends and I have different views about it.
Helen thinks it‘s necessary to give gifts to friends because friends are important to us and they can remember us forever if we do so. Zhu
Jie
thinks differently. He says it’s unnecessary to do this because it‘ll not only waste our parents’ money
，
but also get in the way of our schoolwork. As for me
，
I suggest we give a few gifts to our friends
，
but the gifts can‘t be too expensive. At the same time
，
we should try to help and care about our friends. Remember
：
a true friendship requires understanding and care.
动词
一.动词和动词短语
二 动词时态
三 动词语态
四 非谓语动词
一．动词和动词短语
1．行为动词
行为动词又称实义动词，可分为及物动词 (vt)和不及物动词(vi)，及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，后跟宾语；不及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，但后面不能直接跟宾语，如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成短语。 如：
More and more people study English.(vt)
The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)
**常见的可带双宾的动词：“七给”（give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand）“一带”（bring），当直接宾语前置时，必须在后面加to。
如：
My father gives me a book. = My father gives a book to me.
**buy, draw, make 三个动词接双宾时，如前所说，后面加for
。如：
My parents bought me a nice backpack. =My parents bought a nice backpack for me.
**不及物动词指不能直接接宾语的动词。自身意思完整，无需接宾语。大多数即可为及物也可不及物。
Boys fly kites. Birds can fly.
**除此之外，实义动词还有延续性和非延续性之分。1）延续性动词是表示动作可以延续，可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：live，stay, study, work, keep, teach, sleep, stand, walk, wait, read, watch等。
You can keep this book for two weeks.
2)
非延续性动词表示瞬间动作，表示一经发生立即结束的动作。如：open, close, buy, lend, borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, join, go, come, catch
等。如：I was a bit nervous before I arrived here.
2．连系动词
连系动词本身有一定的词义，但
不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语
, 说明主语的状态、性质、特征和身份。
1）表状态的系动词：be, stay, keep, remain, stand（处于某种状态），如：
He always keeps silent at meeting.
2)表感官、表象：look, feel,, seem, sound, taste, smell,appear(显得，看来)， 如：It feels soft.
3)表转变和结果的系动词： get, turn, become, grow，fall, go. 如：
Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
3．助动词
助动词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定，疑问及动词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法特征，助动词有 be, do/does/did, have/has/had, shall, will等。
如：
How do you usually come to school?
The children are playing yo-yo now.
4．情态动词
情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。
初中常见情态动词有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等；另外，shall(愿意)，will（愿意） should（应该） would（请求，愿意） 在一定场合也可用作情态动词。 如：
**各情态动词讲解
1）can(could)
a.表示能力，could表示过去的能力; I can speak English, but I can’t speak Chinese.
b.表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上）；He isn’t at home. He can go to the library.
c.表示允许；Can I have a look at your new computer?
d.表惊讶、怀疑。不相信等态度，主要用于否定句和疑问句活感叹句; How can you be so careless?
2）May(might)
a.表示允许。Might可用于过去的时间，也可指现在，但语气较may更加委婉
b.表示可能（事实上）。Might可用于过去的时间，也可指现在，但语气较may更加不确定。
3）Must
a
.表示义务，“必须”（主观意志）
b.表揣测，“一定”、“准时，必定”，只用于肯定句。Mustn’t 意为“禁止”，回答need 或者may 提问的句子，表达否定意义。
4）Will
a.表意愿，用于各种人称； I will do anything for you.
b.表请求，用于疑问句; Will you close window? It’s a bit cold.
c.表示某种倾向和习惯性动作; Fish will die out of water.
5）Would
a.表意愿；I said I would do anything for you.
b.表委婉的提出请求建议或看法；would you like some drinks?
c.表过去反复发生的动作或者一种倾向; Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.
6）Should
A.表义务，“应该”，用于各种人称；
b.表推测，“想必一定，照说应该，估计”
7）Ought to
A.表义务，“应该(因责任、义务等)”，口气比should 稍重；
b.表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱
**词义用法辨析
1）can与be able to的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时，指本身有能力的“能”；be able to用于各种时态均可，指须经过努力而“能”。如：
Mary
_____
finish the program
in the next year
.
She has been able to play it since she was 5.
2）
must与have/has to的用法。must表示说话人主观认为“必须”，表主观意志，只用于一般现在时和一般将来时；have/has to表示客观需要，意为“不得不”，它可用于各种时态。Must没有过去式，除了在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间，在直接引语中应用had to 代替
。如：
I told her that she
_____
give up smoking.
We
_____
get everything ready that night.
I
__________
finish homework.
***4）need和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定和疑问句。用作实义动词时，用于各种句式。用作情态动词：
Need I come? Yes, you must come.
You needn’t telephone him now. She dare not go out alone at night.
None of them dared mention this.
用作实义动词：
You don’t need to do it yourself. We need to tell them the news.
The table needs painting/to be painted. We should dare to give our own opinions.
5）shall 与should的用法，shall 常用于主语是第一人称的疑问句中，表示请求。对shall I...做肯定回：Yes, please. 否定：No, thank you.
Shall I turn on the light? Yes, please./No, thank you.
对shall we ..做答时，如果不包括对方，肯定用Yes, please. 包括对方，肯定：Yes, let’s...
It’s getting late. Shall we go? Yes, please. /Yes, let’s go.
***注意：
a. May I ...表示请求，
否定要用mustn’t/can’t
, 不能用may not.
b. 对must的一般疑问句，
肯定用must/have to, 否定用needn’t或者do/does have to
, 不能用mustn’t.
c.在need的一般疑问句，肯定回答must，否定回答needn’t.
（二）动词短语
1.动词+介词
break into 破门而入 call for 呼吁 care for 喜欢、关心 care about 在乎 get over 度过、客服
2.动词+副词
clean up打扫赶紧 write down 写下 run out 用完
3.动词+副词+介词
get along with 进展 look down upon蔑视 look forward to 期盼
4.动词+名词+介词
make friends with交朋友 take pride in 以..感到自豪 pay attention to 注意
5.动词+名词
lose heart 灰心 take place 发生 make a face 做鬼脸
6.be+adj +介词
be afraid of 害怕 be good at 擅长 be proud of以..为傲
**注意：在动词+副词短语中，如果后面接名词作宾语，可放在短语后面，也可放在中间，若代词作宾语，只能放在中间。如：write the new words down=write down the new words =write them down
二．动词时态
在英语中，同样一个动作，由于发生的时间不一样，所表示的形式就不一样，这就叫时态。
（一）时态构成
时态
构成
一般现在时
主语
+v+
其他主语
(
三单
)+vs+
其他
一般过去时
主语
+v
过去式
+
其他
一般将来时
主语
+will/shall+v+
其他主语
+be going to +v+
其他
现在进行时态
Be(am
／
is
／
are)
＋
v—ing
构成
过去进行时态
was/were+v-ing
现在完成时态
主语
+have /has+v-
过去分词
+
其他
过去完成时态
主语
+had
＋
v-
过去分词
过去将来时态
主语
+would, was/were going to, was/were to was/were about to+v
（二）时态的应用及动词变化形式
1、一般现在时
1、表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或存在的状态
，带与表示频率的时间状语如：often , sometimes , usually，always , everyday year，month．．．） , once/twice a week (month, year, etc.), seldom, on Sundays等连用。
I leave home for school at seven every morning.
2、表示客观真理，科学事实、格言警句。
The sun rises in the east .日出东方。
The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。
Ten minus two is eight.十减二等于八。
Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比声音的速度快。
The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。
3、根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。
I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。
If you come this afternoon, we’ll have a meeting.
4、仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态"，其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"
。例如：
He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。
That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。
Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。
She majors in music .她主修音乐。
All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。
My sister is always ready to help others. 我妹妹总是乐于助人。
2.
一般过去时（动词加
ed
）
1、表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间里所发生的动作或情况，常与明确的时间状语连用
，如：yesterday,last week(month , year…),…ago, the other day ,just now ,at the age of…,in 1980等连用。如：
At the age of ten, she began to learn to play the piano .
2、表示过去经常发生或反复发生的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
When I was a child, I often play the football in the street.
3、在时间、条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时态代替过去将来时。
He said he wouldn’t go if it rained.
4. 用于虚拟条件句中，表示与现在与现在事实相反的情况。
If I were you, I would take a small gift. (此处were 不能用was代替)
基本结构
否定句
一般疑问句
Be
动词
was/ were+not
was
或
were
提前，放于句首
行为动词
didn’t+do
（动词原形）
Did+
主语
+do
（动词原形）
3．现在进行时（be(is/ am /are)+现在分词构成）
1、表示说话时刻正在进行的动作及行为，或者包括说话时刻在内的一段时间正在进行的动作。
常用时间状语及标志词：now( at the moment ) , listen , look , this week , this evening , these days 等。
Listen , Someone is playing the piano in the next room .
2、表示一种渐进的过程。
My younger brother is becoming more and more interested in English .
3、与always , all the time , forever等连用，表示说话人某种强烈的情感
，如：赞许、批评；喜欢、厌恶等。例如：
He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示赞许）他总是为他人着想，而不为自己。
She is often doing well at school. （表示满意）她在学校学习挺不错的。
Are you feeling better today? （表示亲切）你今天觉得好一些吗？
One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.（表示不满）我的一个室友老是乱扔东西。
Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .（表示不喜欢） 有些推销员老是敲我家的门, 向我们推销他们的产品。
4、表示移位的动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive等，其现在进行时可表将来。
She is leaving for Beijing next weak.
My friend is coming for dinner.
4．一般将来时（will+动词原形，(be going to)+动词原形）
1、由will +动词原形构成，其will适用于各种人称，与主语连在一起时，常常缩写为’ll。变否定句时，只需在will后加not，可缩写为won’t 。在疑问句中，will需提前，构成will+主语+动词原形的结构。
He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。
2、shall+动词原形（常用于主语为第一人称）
I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。
3、be going to+动词原形（打算、准备做某事）
He is going to spend his holidays in London. 他打算在伦敦度假。
1、表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语
，如：tomorrow, next day（week，month，year．．．．）， this evening (weekend …), in the future , in a few minutes，the day after tomorrow ,by．．．， soon 等连用。
I will pay a visit to Shanghai next week.
I hope you won’t be late next time.
2、当主句为一般现在时，在以after, when, while, as soon as ,if ,unless等引导的时间或条件句中，要用一般现在时表将来。
I’ll do it better if the teacher gives me another chance.
5
.过去进行时（was/were+v-ing）
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作。动作发生的特指时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明，如：at this time yesterday，at 7:00 yesterday ，last night ,from seven to nine ,at that time以when或while引导的时间状语从句等。
My family were watching TV at this time yesterday .
**注意：
（1）以when引导的时间状语从句中，从句动作，主句用过去进行时，表示一个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行。
When he called me , I was having dinner .
（2）以while引导的时间状语从句中，从句与主句的动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，while常译为“当……的时候，同时”。
Tom was doing his hmework while hie sister was watching TV .
7.现在完成时*(have /has+v过去分词)
现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但其结果却和现在有联系, 也就是说, 动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。
1、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的情况,常与for, since连用。
e.g. Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
2、现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用, 如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等
：
e.g. He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?
3、现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等
：
e.g. Have you ever been to Beijing?
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4、现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far
等。
e.g. Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has bee too much rain this year.
The relations between us have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5、现在完成时表示现在之前就已完成的动作, 虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续, 但是有一些现在完成时的句子，在后面加上for+一段时间，则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性。
e.g. Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.)
6、现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作。
e.g. We have had four texts this semester.
现在完成时中的时间状语：
★already通常用于肯定句中，意为“已经”，位于行为动词之前, be动词、助动词之后。有时可放在疑问句句尾，表示惊讶。例如：
We have already cleaned the classroom.
Have you finished it already？
★yet用于疑问句中表示“已经”；用于否定句中，表示“还(没)”。例如：
—Has he found his watch yet？他还没找到他的表吗？
—No, not yet. 是, 还没有。
★ever意为“曾经”，常用于疑问句或否定句中，位于助动词和过去分词之间，表示从过去到目前为止的时间。例如：
Have you ever been there？你曾经去过那里吗？
Nothing has ever happened here. 这里未曾发生过什么事。
★never意为“（曾经）从未、没有”, 是否定副词，在句中位于助动词和过去分词之间。ever与否定词not连用相当于never。例如：
I haven’t ever spoken to her. = I have never spoken to her. 我从未跟她讲过话。
★just意为“刚刚”, 用于现在完成时, 表示行为刚刚过去, 位于助动词与过去分词之间。
e.g. He has just come back from school.他刚从学校回来。
★for 和since的用法及区别。for 与一段时间连用，since 与时间点连用。
**注意：since 后接过去时的时间状语或过去时的句子。
e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice since 1970.
I haven’t seen her since she left Shanghai.
I saw Ping Ping six years ago. Since I have never seen her.
★have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has
been in的区别。
have/ has gone to 去了,在去某地的路上或在某地, 人还未回来
have/ has been to 曾经去过, 人已经回来了
have/ has been in 已经在, 常与一段时间连用
e.g. She has been to Shanghai before. 她以前曾去过上海。
She has been in Shanghai for ten years. 她在上海10年了。
Has he gone to Qingdao? 他去青岛了吗？但不能说 Have you gone to Qingdao?
三．动词语态
（一）语态
英语中动词有主动语态和被动语态两种语态. 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,在被动语态中动作 的执行者有时用by短语表示出来.
（二）被动语态的构成
助动词be+及物动词的过去分词
一般现在时：am/is/ are +动词的过去分词
The house is cleaned every day.
一般过去时：was/were +动词的过去分词
He was tought a lesson yesterday.
**注意：1.主动句中感官动词see/hear/watch/feel等和使役动词make/let have等后不接to的不定式，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号 to。
The story makes me feel sad.
I am made to feel sad by the story.
2. 后接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词变为被动语态时，宾语补足语成分不变。
We heard Jim playing the guitar in his room.
Jim was heard playing the guitar in his room.
四．非谓语动词
动词不定式
（一）动词不定式
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。另外，动词不定式具有动词特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。其中 to为不定式符号，本身无意义。动词不定式的肯定形式是to＋do；其否定形式是not to＋do。
1．作主语
可以直接作主语。如： To see is to believe．
但在英语中，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面。如：
It's wrong to play tricks on other people．
It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy．
点击规律：动词不定式在句中作主语时，常放在It is ＋adj．（形容词）＋to do sth．或 It is ＋n．（名词）＋to do sth．句型中，it仅作形式主语。
2．作宾语
a．want，decide ，agree等动词后面跟并且只能跟不定式。如：
We agreed to start early．
She wants to be a doctor．
b．love，like ，begin，start，hate ，prefer等词后面可以接不定式。
点击规律：上述动词后面除接不定式外，还可以接动名词，意思无很大区别。
提示板：like doing指经常性动作，而like to do指一次性的动作。如：
I like swimming，but I don't like to swim now．我喜欢游泳，但我现在不想游。
c．stop，forget，remember，go on ，try等词或短语后面可以接不定式。
点击规律：上述动词后面接不定式和接动名词意思大不相同。
提示板：
1）stop to do sth．：停止一件事，去做另一件事。
stop doing sth．：停止正在做的事。
例句：When the teacher came in，the students stopped talking；when he came out，the students stopped to talk． 当老师走进来时，学生们停止说话；当老师走出去时，学生们又开始说话。
2）思考：forget，remember，go on，try等词或短语后面接不定式和动名词用法有何区别？
d．在find／feel＋it＋adj．＋to do sth．句型中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。如：
The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep．
I feel it easy to recite the text．
点击规律：1.某些动词或短语后面既可以接动词不定式作宾语，又可接动名词作宾语，二者用法上的区别可以通过造句子加以区分，如上面stop例句。
2.动词不定式做宾语时，如果后面跟有形容词、名词灯座宾语补足语时，通常用it做形式宾语，而把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后。如d.
3．作宾语补足语
a．tell，ask，want，order，teach，invite，warn，wish，help，get，wish，help等词后面常接不定式作宾补。如：
I tell him not to go there by bus ．
Edison's mother taught him to read and write．
b．**注意：1.主动句中感官动词see/hear/watch/feel等和使役动词make/let have . notice等后接不to的不定式作宾补，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号 to。如：
The boss makes them work 16 hours a day． I heard her sing in the next room．
##提示板：若变成被动语态，在上述结构中，不定式符号to要加上。如：
They are made to work 16 hours a day by the boss．
She was heard to sing in the next room．
4．作定语：放在被修饰的名词、代词后面。动词不定式与被修饰的词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。
例句：I have a lot of work to do．
The doctor said he could do nothing to help the boy．
点击规律：动词不定式若在句中作定语，常放在被修饰的名词、代词之后。
提示板：如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系，若动词是不及物动词，切记不要忘掉介词。如：
I have a small bedroom to live in．
Have you got some pens to write with？
5．表语：放在连系动词be后面
例句：His wish is to become a scientist．
The first important thing is to save the soldiers' lives．
当务之急是抢救战士们的生命。
点击规律：动词不定式在句中作表语时，通常对连系动词前面的名词进行诠释说明。
6．作状语
a．目的状语：放在go，come，use，live，in order等词后面。如：
I come to see you．
He runs fast in order to get there in time．
b．原因状语：放在sorry，glad，surprised， disappointed，excited等词后面。如：
I am glad to see you here．
I am sorry to trouble you．
c．作结果状语。如：
Some of the apples are hard to reach．
The room is large enough to hold 1000 people．
注意：动词不定式可放在一些表示喜怒哀乐的表语形容词后面，如sorry、glad、surprised、disappointed、 excited 等，常用作原因状语。Eg. He felt excited to know this news. 听到这个消息，他很激动。
7．与what，who，whose，when，where， how等特殊疑问词连用，作宾语、宾语补足语、主语等。如： I don't know what to do next．（宾语）
He taught us how to use the computer．（宾语补足语）
It's still a question how to get there．（主语）
8. 特殊疑问词+不定式 特殊用法。
特殊疑问词+不定式=名词性从句，因此常用此结构改写相应的从句，从而把一个复合句改为简单句。但要注意，进行简化的条件是主句主语和从句主语必须是同一人称。
Eg. The old lady found out where she could buy fruit cheaply. =The old lady found out where to buy fruit cheaply.
**注意：1. 疑问词+不定式 结构作主语时，后面谓语用单数
2.此结构疑问代词后需接及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。
3.此结构中疑问副词后要接不及物动词，若为及物动词，后面要有动词的宾语。What to do/how to do it.
4.不定式通常不与疑问词why连用，why do sth /why not do sth. 开头的简短疑问句.
（二）动名词
动名词由“动词原形＋ing”构成，其与现在分词同形。动名词既有动词的性质，也有名词的性质。
1.动名词动词特征
（1）动名词可以有宾语
I have finished repairing that machine.我已经修完那台机器了。
（2）动名词可以用状语来修饰
They have started working in the apple-orchard. 他们已经开始在苹果园里劳动了。
2.动名词名词特征
作主语、宾语等=名词
Playing computer games too much is bad for your eyes.过度地玩电脑游戏对你的眼睛有害。
动名词作主语和动词不定式作主语，在很多情况下可以通用。
3.动名词句法功能
（1）作主语
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。（动名词作主语，谓语用单数）
（2）作宾语
常接动名词作宾语的动词或短语有 enjoy, finish, consider (考虑), miss, keep, mind, practice, suggest, be busy, feel like, give up, can't help, avoid, be used to, be worth, be afraid of, be proud of, be interested in, can't stop, keep…from, look forward to, put off, stop…from, have fun等。如：
Have you finished __________ the book?
你读完这本书了吗？
（3）作表语
The nurse's job is ______________ the patients.
护士的工作是照顾病人。
（4）作定语
I often go to the ____________________.
我经常去阅览室。
[提醒] 有些词既可接不定式又可接v.ing形式作宾语，但表达的意义不同。常见的有：
(1)stop to do sth停下来去做另外一件事(不定式作目的状语)
stop doing sth停止做某事(v.ing作宾语)
(2)try to do sth 试图(企图)做某事
try doing sth尝试着做某事
(3)forget to do sth忘记要去做某事(还没做)
forget doing sth忘记做过了某事(已做)
(4)remember to do sth记着要去做某事(还没做)
remember doing sth记得做过了某事(已做)
(5)go on to do sth做完一件事后继续做另外一件不同的事
go on doing sth继续做原来所做的同一件事
(6)need doing(某事)需要做(被动含义)
need to do 需要去做某事(主动含义)
温馨提示：巧记只能接动名词作宾语的动词：
完成、时间、值得、忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy）
继续、习惯、别放弃(keep, be used to, give up)
考虑、建议、不禁、想(consider, suggest, can’t help, feel like)
喜欢、思念、要介意（enjoy, miss, mind）
（三）分词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词(v.ing)有主动、进行之意；过去分词(v.ed)有被动、完成之意。
1．作定语
China is a __________ country. America is a _________ country.中国是一个发展中国家，美国是一个发达国家。
I know the boy called Li Ming.
我认识那个叫李明的男孩。
2．作表语
The book is interesting. I'm interested in it.
这本书很有趣。我对它感兴趣。
3．作宾语补足语
I saw her going upstairs.我看见她正在上楼。
I want to have some photos taken. 我想拍几张照片。
4．作状语
Laughing and talking, they went into the room.
他们有说有笑地走进了房间。
5．现在分词与过去分词的区别
(1)语态上，现在分词表示主动之意，过去分词表
示被动之意。 如：
the surprising news 令人惊讶的新闻
a surprised boy 一个受惊吓的男孩
(2)时间上，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示已经完成的动作。 如：
the developing country 发展中国家
the developed country 发达国家
6．易混结构
使役动词(make, keep, let, have等)易混结构的区分。如have sb doing sth 与have sth done 的区别：
(1)have sb doing sth 意为“让某人一直做某事”， doing这个动作具有持续意义。如：
The teacher had the boys standing all day.
老师让男生罚站了一整天。
(2)have sth done 意为“让某人做某事”，相当于ask sb to do sth, done 表示让他人完成，有被动之意。如：
I had my computer repaired yesterday.
昨天我让人修理了我的电脑。
（四）非谓语动词的用法区别
1.不定式与动名词作主语的区别
动名词作主语表示一般的或者抽象的多次性动作，不定式作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。如：
Smoking is prohibited here. 此处禁止吸烟。（抽象）
It’s not very good for you to smoke so much. 你抽那么多烟多不好。（具体）.
2.不定式与动名词作宾语的区别
有些及物动词后面既可以接动名词作宾语，又可以接动词不定式作宾语，其中不少动词还会引起意思上的变化。
1）remember, forget
Remember+to do 表示该动作还没发生
+ving 表示该动作已经发生
Eg. Remember to post the letter. 记得把这封信寄了。（“寄信”还没发生）
I remember posting the letter. 我记得寄了那封信。（“寄信”已经发生）
2）stop,go on
Stop+to do 表示：停下来去做另外一件事
+ving 表示：停止做同一件事情
Eg. They stopped to talk.他们开始谈话。（停下了原来做的事情）
They stopped talking. 他们停止了谈话。
3）Try
Try+to do 表示：设法作，努力做
+ving 表示：试着做
4）begin, start,hate, love, like, prefer等
此组词用不定式和动名词作宾语，意义没有什么区别。
Eg. You can begin to write/writing.
5）can’t help
Can’t help+to do表示：不能帮助作某事
+ving 表示：情不自禁做某事
Eg. The medicine can’t help to get rid of your cold. 这药不能帮你治好感冒。
He couldn’t help crying when he heard the news. 他听到这个消息，情不自禁的哭了。
6）need, want
Need/want+to do 表示：想要做某事
+ving 表示被动含义 need doing =need to be done
Eg. The room needs to be cleaned.=The room needs cleaning. 房间需要打扫。
***注意：有时，like+ving表示经常性的爱好，like+to do 表示一次性的或独特的爱好。
Eg. He doesn’t like reading, but he likes to read newspapers in bed. 他不喜欢读书，但他喜欢在床上看报纸。
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