河南专用2020版中考英语语法过关专题八动词的分类与辨析课件人教新目标版 46页

专题八　动词的分类与辨析 考点一　动词的分类及动词短语 考点突破 考点二　动词的词义辨析 考点一　动词的分类及动词短语 考点突破 一、动词的分类 动词的种类包括实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。 (一)实义动词 实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。按其句法功能可分为及物动词和不及物动 词。 1.及物动词 及物动词本身意义不完整,需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。 (1)动词+宾语 I like this book very much. 我非常喜欢这本书。 (2)动词+宾语+宾补 We call the bird Polly.我们叫这只鸟Polly。 I saw the children play in the park yesterday. 昨天我看见孩子们在公园玩。 注意 : 用省略 to 的不定式或现在分词作宾补的动词有 :have,see,watch,notice,hear 等。 (3) 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 Please pass me the salt.请把盐递给我。 常见的带双宾语的动词有:give,bring,buy,get,leave,lend,make,offer,pass,teach,tell 等。 2.不及物动词 不及物动词自身意思完整,无需接宾语。 Horses run fast.马跑得很快。 (1)有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。 We study English.我们学习英语。(及物动词) We study hard.我们努力学习。(不及物动词) (2)有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成动词短语,它的作用相当于一 个及物动词。 1)动词+介词 Listen to the teacher carefully.仔细听老师讲。 注意:此类动词短语后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词,都只能放在介词后面,不 能放在动词和介词之间。 2)动词+副词+介词 Let ' s go on with our work! 让我们继续我们的工作吧! He gets along well with his classmates. 他与同学们相处得很好。 注意:这类动词短语后的宾语只能放在介词的后面。 实义动词按其持续性可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。 ①延续性动词 延续性动词表示动作是可以持续的,可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:live, study,work,keep,teach等。如: We have lived in Suzhou since 2001. 自2001年以来,我们一直住在苏州。 You can keep this book for two weeks. 这本书你可以借两周。 ②非延续性动词 非延续性动词表示瞬间动作,动作一旦发生立即结束,如:buy,lend,borrow,die,be- gin,stop,finish,arrive,join,go,come,catch等,非延续性动词不能和表示一段时间的 状语连用。如果和表示一段时间的状语连用,就要用其他的词代替。 The old man has been dead for two years. 那个老人已经去世两年了。(这里不能用has died) He arrived here five days ago. 他五天前到这儿的。 (二)系动词 系动词本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语,说明主语的 状态、性质、特征或身份。 1.表示状态 常见的有:be“是”;stay“保持”;keep“保持”;remain“保持”等。如: It remains a secret.它现在还是个秘密。 2.表示感官、表象 常见的有:look“看起来”;feel“摸起来”;smell“闻起来”;sound“听起来”; taste“尝起来”等。如: The flowers smell sweet.花闻起来很香。 3.表示转变和结果 常见的有:become“变成”;get/turn/grow“变得”等。如: Her face turns red.她的脸红了。 (三)助动词 助动词本身没有意义,它只是帮助实义动词或系动词构成谓语,表示疑问、否 定、时态、语态等。有些单词并不是固定的助动词,如动词be、have、do等在 句子中与实义动词或系动词一起构成各种时态、语态、否定句、疑问句时,才 担当起助动词的作用。常见的助动词还有will, shall, would, should等。 (四)情态动词 有一定的词义,本身并不表示动作或状态,而仅仅表示说话人的态度。它在句中 需和主要动词一起构成谓语。(详见“专题十一　情态动词”) 动词+介词 laugh at嘲笑　point at指着　worry about担忧 agree with赞成　ask for请求　talk about谈论 动词+副词 pick up捡起　grow up长大　look out当心 stay up熬夜 动词+名词 make progress取得进步　make faces做鬼脸 动词+名词+介词 make friends with...和 …… 交朋友 give one ' s life to...献身于 …… 动词+副词+介词 stay away from远离　get along with进展;相处 动词+介词+名词 go to school去上学　go to bed上床睡觉 二、动词短语 1.常见的动词短语有以下几种形式: 2.常见的动词短语: take短语 take up占据 take away带走;拿走 take off(飞机)起飞;脱掉 take down写下;记下 take out切除 take place发生 take care of照顾 take part in参加 make短语 make a decision作出决定 make a mistake犯错 make a living谋生 make up组成;构成 turn短语 turn on打开 turn off关闭 turn up开大;调高 turn down调低;关小 turn in上交 turn out结果是 give短语 give up放弃 give in屈服;让步 give away捐赠 give out散发;分发 give off发出(光、热等) get短语 get to到达 get up起床;起来 get over克服 get on上车 get off下车 get together相聚 get ready for...为 …… 做准备 keep短语 keep out留在外面 keep off使 …… 不接近;回避某话题 keep up with并驾齐驱;跟上 keep away from远离 keep in touch保持联系 keep healthy保持健康 put短语 put up搭建;张贴 put on穿上;上演 put off推迟;拖延 put out熄灭 put away把 …… 收起来 put down写下;记下 put up with容忍 look短语 look at看 look for寻找 look after照顾 look up查阅 look through浏览 look around环顾 come短语 come on加油;快点 come out出现;出版 come over突然感到 come along出现;跟随 go短语 go on继续 go back回到 go away走开;离开 go by(时间)流逝 go over仔细检查 go off熄灭;离开 三个(be) used to be used to doing sth. 表示习惯做某事,此时to是介词,后用 v .-ing形式 used to do sth. 表示过去常常做某事 be used to do sth. 被用来做某事 考点二　动词的词义辨析 常见的动词词义辨析: 三个 “到达” get get to+地点名词 reach 及物动词,后面可直接接地点名词 arrive arrive in+大地点(名词) arrive at+小地点(名词) 三个 “借” borrow 非延续性动词,表示主语“借入”,常用搭配borrow sth.from sb. lend 非延续性动词,表示主语“借出”,常用搭配lend sth.to sb. keep 延续性动词,表示“长时间地借” 三个 “穿” dress dress sb.给某人穿衣服;dress up装扮 put on “穿上,戴上”,表示动作 wear “穿着,戴着”,表示状态 四个 “看” see “看见”,表示结果 look “看”,表示动作,是不及物动词,后面需加介词at 才能接宾语 watch “观看(比赛、电视)” read “看(书、报)”,表示阅读 四个 “拿” bring “带来,拿来”,表示“拿到靠近说话人的地方” take “拿去,带走”,表示“拿到远离说话人的地方” carry “扛,搬,用力移动”,没有方向 fetch “去取,去拿”,表示“往返拿东西” 四个 “说” speak 作及物动词时后接表示语言的名词,也指在会议上发言 say 常跟直接引语或间接引语,并且表示说的内容 talk 是不及物动词,常跟介词to和with,意为“同 …… 谈话”,也表示具有说话的能力 tell 意为“告诉”,tell stories意为“讲故事” 四个 “花费” spend 人作主语,表示花费时间或金钱,后接on sth.或(in)doing sth. cost 物作主语,意为“某物花费多少钱” take 可用于固定句型表示花费一段时间做某事,其结构为:It+takes/took+一段时间+to do sth. pay 与介词for连用 两个 “找” look for 强调寻找的过程 find 强调找的结果 两个 “听” listen to listen 为不及物动词,与to组成固定搭配,强调听的动作 hear 强调听的结果 四个 有关 “赢、输” lose 意为“被打败;输掉”,常用搭配:lose to sb.输给某人 fail 意为“失败”或“未做成某事” beat 意为“打败”,后接某人或某支队伍 win 意为“赢得”,如:赢得荣誉、地位、比赛等 三个 “参加” join 一般指加入“党派”或“组织”,如参军、入党等 take part in 指参加聚会或活动 attend 一般指出席会议 四个 “变化” turn 一般用于颜色的变化 get 天变黑、变长或变短 become 天气变暖或变冷等,表示渐变 grow 形状变大或变小 一、选词填空 1.(2019河南)You can ' t change who you are by reading a book or change the way you act by watching a video. What 　matters     is what you do, not what you know. (includes/decides/means/matters) 2.(2019河南)I asked my father to 　pick     me 　up     at the school gate at 6:30 so that we could visit Grandma together.(pick;up/turn;down/let;down/cheer;up) 3.(2019天津)We should 　avoid     making a noise in the library.(avoid/prefer/prac- tise/enjoy) 中考题组 4.(2019天津)If you want to join the Music Club, 　fill out     the form, please.(go out/fill out/get up/warm up) 5.(2019江苏南京)Tina comes to China in order to experience Chinese culture and 　find out     which university is the best for her to attend.(put out/stay out/find out/ run out) 6.(2019山西)Fighting for your dreams is like climbing a mountain. Whatever diffi- culties you meet, don ' t 　give up     . Just move on.(set off/come out/give up) 7.(2019湖北武汉)—I won ' t tell this to anyone. — 　Promise     ?(Agree/Guess/Hope/Promise) 8.(2019湖北武汉)—Why were you shouting at Tom? —I told him to be quiet, but he 　kept on     talking.(joined in/ended up/kept on/put off) 9.(2019江西)You ' ll have to 　share     the books because there aren ' t enough for everyone.(pack/sell/choose/share) 10.(2019福建)—I have trouble 　speaking     English, Mr. Lee. —Why not go to the English Corner and try to talk with others?(reading/writing/ speaking) 11.(2019福建)My deskmate and I are going to 　put on     a talk show at the party to celebrate the 70th birthday of our motherland.(hand in/put on/take out) 12.(2019安徽)—Hello, Beijing Hotel. Can I help you? —Yes, I ' d like to 　book     a single room for two nights.(enter/move/book/pro- vide) 13.(2019新疆)—I ' m afraid his radio is too noisy. Will you please 　ask     him to 　turn it down     a little? —Sure.(ask;turn it down/allow;turn it on/tell;turn it up/advise;turn it off) 14.(2019吉林)We always 　clean up     our classroom every Friday afternoon. (clean up/put up/use up) 15.(2019贵州铜仁)—Do you know anything about C919? —Of course. It ' s a kind of plane which 　is made in     China.(is made of/is made in/is made from/is made up of) 16.(2019江苏苏州)Would you please 　turn off     the light? I can ' t sleep well with it on.(turn on/turn off/turn to/turn around) 17.(2019甘肃兰州)—Can I help you, sir? —Yes, please. I am 　looking for     a blue T-shirt.(looking up/looking for/looking after/looking through) 18.(2019湖北襄阳)—What does Huawei ' s newest smartphone look like? —It ' s wonderful! You can 　fold     it in half just like closing a book.(hand/pass/ fold/cut) 19.(2019河北)On the first day of Chinese New Year, we 　put on     new clothes and visit people.(pick up/put on/take off/throw away) 20.(2019广西南宁)John, please 　take out     your dictionary from the schoolbag and look up the new word.(take away/take up/take off/take out) 21.(2019内蒙古呼和浩特)—Jack, let ' s have a picnic after school. —Sorry. I have 　promised     Frank to work on the biology report with him.(ad- vised/expected/suggested/promised) 22.(2019内蒙古呼和浩特)I really need to take more exercise because I ' m     putting on     weight.(putting down/putting on/putting off/putting away) 23.(2019山东青岛)The English Speech Competition 　brought out     the best in her. As a result, she is more active now.(checked out/tried out/left out/brought out) 24.(2018河南)—Hey, Jeremy. Tony and I want to 　try     the new Italian restau- rant tonight. Come with us! —Why not?(try/taste/choose/search) 25.(2018河南)—Jack is telling everyone he has bought a new car. —Pay no attention to him. He is just 　showing off     .(taking off/showing off/driv- ing off/setting off) 26.(2018天津)I am afraid we cannot 　afford     to take a taxi. Let ' s go by under- ground instead.(refuse/afford/forget/fall) 27.(2018河北)Can you help me 　pick up     the pen? It ' s under your chair.(ask for /look for/pick up/put up) 28.(2018江苏苏州)—What do you think of Jason? —He has 　impressed     me with his good sense of humour.(impressed/admired/ reminded/warned) 29.(2018湖北武汉)I took the subway and 　got off     at the downtown station.(got through/got over/got on/got off) 30.(2018山东潍坊)The photos that won the first prize in the competition will be     put up     on the website.(put away/put off/put up/put on) 31.(2018安徽)—I ' m afraid I might forget to buy the bread after work. —Don ' t worry. I will 　remind     you then.(notice/allow/remind/promise) 32.(2018贵州贵阳)We should 　spend     more time talking with our teachers so that they can understand us better.(pay/spend/take) 33.(2017河南)Don ' t know where your kids are in the house?Turn off the Internet and they ' ll 　show up     quickly.(get up/stand up/show up/hurry up) 34.(2017河南)The plane 　remained     on the ground for two more hours because of the bad weather.(ran/moved/shook/remained) 二、语篇填空 (2020河南中考预测) 阅读短文,从方框中选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空,使短文通顺、意思完 整。每空限填一词,每词限用一次。 special　without　she　so　encourage old　speak　luck　month　compete In an English writing competition, a girl named Sara won first prize. She is a 　1     winner, because she is the only competitor who doesn ' t have hands. Sara was born 　2     her hands. Her family didn ' t like her, 　3     they left her in front of a welfare home(福利院). 　4     , an American couple liked Sara very much. They brought her back to America. There was another girl in the family. She is 2 years 　5     than Sara. She liked Sara, too. Sara was shy at first. But all the family 　6     her to open her heart. They taught her to speak English and treated her like a common person. As time went by, Sara be- came more and more active and outgoing. She was so smart that she could 　7     and read English in just one year. She was also brave. She learned to ride a bike and climb trees with no hands. Last year, there was an English writing 　8     in her school. She decided to take part in it. She began to learn to write, holding the pen between her arms. The pen fell down from her arms again and again. However, she didn ' t give up. After two 　9     , she could write very well. And finally, she won the prize. All her family and friends were proud of 　10     . When she learnt there were many other people like her in China, she began to learn Chinese. She said it was her duty to tell them how to be successful in life. 1. 　special     　2. 　without     　3. 　so     　4. 　Luckily     　5. 　older     6. 　encouraged     　7. 　speak     　8. 　competition     　9. 　months     10. 　her     一、选词填空 1.(2019河南郑州一模)—How can we build an excellent class? —We need a good head teacher to 　pull together     all the students and teachers. (put off/pull out/put down/pull together) 2.(2019河南郑州外国语中学一模)Nowadays,the number of the cars is becoming larger and larger. So we must 　pay attention to     the traffic safety.(look forward to/be willing to/pay attention to/prefer to) 3.(2019河南郑州外国语中学一模)I am greatly interested in this painting. Some- 模拟题组 thing in it 　expresses     the painter ' s deep love for nature.(expresses/discusses/ expects/imagines) 4.(2019河南郑州外国语中学一模)The Internet is so closely connected with our daily life. Can you 　imagine     a life without it?(understand/imagine/consider/ex- pect) 5.(2019河南省实验中学一模)Are you kidding? Does such a meal cost $50? I     expect     something far better than this.(cancel/expect/regret/suppose) 6.(2019河南新乡一模)—I haven ' t painted since I was 11. Now I am thinking about 　picking     it 　up     again. —Good for you!(giving;up/picking;up/putting;up/cutting;up) 7.(2019河南洛阳一模)Slow down and 　compare     your present with your past, you will find how lucky you are.(correct/complete/compare/consider) 8.(2019河南洛阳一模)—I don ' t know how to 　deal with     the old books in my study. —Why not have a yard sale this Sunday?(hand in/deal with/take up/take away) 9.(2019河南开封一模)The report on the wild animals 　requires     a lot of infor- mation,so I ' ll go to the library for some magazines and books about nature and wildlife.(receives/requires/records/repairs) 10.(2019河南安阳一模)When you feel like 　giving up     , just try one more time —do that a little bit more. Encourage yourself, rather than discouraging yourself. (putting up/showing up/giving up/turning up) 11.(2019河南焦作一模)There were so many people in the street that he had to     push     his way through the crowd.(feel/throw/pull/push) 12.(2019河南焦作一模)When he failed to pay his bill,the company 　cut off     his electricity.(cut up/cut off/cut through/cut down) 13.(2019河南平顶山一模)Jack is always so busy that he can hardly 　spare     a few minutes to talk to his family.(spend/spare/share/take) 14.(2019河南平顶山一模)—Did he 　turn down     your invitation? —Yes,he had an important meeting to attend that day.(turn down/put away/look up/ hand in) 15.(2019河南许昌一模)Life is changing quickly and many of the old traditions are 　dying out     .(keeping up/falling down/dying out/giving up) 16.(2019河南商丘一模)Nick is looking for another job because he feels that noth- ing he does 　satisfies     his boss.(serves/promises/supports/satisfies) 17.(2019河大附中一模)When I asked him why he was late for school again, the boy 　made up     an excuse.(put up/picked up/took up/made up) 18.(2019河大附中一模)The apartments in the city center are always expensive. Katie can ' t 　afford     one with all her money.(provide/afford/offer/support) 19.(2019河南中原名校中考第一次大联考)My friend Jenny seems to be able to     read     my mind because she always knows what I really need.(look/read/guess/ make) 20.(2019河南中原名校中考第二次大联考)The test paper was rather difficult. Time had 　ran out     when he only answered half of the questions.(ran out/put out/ given out/sold out) 21.(2019河南中原名校中考第二次大联考)—When do I get to meet him? —Tomorrow,if I can 　fix     it.(expect/hold/search/fix) 22.(2019河南郑州二模)Good news never goes beyond the gate, but bad news     spreads     far and wide.(spreads/supports/affects/causes) 23.(2018河南开封一模)Our school bus had to 　remain     in front of the super- market for hours because of the bad traffic.(remind/remain/realize/require) 24.(2018河南新乡一模)—Many young people usually offer their seats to the old on the bus. —That ' s good.The old should be 　cared for     .(looked for/listened to/depended on/cared for) 25.(2018河南开封一模)“The Belt and Road”will help to 　open up     markets for China as well as other countries along.(put up/look up/take up/open up) 26.(2018河南安阳一模)—Oh,my God!I have 　put on     five pounds after the Spring Festival. —All of the girls want to lose weight,but easier said than done.(given up/put on/got on/grown up) 27.(2018河南焦作一模)—Thank you for 　supporting     the volunteer project. —My pleasure.(ordering/supporting/supposing/growing) 28.(2018河南郑州二模)Working with the volunteers(志愿者)in the community will 　bring out     the best in us.(bring out/work out/give out/take out) 29.(2018河南开封二模)Danny enjoys reading novels so much that every day he     spends     more than two hours doing it.(spends/costs/takes/pays) 二、语篇填空 (2020河南中考原创) 阅读短文,根据语篇要求填空,使短文通顺、意思完整。每空限填一词。 Fitness-for-All programs are being carried out in our country. Physical activity is good for our health, 　1     most of us do not do enough of it. Take Li Hong for ex- ample. He is a friend of mine and he is in the twelfth grade. He spends most of his time studying. Whenever he has some time to relax, he will pick up his smartphone. He seldom goes out for exercise. Everyone 　2     have enough exercise, I think. If you are not good at any sports activities, please try walking. It is one of the easi- est ways to exercise. Unlike most other forms of exercise, walking is free. You needn ' t pay 　3     it. Walking is also very safe, without any danger of hurts or ac- cidents. You can easily 　4     some walking. You can enjoy yourself as you walk in different places and different seasons. Walking right is very important. Walk in the way 　5     the heels(脚后跟) of your feet touch the ground first and your toes point forward. Swing your arms as you walk. Fitness walking has become popular these days. Let ' s go out for exercise now! 1. 　but     　2. 　should     　3. 　for     　4. 　do     　5. 　that