2018年中考英语总复习易错知识点专题一名词专项训练含解析 10页

专题一 名词 易错清单 ‎1. information,message,news ‎(1) information作“信息”解,通常指在阅读、观察、谈话或书信往来中特别关注的消息、情报、资料等。它侧重内容,是不可数名词。如:‎ They must find out some information about planes to Kunming as quickly as possible.‎ 他们必须尽快查到有关飞往昆明班机的信息。‎ ‎(2)news作“新闻”解,一般指通过广播、电视、报纸等新闻媒体向大众发布的社会各方面的最新消息,它侧重一个“新”字,是不可数名词。如:‎ There's a piece of interesting news in today's newspaper. 在今天的报纸上有一条有趣的消息。‎ No news is good news.没消息就是好消息。‎ ‎(3)message作“音信”解,一般指口头传递的或书写的“消息”,是可数名词。如:‎ She often sends messages to me with her mobile phone.她经常给我发手机短信。‎ ‎2. noise,voice,sound ‎(1) sound “声音”,为最常用词,指可以听到的任何声音,强的,弱的,令人愉快的或不愉快的,有意义的或无意义的。如:‎ I was reading last night,when suddenly I heard a sound in the next room.‎ 昨晚我正看书时,突然听到隔壁房间有声音。‎ ‎(2) noise 常指太响或人们不愿听到的声音,“嘈杂声、喧闹声”。如:‎ The boys made too much noise.孩子们太吵闹了。‎ ‎(3) voice 指“说话声”“唱歌声”“嗓音”如:‎ That sounds like Mary's voice. 那声音听起来好像玛丽的声音。‎ ‎3. family,house,home,room 10‎ ‎(1) family 的意思是“家庭、家庭成员”,与居住的房子无关。 当family作为整体概念的“家庭”讲时是单数;当“家庭成员”讲时是复数。如:‎ Mr Green's family is very large. 格林先生家里的人很多。‎ ‎(2)house 指“家”时含义较窄,仅指“房屋”这一建筑物,一般指独门独户的房子,不指楼房。如:‎ There are many new houses in our village.我们村里有很多新房子。‎ ‎(3)home 指“家、住所”,指一个人(或一家人)居住的地方,也可指一个人出生或长大的地方(乡村、城市或国家等)。 它具有house所没有的感情色彩(如“团聚”、“思念”等)。如:‎ The American friends are leaving Beijing for home tomorrow. 明天美国朋友要离开北京回国了。‎ East or west,home is best. 金窝银窝不如自己的草窝。‎ ‎(4)room除作可数名词用表示“房间”外,还可用作不可数名词,指“空间;地方;余地”。例如:‎ There is only standing room in the bus.公共汽车上只有站的地方了。‎ ‎4. place,room,area,space ‎(1) place 表示一个具体地点。如:‎ We will meet up at the place where we met last Friday.‎ 我们在上周五见面的地方见面。‎ ‎(2)room当表示地方的时候呢,通常在这样的情况下用,表示容得下容不下的意思。如:‎ There is no room for her.这没她的地方。‎ ‎(3)area表示一片区域。如:‎ Tibet area藏区 ‎(4)space表示地方的时候通常表实意。‎ We could put bags at that space.‎ 我们可以把包放在那个空地。‎ ‎5. problem,question question 是需要“解答”的问题,question 往往是“疑问”。problem 是需要“解决”的问题。problem 所指的问题,往往是“老难的问题”。这两个词在实际使用中,一般不能相互替代。如:‎ 10‎ Please answer the following questions.‎ 请回答以下问题。‎ problem指说话者认为难以解决的问题,它与动词solve或settle(解决)搭配。而question指说话者需要寻找答案的问题,它常与动词ask或answer连用。试比较:‎ ‎①The problem is difficult to be solved.‎ 这个问题很难解决。‎ ‎②May I ask you some questions?‎ 我可以问你一些问题吗?‎ problem可用于数学或物理的习题,而question却无此义。question可表示一件“与……有关的事”。试比较:‎ ‎①Can you work out this maths problem?‎ 你能算出这道数学题吗?‎ ‎②It's a question of money/time.‎ 这是一个与金钱/时间有关的问题。‎ ‎6. suggestion, advice suggestion是可数名词,表示“意见,建议,提议”,特指为了改进或解决某一问题而提出建议,办法等,但不一定正确,仅供参考。在这一含义上,它和opinion同义,但比opinion正式。语气比advice客气、委婉。多用作可数名词,常和介词about,as to,at,on,by,with等搭配。如:‎ This trip was made at his teacher's suggestion. 这次旅行是由他的老师建议组织的。‎ By her mother's suggestion the contribution was raised. 根据她妈妈的建议发起了募捐。‎ 表示“一条建议”用a suggestion,“一些建议”是some suggestions,“许多建议”是many suggestions。‎ 与suggestion经常连用的词组和短语常见的有:‎ accept a suggestion put forward by...接受……提出的建议;adopt a suggestion采纳建议;advance the suggestion that提出……的建议;carry a suggestion of...使人想起……给人以……的联想;follow out suggestion贯彻建议;take the suggestion into consideration考虑这个建议;throw away a suggestion抛弃一项建议;volunteer ‎ 10‎ suggestions on...对……主动提出建议;at(on)sb.'s suggestion按照某人的建议;at(on)the suggestion of...在……的建议下,按照……的建议;by sb.'s suggestion根据某人的建议;be full of suggestions充满了暗示,含义深远;act on sb.'s suggestion按照某人的建议行事。‎ I have some suggestions to submit.‎ 我有几个建议要提出。‎ advice表示“忠告,意见,指点”,是指具有丰富的知识,足够的经验,正确的判断力和明智的观点的人对另一个人的“劝告”或“见解”,既可以是对于严肃的事物,也可以对琐碎事情提出意见。advice经常带有客观性质,在实际应用中,凡是与自己没有关系,完全是为了对方而提出的意见或建议都可用advice,‎ advice是不可数名词表示“一条建议”是a piece of advice,“一些建议”是some advice:‎ On the doctor's advice her mother is staying in bed.‎ 她的妈妈遵医嘱卧床休息。‎ You must act with advice at present. 目前,你一定要谨慎行事。‎ advice常和介词against,at,by,for,of,on,to,about,with等搭配。如:‎ My advice to you is that you should treat your wife with more consideration.‎ 我给你的忠告是你要多体贴妻子。‎ It was only by my advice that she had given up the idea.‎ 在我的劝导下她才放弃了这个念头。‎ ‎7. influence,effect influence 表示“影响”,主要指对行为、性格、观点等产生间接的或潜移默化的影响。通常不可数名词,但有时可连用不定冠词。如:‎ What you read influences your thinking. 你读的东西对你的思想有影响。‎ Television has a strong influence on people. 电视对人有很大的影响。‎ influence可用作及物动词。如:‎ It's clear that her painting has been influenced by Picasso. 她的画显然受了毕加索的影响。‎ effect可用作可数或不可数名词。用作可数名词时,常与介词on连用。have an effect on 相当于affect。如:‎ 10‎ To affect a policy is to have an effect on it. 影响一项政策就是对该政策具有一种影响。‎ The news had no effect on her at all.=The news did not affect her at all. 这条消息对她没有一点影响。‎ effect 有时虽用作动词(及物),但不表示“影响”,而表示“实现”或“产生”等。如:‎ He effected great changes in the company. 他使公司发生了巨大的变化。‎ 提分策略 一、 答题时,首先要注意句子中名词是单数还是复数形式,是可数名词还是不可数名词,并要搞清楚所给选项中的名词概念上的区别。‎ ‎【例1】　(2014·湖北鄂州·33)—It's convenient to travel from Ezhou to Wuhan by taking the newly-built green railway.‎ ‎—Yes. It's said that 　　　　is enough. ‎ A. fifteen minutes drive B. fifteen-minutes drive C. fifteen minute's drive D. fifteen minutes' drive ‎【解析】　考查名词所有格的用法。“15分钟行程”是“数词+复数名词+名词”结构,数词之后的名词要用复数形式,所有格在名词词尾加一撇s。故选D。‎ ‎【答案】　D ‎【例2】　(2013 ·山东泰安 ·25)—I hear you have to get up early every morning.‎ ‎—Right. It's one of the 　　　　of my family. ‎ A. plans B. jobs C. programs D. rules ‎【解析】　考查可数名词词义辨析。根据句意判断,每天早起是家规之一,不是计划,工作或节目之一。故选D。‎ ‎【答案】　D ‎【例3】　(2013·四川南充· 22)There are some 　　　　on the floor. ‎ A. milk B. child C. boxes 10‎ ‎【解析】　考查名词在语境中的辨析。there are 后应接可数名词复数,milk 是不可数名词,应排除;child 是可数名词单数,也应排除。故应选C。‎ ‎【答案】　C ‎【例4】　(2013·黑龙江绥化·6)I saw some 　　　　and 　　　　dancing in the street the day before yesterday. ‎ A. Germen;Englishmen B. Germans;Englishmans C. Germans;Englishmen ‎【解析】　考查名词复数的用法。some修饰可数名词时,名词要用复数形式:德国人:Germans;英国人:Englishmen。故选C。句意:前天我看到一些德国人和英国人在街上跳舞。‎ ‎【答案】　C 二、 复习名词时,要把名词放在真实的语境中练习,注重词义的辨析和一词多义。‎ ‎1. 语境辨析 很多单项选择填空题是通过创造某种语言环境,把词法、句法、惯用法、交际用语、词语辨析等各种内容融入其中。答题时,一定要根据语境捕捉题干信息,全面领会句子的真正含义,然后对各个选项进行比较筛选,最终确定最佳答案。‎ ‎【例1】　(2014·湖北鄂州·27)—Do you come to South Korea for the 　　　　of seeing your family or doing business? ‎ ‎—I come here on business.‎ A. interest B. benefit C. purpose D. thought ‎【解析】　考查名词词义辨析。“for the purpose of(有……的目的)”是固定搭配。故选C。句意:——你来韩国的目的是看望你的家人还是做生意?——我来这里做生意。‎ ‎【答案】　C ‎【例2】　(2013·山东东营·19)—Excuse me,haven't you learned the new 　　　　law? Everyone in a car must wear the seat belt. ‎ ‎—Sorry,we won't do that again.‎ A. food B. traffic C. medicine D. education 10‎ ‎【解析】　考查名词在语境中的辨析。由根据后一句在车里的每个人必须系安全带,可推测句意“打扰了,难道你没有学习新的交通法规吗?”‎ ‎【答案】　B ‎2. 词意辨析 做此类单项填空题要认真比较,仔细推敲,关键在于准确把握词意。‎ ‎【例1】　(2014·浙江温州·2)There are some 　　　　in Dayton Art Museum. For example,no food or drinks is allowed inside. ‎ A. jobs B. records C. rules D. paintings ‎【解析】　考查名词词义辨析。jobs工作;records 记录;rules规矩,规定;paintings油画。由“no food or drinks is allowed inside”判断,艺术博物馆里不许吃喝是规矩,规定,不是工作,录音或油画。故选C。‎ ‎【答案】　C ‎【例2】　(2013·湖北黄冈·31)—Someone called you just now.‎ ‎—I know. But I was busy at that moment. When I called back,there was no 　　　　. ‎ A. voice B. sound C. answer D. result ‎【解析】　考查名词在语境中的辨析。句意:刚才有人给你打电话。我知道。但是当时我正忙着。当我回拨的时候,没人接了。选C,answer回答,在此意为接电话。其他的voice说话声;sound声音;result结果,都不符合题意。故选C。‎ ‎【答案】　C ‎【例3】　(2013·四川凉山·22)—Where is Thomas?‎ ‎—He left a 　　　　. ‎ A. information　　　B. message　　　C. news ‎【解析】　考查名词单复数。冠词a提示空格处用可数名词。三个答案中只有message是可数名词。‎ ‎【答案】　B 专项训练 ‎1. (2014· 南京玄武· 5)More than 36 million Chinese children are receiving piano ‎ 10‎ training,but quite a few have little 　　　　in the piano and some even hate it. ‎ A. interest B. surprise C. attention D. success ‎2. (2014·南京高淳)It is better to travel 10,000 miles than to read 10,000 books,so it's important to have real 　　　　with languages,cultures and societies. ‎ A. communication B. experience C. knowledge D. influence ‎3. (2014·浙江嘉兴·17)It is an English 　　　　to have afternoon tea. ‎ A. menu B. drink C. festival D. tradition ‎4. (2014·北京)I didn't know 　　　　last year. ‎ A. where he lives B. where does he live C. where he lived D. where did he live ‎5. (2013·浙江杭州)Some people ride bikes to work instead of driving in order to protect the environment and reduce 　　　　pollution. ‎ A. water B. air ‎ C. soil D. white ‎6. (2013·广东广州)—My English teacher visited Canada last summer.‎ ‎—Which city did he visit?　　　 ‎ A. Paris. B. Washington.‎ C. London. D. Toronto.‎ ‎7. (2013·安徽) 　　　　is a program to help with children's education in poor areas. ‎ A. Project Hope B. World Wide Fund for Nature C. Friends of the Earth D. China Greener ‎8. (2013·河北)The farmer keeps lots of 　　　　on his farm. ‎ A. sheep B. chicken 10‎ C. goose D. pandas ‎9. (2013·江苏南京)The 4th China's Got Talent(中国达人秀) gives the child a chance to show his special 　　　　. ‎ A. ability B. behavior C. education D. background ‎10. (2013·湖北武汉)—Recently,one after another terrible traffic accident has happened in China.‎ ‎—Yes,the terrible 　　　　on TV made us greatly shocked. ‎ A. scenes B. sights ‎ C. scenery D. views 参考答案与解析 ‎1. A　解析:考查名词在语境中的辨析。“have little interest in(几乎没有兴趣)”是固定搭配。故选A。‎ ‎2. B　解析:考查名词在语境中的辨析。communication交流;experience 经历;knowledge知识;influence影响。根据句意判断,在某方面有真正经历是重要的。“have real experience with sth.(在某方面有真正经历)”固定搭配。故选B。‎ ‎3. D　解析:考查名词辨析。根据句意可知,“喝下午茶”是英国的传统,不是菜单、饮料或节日,所以排除A、B、C三项。故选D。‎ ‎4. C ‎5. B　解析:考查名词辨析。由题意可知:骑自行车代替开车去上班是为了减少空气污染,故选B。‎ ‎6. D　解析:考查名词辨析,结合地理知识可知,只有Toronto属于Canada。‎ ‎7. A　解析:考查词意辨析。结合时政常识,根据题意,帮助贫穷地区儿童的教育,是希望工程。‎ ‎8. A　解析:考查名词的复数。sheep的复数形式和单数形式一样。‎ ‎9. A　解析:考查名词的辨析。句意:第四届中国达人秀给孩子们提供了展示自己特殊才能的机会。‎ ‎10. A 10‎ 10‎