北京市2019中考英语二轮复习阅读理解4 29页

北京2019中考英语阅读理解（四）专题十八阅读理解第4讲北京海淀一模阅读理解CD篇教学目标1.掌握本篇阅读理解中出现的高频词及长难句。2.掌握阅读理解的解题技巧,并能够指出本篇阅读理解中运用到的解题技巧。3.通过阅读理解高频词、长难句等语料的积累,及阅读理解解题技巧的练习,灵活应对各种阅读理解题。C篇名师点拨知识篇“巧妇难为无米之炊”,在英语学习的过程中,语料的积累至关重要。对于阅读理解高频词和长难句的梳理,能够为我们今后的学习和提升打下良好的基础。亲爱的同学,老师已经为你梳理出了本篇文章中的一些高频词和长难句,快来看看你掌握了吗？高频词（课前检测学生的词汇量储备,以教师提问的形式进行。能够准确翻译的为优,模糊翻译的良,不会翻译的为差。）单词/短语词性词义拓展掌握情况优良差nmadadj.疯狂的spreadv.传播realizev.意识到getusedto习惯于，适应destroyv.毁坏，破坏biologicaladj.生物的smartadj.聪明的unknowinglyadj.不知不觉的slideinto溜进breakv.打破prevent…from…阻止…做…belongv.属于belongto属于长难句（课前检测学生的句型储备,以教师提问的形式进行。能够准确翻译的为优,模糊翻译的良,不会翻译的为差。）1.TheyareusingthesechickenstoseeiftheWestNilevirus(病毒)isstillaround.（优*良*差*）_________________________________________________________________________________________________句意：他们用这些鸡的目的是为了看是否西尼罗河病毒仍然在周围。本句中的to……为不定式作目的状语，表示使用这些鸡的目的。2.Countriesaroundtheworldarerealizingthatitmayjustbepossibletostopcertainkindsofpeoplefromenteringtheirland.（优*良*差*）_________________________________________________________________________________________________句意：世界各地的国家正在意识到阻止某种人进入他们的领地也许是有可能的。本句话包含了一个由that引导的宾语从句，做realize的宾语。3.TreesnakesfromPapuaNewGuineaarebusyeatingupsomebirdsinthecountryofGuam,whichbreaksitsnaturalbalance.（优*良*差*）_________________________________________________________________________________________________句意：来自巴布亚新几内亚的树蛇正忙着吃光关岛的一些鸟，这件事打破了它的自然平衡。n本句话是由which引导的定语从句，which代表整个主句，也就是树蛇吃光鸟这件事，翻译时要注意。方法篇“方法得当,事半功倍。”只有语料的积累,没有好方法的辅助也是不够的。对于阅读理解解题方法的梳理,能够帮助我们更好地理解阅读理解的命题逻辑,在有足够语料积累的基础上,能够帮助我们争取高分。亲爱的同学,老师已经为你精心整理了阅读理解的解题技巧,快来看看你掌握了多少？一、阅读理解解题步骤第一步快速浏览全文，了解文章大概。浏览时要注意以下句子：每段的开头和结尾，重要的情节句子，如果遇到未学或不认识的单词或不理解的句子，可以根据上下文猜测，切不可停留而放慢速度。第二步浏览问题，明确要求。把文章后每个题目内容看明白，这样又能辅助进一步理解文章的主要内容，具体做题时就能对号入座，找到文章中确切表达所要回答问题的关键句子。第三步通篇寻读，确定段落。也就是带着问题去读，找到要回答问题的关键词、句或意群，以及任何有关答题的信息，用铅笔画下来，以便为下一步答题做好充分准备。第四步逐条分析，对号入座。把需要回答的问题和寻读中找到的信息逐条分析，对号入座。一般来说，出题者问题设计都是按照文章内容自上到下顺序设计的，根据难度先解决容易的，最后解决深层次的理解题。第五步复读全文，验证答案。全部题目做完后，必须再仔细阅读一遍全文，进一步加深对文章理解，核实所选答案是否正确。二、阅读理解解题技巧初中英语选择型阅读理解题主要分为四种题型，分别是细节理解题，推理判断题，猜测词义题和主旨大意题。接下来我们将从这四种题型的定义，设题方式和解题技巧三方面进行介绍。题型题型一：细节理解题解释本类试题主要考察学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。问题包括询问人（who）、物（what）、时间（when）、地点（wheren）、原因（cause）、结果（effect）、文中的数据（data）等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考察这些细节。设题方式1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue/false?2.Whichofthefollowingis(not)mentioned?3.Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,etc)…?解题技巧1.细心审题，直接就题找答案2.变通理解，间接转述找答案3.多点归纳，综合事实找答案典题精析Whichhanddoyouusewhenwrite?About8to15percentofpeoplearelefthanded.Theyoftenhavetousetoolsthataredesignedforright-handedpeople.Soitisdifficultforleft-handerstousemosttools.Ifyouarerighthanded,trythisexperiment:Takeaknifewithyourlefthandandtrycuttingapotatointopieces.Don’tbesurprisedifyoufeelawkward（别扭的）.Ifright-handerscutuppotatoeswiththeirlefthand,theywill.A.gethurtB.giveupcuttingC.feelawkwardD.changetheirtools本题可以运用到解题技巧1.细心审题，直接就题找答案浏览题干，确定关键短语为cutuppotatoeswiththeirlefthand，浏览段落，确定关键句Ifyouarerighthanded,trythisexperiment:Takeaknifewithyourlefthandandtrycuttingapotatointopieces.Don’tbesurprisedifyoufeelawkward（别扭的）.“如果你是一个习惯用右手的人，用左手拿刀把土豆切成块。如果你感到别扭并不让人惊讶。”，根据句意即可推断出正确答案，故选C。题型题型二：推理判断题解释推理判断题着重考察学生的逻辑思维能力，即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推理判断。此类题目难度大，涉及面广，如人物的性格、心理，故事的结局、寓意，文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。设题方式1.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat_____.2.Fromthetextweknowthat_____.3.Withwhichofthefollowingdoestheauthoragree?4.Thepassageisprobablytakenfroma_____.n解题技巧1.通过文章陈述的事实进行推断2.根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断3.根据作者的意图和态度进行推断典题精析Boredomisoftenlinkedwithloneliness,butawriternamedMeeraSyalsaidboredomhadhelpedherindevelopinghermind.Shetoldresearchersaboutherchildhood.Havingfewthingstodo,Syaloftentalkedwithherneighbors.Shealsotriedtodothingslikelearningtobakecakes.“Butimportantly,IThoughtandwrotealot,becauseIwasbored,”Syalsaid.Shekeptadiary,fillinghertimewithshortstoriesandpoemsshemadeup.GraysonPerry,anartist,grewupinafamilywithlittlemoney.Heenjoyedhimselfbymakingupstories,drawingpicturesforhisstoriesandreadingmanybooksinthelibrary.Boredbutfree,hespenthourslookingoutofthewindow,watchingthechangingcloudsandseasons.Perryfilleduphisfreetimewithwhatheliked.Hebecamecreative,becausehecouldthinkfreely.ThewritertalksaboutSyalandPerryto.A.stressthegreatdifferencesbetweenthemB.introduceapopularwriterandafamousartistC.suggestgoodwaysofgoingthroughboredomD.showeffectsofboredomondevelopingcreativity本题可以运用到解题技巧2.根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断题干意为“作者谈论Syal和Perry的例子的目的是什么？”。两个段落很长，我们首先要精读段落，抓住两个人物的态度，第一段中关键句为awriternamedMeeraSyalsaidboredomhadhelpedherindevelopinghermind.意为“MeeraSyal说无聊帮助她发展了她的思想”，第二段关键句为Hebecamecreative,becausehecouldthinkfreely.意为“他变得积极，因为他能够自由思考”，由这两句关键句可知两个人都认为“无聊可以发展创造力，”，故选D。题型题型三：词义猜测题解释单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，是考查对文中关键词语的理解。而且，所考察的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据文中语境来判断。设题1.Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans______.n方式2.Theword“…”mostlikelymeans_____.3.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheword_____.解题技巧1.通过因果关系猜测词义2.通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义3.通过构词法猜测词义4.通过定义或释义说明来猜测词义5.通过描述猜测词义6.用知识和生活经验猜测词义7.根据上下文的指代关系猜测词义典题精析Childrenareexpectedbytheirparentstobereadingatextbookallthetime.However,researchshowsthatitmayhamperthedevelopmentoftheirimagination,whileboredomcangivethemopportunitiestodevelopcreativity.Whatdoestheword“hamper”inParagraph2probablymean?A.Slowdown.B.Keepupwith.C.Gobeyond.D.Giveriseto.本题可以运用到解题技巧2.通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义浏览本段，会发现本段中存在转折连词while“然而”，while后的句意为“无聊能给他们发展创造力的机会”，所以while之前的句意应该与之相反，进一步推测词义。A意为“（使）慢下来”，B意为“跟上”，C意为“超出”，D意为“引起，导致”，故选A。题型题型四：主旨大意题解释考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。设题方式1.问标题：Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?/Thebesttitleforthepassageis_____.2.问中心：Thefirstparagraphismainlyaboutthe_____./Thepassageismostlyabout_____.3.问目的，态度：Theauthorwantstotell_____./Thepurposeofthisarticleisto_____.解题技巧1.浏览文章首尾段和各段开头，抓住主旨段或主旨句2.浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨3.以掌握主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气及写作意图n典题精析Inthepast,peoplethoughtitwasstrangetousethelefthand.Youngstudentslookeddownupontheirleft-handedclassmates.Somechildrenwereevenpunishedforusingtheirlefthandtowrite.Butthesedaysparentsandteachershaveacceptedthat.Inalmosteveryschoolintheworld,left-handedstudentscanusetheirlefthandtowrite.WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?A.Causesofbeinglefthanded.B.Encouragementtoleft-handersC.Punishmentforusingthelefthand.D.Changesinopinionsonleft-handers.本题可以运用到解题技巧2.浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨本题考察的是第二段段落大意，要首先锁定第二段的关键词but，but之前的关键词inthepast和itwasstrangetousethelefthand表明了在过去人们认为使用左手是奇怪的，but之后的关键词thesedays和haveacceptedthat表明了现在人们接受了惯用左手的人。所以这段主要是讲述了人们关于惯用左手的人的态度上的转变。可以判定答案为Changesinopinionsonleft-handers.，故选D。语篇精讲浏览问题（抓住题干及选项中的关键词，以便有目的性的通读文章）题号题干及选项1WhyareCanadianofficialsplacingchickensalongtheborder?（细节理解题）A.Tohelpcleanuptheborder.B.Toseeifthevirusisstillaround.C.Toprotectthechickensfromfallingill.D.Tomakesurethatthebirdscanfindfood.2WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?（细节理解题）A.Peoplefinditdifficulttotravelfromoneplacetoanother.B.Plantsalwayscreateproblemsinplaceswheretheybelong.C.Biologicalpollutersmaydestroythelocalplantandanimallife.D.Virusesspendalongtimegettingusedtothelocalenvironment.n3Customsofficialsinmanycountriespreventpeoplefrombringingin____.（细节理解题）A.chocolatesB.shoesC.picturesD.plants4Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?（主旨大意题）A.LandPollutionB.TheWestNileVirusC.SmartPollutersD.TheWaterHyacinth通篇寻读（通读文章，根据问题中的关键词标记出文章中的重点词，短语或句子，为逐题分析做准备）话题体裁字数建议用时实际用时正确率星级科普环保类说明文3607分钟__/4★★★HealthofficialsinCanadaareverybusythesedays.Theyareplacingchickensatfixedpointsallalongtheir2,500kmborder(边境)withtheUnitedStatesofAmerica.It’snotajoke,norhavetheCanadiansgonemad.TheyareusingthesechickenstoseeiftheWestNilevirus(病毒)isstillaround.Thevirusinfectsbirds,sothechickenshaveachanceofcatchingthevirusandfallill.TheWestNilevirusisspreadamonghumans.ItkilledsevenpeopleinNewYorklastyear.Countriesaroundtheworldarerealizingthatitmayjustbepossibletostopcertainkindsofpeoplefromenteringtheirland.However,itisverydifficulttostopvirusestravelingfromoneendoftheearthtoanother.Whentheytraveltonewplaces,theygetusedtotheenvironmentveryeasilyandsometimesstartdestroyingthelocalplantandanimallife.Thesebiologicalpollutersarecalledsmartpolluters.Thesesmartpolluterscanbecarriedacrossbordersofcountriesunknowingly.Justaswehumansaretravellingacrosstheworldmoreoftenthanearlier,thesebiologicalpollutershavealsostartedjourneymuchmore.Theyslideintoairplanesthroughtheirwheels.Theydigintoobjectsthattravelersmaybecarryingfromonecountrytoanother.Therearesomegoodexamplesofhowthesepolluterswork.Thewaterhyacinth(水葫芦)ofSouthAmericaisblockinglakesinChinaandAfrica.TreesnakesfromPapuaNewGuineaarebusyeatingupsomebirdsinthecountryofGuam,whichbreaksitsnaturalbalance.nThat’swhythecustoms(海关)officialsinmanyforeigncountriespreventpeoplefrombringinginasmallplant,oranobjectmadeofwoodthatisinitsnaturalform.Thecustomsofficialshavetheserulesbecausethesevarieties(多样性)ofplantsarespecialtocertainplaces.Theplantshavethepowertospreadnewillnessesamongnativeplantsandanimals.Biologicalpollutersalwayscreateproblemsinplaceswheretheydonotbelong.Theycouldbespecialvarietiesofplants,bugsorevenanimals.逐题分析语篇解读：本文是一篇科普环保类的说明文。文章主要说明了smartpolluters这种污染的特性，传播途径及对自然造成的危害。1.WhyareCanadianofficialsplacingchickensalongtheborder?A.Tohelpcleanuptheborder.B.Toseeifthevirusisstillaround.C.Toprotectthechickensfromfallingill.D.Tomakesurethatthebirdscanfindfood.解析：B.细节理解题。题干意为“为什么加拿大官方沿着边境放置鸡？”，题干关键词Canadianofficialsplacingchickens出现在文中第一段，浏览第一段并没有发现答案，我们接着浏览第二段，第二段同样是对这一事实的描述，根据关键句TheyareusingthesechickenstoseeiftheWestNilevirus(病毒)isstillaround.可知“他们用这些鸡是为了看病毒是否仍然存在。”，故选B。2.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?A.Peoplefinditdifficulttotravelfromoneplacetoanother.B.Plantsalwayscreateproblemsinplaceswheretheybelong.C.Biologicalpollutersmaydestroythelocalplantandanimallife.D.Virusesspendalongtimegettingusedtothelocalenvironment.解析：C.细节理解题。本题需要我们逐项排除。A项意为“人们发现smartpolluters很难从一个地方传播到另一个地方”，根据文章第四段关键句Thesesmartpolluterscanbecarriedacrossbordersofcountriesunknowingly.中的“unknowingly”可知它的传播是不知不觉的，故此项错误；B项意为“植物总是在它们所属的地方创造问题”，根据文章最后一段n关键句Biologicalpollutersalwayscreateproblemsinplaceswheretheydonotbelong.可以判定此项是错误的，这里需要注意选项中的plants就是biologicalpolluters中的一种；C项意为“生物污染能够摧毁当地的植物或动物的生命”，根据第三段中关键句sometimesstartdestroyingthelocalplantandanimallife可以判定此项是正确地；D项意为“病毒花费很长时间适应当地的环境”，根据第三段中关键句theygetusedtotheenvironmentveryeasily可知它们很容易适应环境，故此项错误。3.Customsofficialsinmanycountriespreventpeoplefrombringingin____.A.chocolatesB.shoesC.picturesD.plants解析：D.细节理解题。题干意为“许多国家的海关官员阻止人们携带什么入境？”，A项意为“巧克力”；B项意为“鞋”；C项意为“图片”；D项意为“巧克力”。根据题干关键词customsofficials可将答案锁定在文中最后一段，根据段中关键句customs(海关)officialsinmanyforeigncountriespreventpeoplefrombringinginasmallplant,oranobjectmadeofwoodthatisinitsnaturalform.可以推断出答案，故选D。4.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.LandPollutionB.TheWestNileVirusC.SmartPollutersD.TheWaterHyacinth解析：C主旨大意题。本题旨在为文章选择合适的题目。浏览全文会发现文章主要介绍的是smartpolluters这种污染，而B和D是这种污染形式的例子，A项文中没有涉及，故选C。精讲笔记（学生在教师的指导下,回顾本讲中积累的阅读理解的知识和方法）语篇中积累的词汇（至少积累10个）单词词性及词义单词的运用（鼓励学生用所学词汇造句）n语篇中的学到的方法（至少掌握2种）细节理解题1、2、3推理判断题词义猜测题主旨大意题4能力提升基础过关一、词汇/短语英汉互译★单词/短语词性词义adj.疯狂的spreadv.realizev.getusedtov.毁坏，破坏biologicaladj.adj.聪明的unknowinglyadj.nslideintov.打破prevent…from…v.属于二、句子英汉互译★★1.医生彻夜的工作以拯救伤者的生命。_____________________________________________.2.因特网是如此有趣，它使任何事都有可能发生。______________________________________________.3.TheyareusingthesechickenstoseeiftheWestNilevirus(病毒)isstillaround.______________________________________________.4.Countriesaroundtheworldarerealizingthatitmayjustbepossibletostopcertainkindsofpeoplefromenteringtheirland.______________________________________________.5.TreesnakesfromPapuaNewGuineaarebusyeatingupsomebirdsinthecountryofGuam,whichbreaksitsnaturalbalance.______________________________________________.阅读练习话题体裁字数建议用时实际用时正确率星级科普环保类议论文4187分钟__/4★★★Needtobuysomething?Whygotoastore?BuyitontheInternet!Needitnow?Whywait?Askfornext-daydelivery!Eachday,moreandmorepeopletryonlineshopping.Infact,onlinesaleshavedoubledinthelasttenyears.Butnoteveryoneisexcited.Somescientistsnowsaythatonlineshoppingisbadfortheenvironment.Peoplearesurprisedtohearthis.“Theythink,‘Idon’tneedtodrive,andthebusinessdoesn’tneedtobuildastore,sotherewillbelesspollution,’”saysNuriaProst,anenvironmentalscientist.“Butitisnotsosimple.Infact,onlineshoppingiswasteful.Italsoaddstoairpollution.”Intruth,theInternetisnotalwaysasgoodafriendtotheenvironmentasitnseems.Forexample,mostpeoplethoughtthattheInternetwouldhelpofficesuselesspaperandothermaterials.Butpaperuseincreasedby33percentbetween1986and1997.“Onlineshoppingcouldhavesimilarlynegativeeffects,”saysNevilCohen,aprofessorofenvironmentalscience.Partoftheproblemiswhatpeoplearebuyingthesedays.Inthepast,peopleboughtthingsontheInternetthatdidnotrequiremuchpackingmaterial,suchasbooksandclothing.Butnowpeoplealsoshoponlineforlarge,heavyproductssuchastelevisions,computers,andfurniture.Theseproductsneedtobepackedinlargeamountsofplasticandpaper.Thiscreatesalotofwaste.Anotherproblemcausedbyonlineshoppingisairpollution.Whencustomersbuyproductsandaskfornext-daydelivery,companiesoftenhavetosendthembyair.Airplanesusemuchmorefuelthancarsandproducemorecarbondioxide(CO2).Whenpeoplebuyalotofdifferentthingsfromdifferentonlinebusinesses,thiscreatesevenmoretravelbyairplane.Onlineproductreturnsarealsoaproblem.Forexample,anonlineshoestoremayallowcustomerstoreturnshoeswithoutextrapayiftheyarethewrongsize.Thisdoublesthepackingmaterialandnumberofairplanetripsrequiredtosellonepairofshoes.“Ifpeoplewanttoprotecttheenvironment,theyneedtothinkbeforetheyshop,”saysProst.“Peopleneedtoaskthemselves:IsthisexactlywhatIwant?DoIreallyneedittomorrow,orcanIwait?”Onlinestorescanalsocharge（收费）customersforreturns.Thismaymakepeopleshopmorecarefully.“Onlineshoppingisfastandeasy,”saysProst,“butwecan’tforgetthenegativeeffectsithasontheenvironment.”1.Whydoesonlineshoppingcreatealotofwaste?（细节理解题）A.Becausecompanieschargemoreforproductreturns.B.Becausepeoplebuytoomanythingstheydon’tneed.C.Becausepaperusehasincreasedby33percentfrom1986to1997.D.Becauselarge,heavyproductsrequiremuchpackingmaterial.2.Whatdocompaniesdotomeettheneedsofthenext-daydelivery?（细节理解题）A.Preparemoreproducts.B.Getmoreworkerstopack.C.Sendtheproductsbyair.D.Openmorestoresincities.n3.Prostprobablyagreesthat______.（推理判断题）A.peopleshoulddrivetostorestobuythingsB.onlineshoppingaddspollutiontotheenvironmentC.onlineshoppingsavesmorethanshoppinginastoreD.peoplecanbuythingsonlinewithoutcarefulconsideration4.Whatisprobablythebesttitleofthepassage?（主旨大意题）A.AGoodDealtoMake?B.ADifferentLifestyletoKeep?C.ACleanerWaytoShop?D.ANewBusinesstoStart?参考答案基础过关一、词汇/短语英汉互译单词/短语词性词义madadj.疯狂的spreadv.传播realizev.意识到getusedto习惯于，适应destroyv.毁坏，破坏biologicaladj.生物的smartadj.聪明的unknowinglyadj.不知不觉的slideinto溜进breakv.打破prevent…from…阻止…做…belongv.属于二、句子英汉互译。1.Doctorsworkedthroughthenighttosavethelifeoftheinjuredman.2.Internetissointeresting,whichmakesallpossiblehappen.3.他们用这些鸡的目的是为了看是否西尼罗河病毒仍然在周围。n4.世界各地的国家正在意识到阻止某种人进入他们的领地也许是有可能的。5.来自巴布亚新几内亚的树蛇正忙着吃光关岛的一些鸟，这件事打破了它的自然平衡。阅读练习1.D2.C3.B4.CD篇名师点拨知识篇高频词单词/短语词性词义拓展掌握情况优良差aimat目的在于pleasantadj.高兴的cooperatewith与…合作whether…ornot不论，是否normallyadv.正常的managev.管理，设法managetodosth.设法做某事influencev.影响n.influencethrow…at…朝…扔…solvev.解决nspeakillof诋毁，说…的坏话cheerfuladj.愉快的necessaryadj.必要的opp.unnecessary长难句1.Tomakelifeeasyandpleasant,hemustcooperatewithhisneighbors.（优*良*差*）_________________________________________________________________________________________________句意：为了使生活简单、愉快，他必须与他的邻居合作。本句为不定式作目的状语，为了……。2.However,thesympathy(同情),admirationandappreciationwhichaneighbormayofferwillhaveagreathumanizinginfluence.（优*良*差*）_________________________________________________________________________________________________句意：然而，邻居所能提供的同情，钦佩和赞赏将会提供极大的人性化的影响。本句为which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词thesympathy,admirationandappreciation。3.Neighborlinessisnotonlyforpeoplebutitisalsolargelyimportantbetweenneighboringcountries.（优*良*差*）_________________________________________________________________________________________________句意：睦邻友好不仅对人们是重要的，而且对于邻国之间也是很重要的。本句涉及句型“notonly…butalso…”,意为“不仅…而且…”，此句型可以用到写作中。方法篇“方法得当,事半功倍。”只有语料的积累,没有好方法的辅助也是不够的。对于阅读理解解题方法的梳理,能够帮助我们更好地理解阅读理解的命题逻辑,在有足够语料积累的基础上,能够帮助我们争取高分。亲爱的同学,老师已经为你精心整理了阅读理解的解题技巧,快来看看你掌握了多少？一、阅读理解解题步骤n第一步快速浏览全文，了解文章大概。浏览时要注意以下句子：每段的开头和结尾，重要的情节句子，如果遇到未学或不认识的单词或不理解的句子，可以根据上下文猜测，切不可停留而放慢速度。第二步浏览问题，明确要求。把文章后每个题目内容看明白，这样又能辅助进一步理解文章的主要内容，具体做题时就能对号入座，找到文章中确切表达所要回答问题的关键句子。第三步通篇寻读，确定段落。也就是带着问题去读，找到要回答问题的关键词、句或意群，以及任何有关答题的信息，用铅笔画下来，以便为下一步答题做好充分准备。第四步逐条分析，对号入座。把需要回答的问题和寻读中找到的信息逐条分析，对号入座。一般来说，出题者问题设计都是按照文章内容自上到下顺序设计的，根据难度先解决容易的，最后解决深层次的理解题。第五步复读全文，验证答案。全部题目做完后，必须再仔细阅读一遍全文，进一步加深对文章理解，核实所选答案是否正确。二、阅读理解解题技巧初中英语选择型阅读理解题主要分为四种题型，分别是细节理解题，推理判断题，猜测词义题和主旨大意题。接下来我们将从这四种题型的定义，设题方式和解题技巧三方面进行介绍。题型题型一：细节理解题解释本类试题主要考察学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。问题包括询问人（who）、物（what）、时间（when）、地点（where）、原因（cause）、结果（effect）、文中的数据（data）等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考察这些细节。设题方式1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue/false?2.Whichofthefollowingis(not)mentioned?3.Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,etc)…?解题技巧1.细心审题，直接就题找答案2.变通理解，间接转述找答案3.多点归纳，综合事实找答案Whichhanddoyouusewhenwrite?About8to15percentofpeopleareleftn典题精析handed.Theyoftenhavetousetoolsthataredesignedforright-handedpeople.Soitisdifficultforleft-handerstousemosttools.Ifyouarerighthanded,trythisexperiment:Takeaknifewithyourlefthandandtrycuttingapotatointopieces.Don’tbesurprisedifyoufeelawkward（别扭的）.Ifright-handerscutuppotatoeswiththeirlefthand,theywill.A.gethurtB.giveupcuttingC.feelawkwardD.changetheirtools本题可以运用到解题技巧1.细心审题，直接就题找答案浏览题干，确定关键短语为cutuppotatoeswiththeirlefthand，浏览段落，确定关键句Ifyouarerighthanded,trythisexperiment:Takeaknifewithyourlefthandandtrycuttingapotatointopieces.Don’tbesurprisedifyoufeelawkward（别扭的）.“如果你是一个习惯用右手的人，用左手拿刀把土豆切成块。如果你感到别扭并不让人惊讶。”，根据句意即可推断出正确答案，故选C。题型题型二：推理判断题解释推理判断题着重考察学生的逻辑思维能力，即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推理判断。此类题目难度大，涉及面广，如人物的性格、心理，故事的结局、寓意，文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。设题方式1.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat_____.2.Fromthetextweknowthat_____.3.Withwhichofthefollowingdoestheauthoragree?4.Thepassageisprobablytakenfroma_____.解题技巧1.通过文章陈述的事实进行推断2.根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断3.根据作者的意图和态度进行推断典题精析Boredomisoftenlinkedwithloneliness,butawriternamedMeeraSyalsaidboredomhadhelpedherindevelopinghermind.Shetoldresearchersaboutherchildhood.Havingfewthingstodo,Syaloftentalkedwithherneighbors.Shealsotriedtodothingslikelearningtobakecakes.“Butimportantly,IThoughtandwrotealot,becauseIwasbored,”Syalsaid.Shekeptadiary,fillinghertimewithshortstoriesandpoemsshemadeup.nGraysonPerry,anartist,grewupinafamilywithlittlemoney.Heenjoyedhimselfbymakingupstories,drawingpicturesforhisstoriesandreadingmanybooksinthelibrary.Boredbutfree,hespenthourslookingoutofthewindow,watchingthechangingcloudsandseasons.Perryfilleduphisfreetimewithwhatheliked.Hebecamecreative,becausehecouldthinkfreely.ThewritertalksaboutSyalandPerryto.A.stressthegreatdifferencesbetweenthemB.introduceapopularwriterandafamousartistC.suggestgoodwaysofgoingthroughboredomD.showeffectsofboredomondevelopingcreativity本题可以运用到解题技巧2.根据文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言进行推断题干意为“作者谈论Syal和Perry的例子的目的是什么？”。两个段落很长，我们首先要精读段落，抓住两个人物的态度，第一段中关键句为awriternamedMeeraSyalsaidboredomhadhelpedherindevelopinghermind.意为“MeeraSyal说无聊帮助她发展了她的思想”，第二段关键句为Hebecamecreative,becausehecouldthinkfreely.意为“他变得积极，因为他能够自由思考”，由这两句关键句可知两个人都认为“无聊可以发展创造力，”，故选D。题型题型三：词义猜测题解释单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，是考查对文中关键词语的理解。而且，所考察的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据文中语境来判断。设题方式1.Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans______.2.Theword“…”mostlikelymeans_____.3.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheword_____.解题技巧1.通过因果关系猜测词义2.通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义3.通过构词法猜测词义4.通过定义或释义说明来猜测词义5.通过描述猜测词义6.用知识和生活经验猜测词义7.根据上下文的指代关系猜测词义n典题精析Childrenareexpectedbytheirparentstobereadingatextbookallthetime.However,researchshowsthatitmayhamperthedevelopmentoftheirimagination,whileboredomcangivethemopportunitiestodevelopcreativity.Whatdoestheword“hamper”inParagraph2probablymean?A.Slowdown.B.Keepupwith.C.Gobeyond.D.Giveriseto.本题可以运用到解题技巧2.通过同义词和近、反义词的关系猜测词义浏览本段，会发现本段中存在转折连词while“然而”，while后的句意为“无聊能给他们发展创造力的机会”，所以while之前的句意应该与之相反，进一步推测词义。A意为“（使）慢下来”，B意为“跟上”，C意为“超出”，D意为“引起，导致”，故选A。题型题型四：主旨大意题解释考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。设题方式1.问标题：Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?/Thebesttitleforthepassageis_____.2.问中心：Thefirstparagraphismainlyaboutthe_____./Thepassageismostlyabout_____.3.问目的，态度：Theauthorwantstotell_____./Thepurposeofthisarticleisto_____.解题技巧1.浏览文章首尾段和各段开头，抓住主旨段或主旨句2.浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨3.以掌握主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气及写作意图典题精析Inthepast,peoplethoughtitwasstrangetousethelefthand.Youngstudentslookeddownupontheirleft-handedclassmates.Somechildrenwereevenpunishedforusingtheirlefthandtowrite.Butthesedaysparentsandteachershaveacceptedthat.Inalmosteveryschoolintheworld,left-handedstudentscanusetheirlefthandtowrite.WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?A.Causesofbeinglefthanded.B.Encouragementtoleft-handersC.Punishmentforusingthelefthand.D.Changesinopinionsonleft-handers.n本题可以运用到解题技巧2.浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨本题考察的是第二段段落大意，要首先锁定第二段的关键词but，but之前的关键词inthepast和itwasstrangetousethelefthand表明了在过去人们认为使用左手是奇怪的，but之后的关键词thesedays和haveacceptedthat表明了现在人们接受了惯用左手的人。所以这段主要是讲述了人们关于惯用左手的人的态度上的转变。可以判定答案为Changesinopinionsonleft-handers.，故选D。语篇精讲浏览问题（抓住题干及选项中的关键词，以便有目的性的通读文章）题号题干及选项1Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph?（细节理解题）A.Oneisoftenneededbyhisfamily.B.Noonelikestobealoneonanisland.C.Everyonehastolivewithhisneighbors.D.Everyonelivesaneasyandpleasantlife.2Whichofthefollowingmaycausemisunderstanding?（细节理解题）A.Hobbiesandhabits.B.Childrenandpets.C.Sportsandgames.D.Likesanddislikes.3Whatdoesthesentence“Smalldifferencescanbeeasilypatcheduporworkedout.”inParagraph4probablymean?（词义猜测题）A.Praisingotherscanhelptobegoodneighbors.B.Unimportantdisagreementcanbeeasilysolved.C.Onecaneasilymakegooduseofsmallarguments.D.Nobodycanbeperfectenoughtospeakillofothers.4Inthepassage,thewritertriesto____.（推理判断题）A.showtheimportantofgettingonwithneighborsB.teachthebasicrulesofbehavingwellathomeC.explainthereasonsoflearningteamworknD.introducewaysofbeingabetterperson通篇寻读话题体裁字数建议用时实际用时正确率星级日常生活类议论文4457分钟__/4★★★★Livingnexttonextistheprinciple(原则)ofaneighbor.Goodneighborlinessistheidealtobeaimedat.Asthesayinggoes,nomanisanisland;hehastolivewithhisneighbors.Tomakelifeeasyandpleasant,hemustcooperatewithhisneighbors.Whetheronelikesitornot,onecannotdowithoutneighbors.Normallyonemaythinkhecandowithoutneighborsbecausehecanmanageallcomfortsandservices,sotheservicesortheneedforafriendmaynothappen.However,thesympathy(同情),admirationandappreciationwhichaneighbormayofferwillhaveagreathumanizinginfluence.Toshareone’sviewandsometimesevensadness,oneneedssomeneighbors.Butallneighborsarenotalwayskeepingthefriendlyrelationship.Stressesandtension(紧张)developbecauseofmisunderstanding.Veryoftenchildrenmaybethecausefortensefeelings.Theneighbor’ssonmaypickaflowerorafruitfromyourgardenandanargumentmayfollow.Againhemaythrowhisballatyourwindowbreakingit.Thesearecommoncasessofarastheyoungeroneisconcernedbutitisfortheelderstoviewthemwithcalmnessandmakeupforit.Thismayreadeasyonpaperbutnotsoinreallife.Butbeingbroadminded,onemustbeabletotolerate(容忍).Anotherreasonfortensionmaybetheanimals.Yourneighbor’sdogmaybearealtroubleorhischickenswouldcomeintoyourgardenandeatawayyourplants.Inallthesecasestokeepupgoodneighborliness,someunderstandingbetweentheneighborsisimportant.Smalldifferencescanbeeasilypatcheduporworkedout.Trytobefriendlyandtheproblemwillnotbedifficulttosolve.Carecanattimesplayagoodpartandhelptheneighborsinasmallorbigway.Nobodyisperfectanditisbetternottospeakillofyourneighbors.Acheerfulword,anodorasmalltalkwillstrengthenthefeelingofgoodneighborliness.Neighborlinessisnotonlyforpeoplebutitisalsolargelyimportantbetweenneighboringcountries.Historyhasgotalottoteachonthis.Unlesscountrieslearntoliveasgoodneighbors,therecannotbepeaceonearth.Sochildrenmustbetaughtathomeandintheschooltocooperatewiththeneighborsandbefriendlywiththem.nThebasicruleistogiveandtakeandtodevelopasensethattheothermanhasasmuchrightasyoudo,andsomedegreeoftoleranceisverynecessary.逐题分析语篇解读：本篇文章是一篇日常生活类的议论文。文章所要表达的中心观点是邻里关系的重要性。1.Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A.Oneisoftenneededbyhisfamily.B.Noonelikestobealoneonanisland.C.Everyonehastolivewithhisneighbors.D.Everyonelivesaneasyandpleasantlife.解析：C细节理解题。题干意为“我们能从第一段中得知什么？”，通过题干我们知道本题应该从第一段中搜寻答案。根据第一段中关键句nomanisanisland;hehastolivewithhisneighbors.“没有人是一座岛，他必须与邻居相处。”，通过此句即可推断出正确答案，故选C。2.Whichofthefollowingmaycausemisunderstanding?A.Hobbiesandhabits.B.Childrenandpets.C.Sportsandgames.D.Likesanddislikes.解析：B细节理解题。题干意为“下面哪一项可能会引起误解？”，根据题干的关键词misunderstanding可以将关键段落锁定在第三段中，细读整个段落会发现发现两个概括性的句子，根据第一句“Veryoftenchildrenmaybethecausefortensefeelings.”可以判断出孩子是导致误解的原因之一；根据第二句“Anotherreasonfortensionmaybetheanimals.”可以判断出动物是引起误解的另一个原因，即可推断出正确答案为B“孩子和宠物”。3.Whatdoesthesentence“Smalldifferencescanbeeasilypatcheduporworkedout.”inParagraph4probablymean?A.Praisingotherscanhelptobegoodneighbors.nB.Unimportantdisagreementcanbeeasilysolved.C.Onecaneasilymakegooduseofsmallarguments.D.Nobodycanbeperfectenoughtospeakillofothers.解析：B词义猜测题。A项意为“表扬别人能够帮助我们与邻居友好相处”；B项意为“不重要的争论能够很容易被解决”；C项意为“一个人能够容易的利用小争吵”；D项意为“没有人是足够完美到能够说别人的坏话”。根据划线部分后面的句子“Trytobefriendlyandtheproblemwillnotbedifficulttosolve.”“尝试友好，问题将不难解决。”可推断出正确答案为B。本题要注意到一个迷惑性选项，学生可能会注意到段落中的Nobodyisperfectanditisbetternottospeakillofyourneighbors.而误选择D，但要注意句中的not，表示的是否定，与选项不一致。4.Inthepassage,thewritertriesto____.A.showtheimportantofgettingonwithneighborsB.teachthebasicrulesofbehavingwellathomeC.explainthereasonsoflearningteamworkD.introducewaysofbeingabetterperson解析：A推理判断题。A项意为“展示出与邻居相处融洽的重要性”；B项意为“教授在家举止端正的基本技巧”；C项意为“解释学习团队合作的原因”；D项意为“介绍成为一个更优秀的人的方法”。浏览全文，根据首段关键句Tomakelifeeasyandpleasant,hemustcooperatewithhisneighbors.“为了使生活更加容易和愉悦，他必须学会与邻居相处”，故选A。精讲笔记语篇中积累的词汇（至少积累10个）单词词性及词义单词的运用（鼓励学生用所学词汇造句）n语篇中的学到的方法（至少掌握2种）细节理解题1、2推理判断题4词义猜测题3主旨大意题能力提升基础过关一、词汇/短语英汉互译★单词/短语词性词义aimatadj.高兴的cooperatewithwhether…ornotadv.正常的v.管理，设法influencev.throw…at…v.解决speakillofadj.愉快的nadj.必要的二、句子英汉互译★★1.他不仅弹钢琴，而且拉小提琴。______________________________________________.2.这两个组同意相互协作。______________________________________________.3.Tomakelifeeasyandpleasant,hemustcooperatewithhisneighbors.______________________________________________.4.However,thesympathy(同情),admirationandappreciationwhichaneighbormayofferwillhaveagreathumanizinginfluence.______________________________________________.5.Neighborlinessisnotonlyforpeoplebutitisalsolargelyimportantbetweenneighboringcountries.______________________________________________.阅读练习话题体裁字数建议用时实际用时正确率星级科普环保类议论文4427分钟__/4★★★★“Youexpectyourfriendstoseeyouinapositivemanner,buttheyalsoareobserversofthepersonalitiesthatcouldcauseyouanearlydeath,”saidJoshuaJackson,anassistantprofessorofpsychologyinArts&Sciences.PublishedinthejournalPsychologicalScience,thestudyshowsthatyourpersonalityatanearlyagecanpredicthowlongyouwillliveacross75yearsandthatclosefriendsareusuallybetterthanyouatrecognizingthesetraits.“Ourstudyshowsthatpeopleareabletoobserveandevaluate（评价）afriend’spersonalityexactlyenoughtopredictearlydeathyearsdowntheroad,”Jacksonsaid.“Itsuggeststhatpeopleareabletoseeimportantcharacteristicsrelatedtohealthevenwhentheirfriendswere,forthemostpart,healthyandmanyyearsfromdeath.”Whileotherstudieshaveshownthataperson’sviewofhisorherownpersonalitycanbehelpfulinevaluatingdeathrisks,therehasbeenlittleresearchonwhethernaclosefriend’spersonalityevaluationmightalsopredictthechancesofalonglife.Toexplorethisquestion,Jacksonandcolleaguesanalyzeddata（数据）fromalongitudinalstudythatinthe1930sbeganfollowingagroupofyoungpeopleintheirmid-20s.Thestudyincludedwide-rangingdataonparticipant（参与者）personalities,bothself-reportedandasreportedbyclosefriends.Usinginformationfromfollow-upstudiesandsearchesofdeathcertificates（证书）,Jacksonandcolleagueswereabletorecorddatesofdeathforallbutafewstudyparticipants.Peer（同龄人）evaluationsofpersonalitywerestrongerpredictorsofdeathrisksthanwereself-evaluationsofpersonality.“Therearetwopossiblereasonsfortheadvantageofpeerevaluationsoverself-evaluations,”Jacksonsaid.“First,friendsmayseesomethingthatyoumiss;theymayhavesomeinsightthatyoudonot.Second,becausepeoplehaveseveralfriends,weareabletoaveragethecharacteristicsofanyonefriendtogetamoretrustworthyevaluationofpersonality.Withself-reports,peoplemaymisscertainsidesofthemselvesandwearenotabletocounteract（抵抗）thatbecausethereisonlyoneyou,onlyoneself-report.”Thestudyalsoshowssomegenderdifferencesinself-evaluation:Men’sself-evaluationsofpersonalityweresomewhatusefulinpredictingtheirlifespans（寿命）,whereastheself-reportsofwomenhadlittlepredictivevalue.“Thisisoneofthelongeststudiesinpsychology,”Jacksonsaid.“Itshowshowimportantpersonalityisininfluencingimportantlifeoutcomeslikehealth,andthatinformationfromfriendscanplayacriticalroleinunderstandingaperson’shealthissues.1.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph2?（推理判断题）A.People’shealthisrelatedtotheirfriends.B.Friendscanpredictlifespansbetterthanus.C.Anearlypersonalityevaluationhelpsuslivelonger.D.Thestudyshowsmostpeoplecanliveacross75years.2.Theunderlinedword“insight”inParagraph6probablymeans“_______”.（词义猜测题）A.adviceB.influenceC.imaginationD.understanding3.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?（细节理解题）nA.Peoplewithmoreclosefriendshavebetterpersonalities.B.Self-evaluationshaveadvantagesoverpeerevaluations.C.Menpredicttheirlifespansmoreexactlythanwomen.D.Thefindingsarebasedonparticipants’diseasedata.4.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?（推理判断题）A.Friends’personalityevaluationscanhelprecognizehealthrisks.B.Bestfriendsplayanimportantroleintreatingcertaindiseases.C.Psychologystudiesmayinfluencepersonalitydevelopment.D.Personalityhaslittleimportanteffectonpeople’shealth.参考答案基础过关一、词汇/短语英汉互译单词/短语词性词义aimat目的在于pleasantadj.高兴的cooperatewith与…合作whether…ornot不论，是否normallyadv.正常的managev.管理，设法influencev.影响throw…at…朝…扔…solvev.解决speakillof诋毁，说…的坏话cheerfuladj.愉快的necessaryadj.必要的二、句子英汉互译。1.Heplaysnotonlythepianobutalsotheviolin.2.Thetwogroupsagreedtocooperatewitheachother.3.为了使生活简单、愉快，他必须与他的邻居合作。n4.然而，邻居所能提供的同情，钦佩和赞赏将会提供极大的人性化的影响。5.睦邻友好不仅对人们是重要的，而且对于邻国之间也是很重要的。阅读练习1.B2.D3.C4.A