2019高中英语刷题首选卷基础练能力练unit1greatscientistssectionⅲgrammar（含解析） 9页

SectionⅢ　Grammar对应学生用书P7[基础题]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．[2017·北京高考]Jimhasretired,buthestillremembersthehappytime________(spend)withhisstudents.答案：spent　spend与被修饰词thehappytime之间构成被动关系，所以用spend的过去分词形式作后置定语。2．Thegirl________(dress)inredismydaughter.Shelookssopretty.答案：dressed　句意：穿着红色衣服的那个女孩是我的女儿。她看起来很漂亮。dresssb.“给某人穿衣”，其被动形式为bedressedin“穿着……”。此处Thegirl与dress之间是被动关系，故用dressedinred作定语，修饰Thegirl。3．[2016·浙江高考]Toreturntotheproblemofwaterpollution,I'dlikeyoutolookatastudy________(conduct)inAustraliain2012.答案：conducted　句意：为了回到水污染的问题，我想让你们看一下2012年在澳大利亚进行的研究。study与conduct之间为被动关系，且设空处表示动作已完成，故用过去分词作后置定语。4．Thesecretary________(want)mustbeabletotype,useacomputerandspeakaforeignlanguage.答案：wanted　句意：招聘的秘书必须能够打字，会使用电脑且能说一门外语。want与secretary之间为被动关系，故用过去分词形式作后置定语。5．Thequestionwassodifficulttoanswer,andthestudentslooked________(puzzle)．答案：puzzled　过去分词puzzled与连系动词look构成系表结构，表示一种状态。puzzled已形容词化，lookpuzzled“看起来迷惑”。6．Iwastoo________(tire)towalkanyfurther.答案：tired　句意：我太累了不能再走了。由于空前是系动词，设空处应用形容词作表语，表主语所处的状态。tired“(感到)疲倦的”。7．TheWhitesliveinahouse________(build)morethanacenturyago.答案：built　house与build之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。8．Helookedvery________(disappoint)whenheheardthenews.答案：disappointed　句意：当他听到这个消息时，他看起来很失望。由于空前是系动词looked，这里用disappointed作表语，用来描述人的心理特征和状态。Ⅱ.单句改错1．Whenherhusbandlefthome,shefeltrejectingandhelpless.n________________________________________________________________________答案：rejecting→rejected2．Themeetingholdingyesterdayisofgreatimportance.________________________________________________________________________答案：holding→held3．InApril,thousandsofholidaymakersremainedstickduetothebadweather.________________________________________________________________________答案：stick→stuck4．Therearemanyfallingleavesonthecampusafterthestrongwind.________________________________________________________________________答案：falling→fallen5．Witheveryonepassingthedrivingtestonthefirsttry,thecoachfeltverypleasing.________________________________________________________________________答案：pleasing→pleased6．Thepilotaskedallthepassengersonboardtoremainseatingastheplanewasmakingalanding.________________________________________________________________________答案：seating→seatedⅢ.完成句子1．________________________isatrip________bysomeoneoranorganization.有组织的旅行就是由某人或机构组织的旅行。答案：Anorganizedtrip;organized2．Thequestion________________________yesterdayisveryimportanttous.昨天在会上讨论的那个问题对我们很重要。答案：discussedatthemeeting3．We'llgotovisitthebridge________________________________________________________________________.我们要去看那座建于几百年前的桥。答案：builthundredsofyearsago4．With____________________sofast,manypeoplecan'taffordhouses.由于房价上涨很快，很多人买不起房子。答案：housepricesgoingupn5．Shehadagoodwaytohave______________________inashortperiod.她有一个好方法能使她的书面英语水平在短期内得到提高。答案：herwrittenEnglishimproved[能力题]Ⅰ.阅读理解LouisPasteurwasaworldfamousFrenchchemistandbiologist.Heisparticularlyfamousforhisworkonrabiesvaccine(狂犬病疫苗).Therabiesvirusentersthebodythroughthebiteofaninfectedanimalorthroughinfectedsalivaenteringanexistingwound.Afterexperimentingwiththesalivaofanimalssufferingfromthedisease,Pasteurconcludedthatthediseaserestsinthecentralnervoussystemofthebody.Bystudyingthetissuesofinfectedanimals—rabbits,Pasteurwasabletoproduceaformofthevirus.Thiscouldbeusedforinoculation(接种)．OnJuly6,1885,Pasteurtestedhispioneeringrabiesvaccineonamanforthefirsttime.HesavedthelifeofayoungmancalledJosephMeisterwhohadbeenbittenbyarabiddog.Pasteurwasurgedtotreathimwithhisnewmethod.Thetreatmentlasted10daysandattheendherecoveredandremainedhealthy.Sincethenthousandshavebeensavedbythistreatment.OnMarch1886,PasteurwasinvitedtopresenthisresultstotheAcademyofSciencesandin1888wentontofoundthePasteurInstituteinParis.Thiswasapioneeringclinicforthestudyofinfectiousdiseases,thetreatmentofrabiesandacentreforteaching.Pasteurdirectedtheinstitutepersonallyuntilhedied.ThePasteurInstituteisstilloneofthemostimportantcentresintheworld.Pasteurbecameanationalheroandwashonoredinmanyways.HediedatSaintCloudonSeptember28,1895andwasgivenastatefuneralattheCathedralofNotreDame.ModificationsofthePasteurmethodarestillusedinrabiestreatmenttoday.Anewervaccinewhichcontainsviruspreparedfromhumancellsgrowninthelaboratoryissaferandrequiresashortercourseofinjections.1．Apersoncandeveloprabies________.A．ifheisbittenbyarabbitB．ifhetouchesinfectedsalivaC．ifinfectedsalivaentershiswoundsnD．ifhetouchesaninfectedanimal答案：C　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，人类感染狂犬病的途径有两种，一种是被已传染的动物咬伤；另一种是通过传染性唾液进入伤口。C项对应的是第二种途径。2．Rabiesprobablycandestroyaperson's________.　A．nervoussystemB．bloodC．skinD．saliva答案：A　细节理解题。根据第二段第三句可知，动物感染狂犬病后，病毒便附着在其身体的中枢神经上，由此可推知，人类感染的话情况也是一样的。故A项正确。3．WhatcanwelearnaboutPasteur'stestofhisvaccineontheman?A．Themanwassenttoaclinictendayslater.B．Itdidn'tsavetheman'slife.C．Itprovedtobeagreatsuccess.D．Themanwashissecondpatient.答案：C　推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，路易斯·巴斯德第一次在人身上试验他研制的疫苗就获得了成功。故C项正确。4．Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A．Pasteur'srabiesvaccineisoutofdate.B．Anewrabiesvaccinehasalreadybeentestedonpatients.C．Injectionsofvaccinestilltakemuchtime.D．Muchimprovementhasbeenmadeonrabiesvaccine.答案：D　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段可知，改进过的巴斯德方法到今天仍然在使用，新的疫苗比旧的更加先进，因此推断D项正确。Ⅱ.完形填空Doyouthinkyouhavewhatittakestobeasuccessfulscientist?Asuccessfulscientistisgenerallyagoodobserver.Hemakesfull__1__ofthefactsheobserves.Hedoesn'tacceptideaswhicharenot__2__onobviousfacts,andtherefore__3__toacceptauthorityastheonlyreasonfortruth.Healwayschecksideas__4__andmakesexperimentstoprovethem.Theriseofmodernsciencemayperhapsbeconsideredto__5__asfarbackasthetimeofRogerBacon,thewonderfulphilosopherofOxford,wholivedbetweentheyears1214and1292.HewasprobablythefirstintheMiddleAgesto__6__thatweshouldlearnscience__7__observingandexperimentingonthethingsaroundus,nandhehimself__8__manyimportanttruths.Galileo(15641642),however,wholivedmorethan300yearslater,wasthegreatestofseveralgreatmeninItaly,France,Germany,andEngland,__9__begantoshowhowmanyimportant__10__couldbediscoveredbyobservationbydegrees.BeforeGalileo,learnedmenbelievedthatlargebodiesfellmore__11__towardstheearththansmallones,__12__Aristotlesaidso.ButGalileo,goingtothe__13__oftheLeaningTowerofPisa,letfalltwo__14__stonesandprovedAristotlewaswrong.ItisGalileo's__15__ofgoingdirecttonature,andprovingour__16__andtheoriesbyexperiment,thathas__17__allthediscoveriesofmodernscience.What__18__thosepeoplegoodscientists?FromtheexampleofGalileo,weknow__19__thatsuccessfulscientistsarethosewhoseobservationshave__20__betterresults.1．A.useB．senseC．speedD．trust答案：A　根据第一段第二句可知，一位成功的科学家通常是一位好的观察者，故此处应填makefulluseof“充分利用，充分使用”这一固定词组。2．A.reliedB．basedC．insistedD．centered答案：B　根据该空前的“Hedoesn'tacceptideas”和后面的“onobviousfacts”可知，此处应用bebasedon这个固定词组，表示“以……为基础，基于……”。3.A.refusesB．desiresC．intendsD．regrets答案：A　由空前的“doesn'tacceptideas...”和“andtherefore”可知，此处应选refuses，表示拒绝因为观点是权威提出的就接受。4.A.casuallyB．carefullyC．quicklyD．privately答案：B　结合语境“Healwayschecksideas”和后面的“andmakesexperimentstoprovethem”可知，此处表示仔细地(carefully)核查这些观点。5.A.dateB．keepC．lookD．come答案：A　由空格后的“thetimeofRogerBacon”和下文的“theyears1214andn1292”可知，现代科学的兴起可以追溯到很早的时期。dateback是固定词组，意为“追溯到”。6.A.commandB．suspectC．suggestD．conclude答案：C　根据空后的内容可知，这里应是RogerBacon提出的建议，故选C项。7.A.inB．withC．onD．by答案：D　根据后面的“observingandexperimentingonthethingsaroundus”可知，此处表示通过(by)观察我们周围的事物并做实验。8.A.broughtB．discoveredC．handledD．announced答案：B　结合空后的“manyimportanttruths”可知，他本人发现(discovered)了很多重要的真理。第10空后的discovered也是提示。9.A.whoB．whenC．thatD．where答案：A　设空处引导非限制性定语从句，对先行词greatmen进行补充说明，故用who引导定语从句。10.A.truthsB．problemsC．investigationsD．subjects答案：A　由空后的“couldbediscoveredbyobservation”可知，很多真理可以通过观察而被发现。truth“事实，真理”。第8空后的“manyimportanttruths”也是提示。11.A.slowlyB．rapidlyC．lightlyD．heavily答案：B　此处表述在伽利略之前，学者们认为大的物体比小的物体落地快，因此选rapidly“迅速地”。12.A.althoughB．becauseC．whenD．if答案：B　根据语境可知，这里表示学者们信奉这一学说是因为亚里士多德是这样说的。13．A.placeB．footC．topD．ceiling答案：C　结合空后的“oftheLeaningTowerofPisa,letfalltwo__14__stones”可知，伽利略为了做实验，跑到了比萨斜塔的塔顶。14．A.bigB．smallC．similarD．unequal答案：D　根据前文和后面的“stonesandprovedAristotlewaswrong”可知，此处n表示使用了两块不同重量的石头，因此选unequal“不相等的”。15．A.spiritB．skillC．theoryD．wish答案：A　由后面的“ofgoingdirecttonature”及下文可知，此处表示科学精神(spirit)。16．A.plansB．opinionsC．worldD．ability答案：B　与后面“andtheoriesbyexperiment”中的theories呼应，此处表示通过实验证明我们的观点(opinions)和理论。17．A.ledtoB．turnedtoC．setupD．putforward答案：A　这里是说正是伽利略对自然不断探索的精神使得现代科学能有发现。结合语境，应选A项。leadto“导致，造成”。18．A.makesB．preventsC．considersD．promises答案：A　结合下文中的“successfulscientistsarethose...”可知，此处是说“什么使这些人成为好的科学家”。make“使变得，使成为”。19．A.likelyB．clearlyC．naturallyD．unwillingly答案：B　结合上文中所举的例子我们可以清楚地(clearly)知道，科学家之所以成功是因为他们的观察产生了更好的结果。20．A.foreseenB．rejectedC．producedD．challenged答案：C　这里是说成功的科学家是那些他们的观察产生了(produced)更好的结果的人。结合语境，应选C。Ⅲ.语法填空Scientistshavediscoveredthat__1__(stay)inthecoldcouldhelpusloseweight.ResearchersattheUniversityofCaliforniafoundthatexposuretothecoldincreaseslevelsofaproteinthathelpsformbrownfat—atypeoffat__2__producesheatandkeepsuswarm.Brownfatburnsenergy,whichhelpsusloseweight.Whitefatstoresextraenergy,whichresults__3__weightgain.Theresearcherssaidthatbecauseairconditioningandheatinggiveusconstantand__4__(comfort)temperatures,ourbody'sneedforbrownfathasdecreased.Theyfoundthat：“OutdoorworkersinnorthernFinlandwho__5__(expose)tocoldtemperaturehaven__6__significantamountofbrownfatwhen__7__(compare)tosameagedindoorworkers.”Theresearchwasconductedontwodifferentcontrolgroupsofmice.__8__groupwasinjectedwiththeproteinthathelpscreatebrownfat.Thisgrouplatergained30%lessweightafterbothgroupswerefedhighfatdiets.Theresearcherssaythiscouldbegoodnewsinthefightagainstobesity(肥胖症).Peoplewhoareobesehave__9__(low)levelsofbrownfatthanthinnerpeople.HeadresearcherHeiSookSulsaid,“Thisproteincouldbecomeanimportanttargetforresearchintothetreatmentandpreventionofobesityandobesityrelateddiseases.”Sheadded,“Ifyoucansomehowincreaselevelsofthisprotein,youcould__10__(possible)losemoreweightevenifeatingthesameamountoffood.”1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________9．________　10.________1．staying　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处是非谓语动词作主语，表示一种抽象性、一般性的动作，所以应用动名词形式。故填staying。2．which/that　考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，“________producesheatandkeepsuswarm”是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，且先行词指物，所以应填which/that。3．in　考查固定短语。句意：白色脂肪储存额外的能量，这会导致体重增加。resultin为固定短语，意为“导致；造成”。故填in。4．comfortable　考查词性转换。所填词和constant并列作temperatures的定语，所以应填形容词。故填comfortable。5．areexposed　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。定语从句中缺少谓语，expose与先行词之间是被动关系，且表示经常性的动作，所以应用一般现在时的被动语态，又因who代指workers，所以根据主谓一致原则应填areexposed。6．a　考查冠词。asignificantamountof“大量的”。故填a。7．compared　考查非谓语动词。此处是“when＋分词”结构在句中作状语，compare与其逻辑主语Outdoorworkers之间是被动关系，所以应用过去分词。故填compared。8．One　考查限定词。从上文内容可知此处指两组中的一组，应填限定词One。9．lower　考查形容词的比较级。根据空后的than可知，此处用比较级，修饰名词levels应用形容词，故填lower。10．possibly　考查词性转换。修饰动词lose应用副词，故填possibly。Sectionn