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ChildCareandEarlyEducationArrangementsofInfants,Toddlers,andPreschoolers:2001U.S.DepartmentofEducationInstituteofEducationSciencesNCES2006-039StatisticalAnalysisReport\n\nChildCareandEarlyEducationArrangementsofInfants,Toddlers,andPreschoolers:2001U.S.DepartmentofEducationInstituteofEducationSciencesNCES2006-039StatisticalAnalysisReportNovember2005GailM.MulliganNationalCenterforEducationStatisticsDeeAnnBrimhallEducationStatisticsServicesInstituteJerryWest*NationalCenterforEducationStatisticsChristopherChapmanProjectOfficerNationalCenterforEducationStatistics*withNCESatthetimehecoauthoredthisreport.HeiscurrentlywithMathematicaPolicyResearch,Inc.\nU.S.DepartmentofEducationMargaretSpellingsSecretaryInstituteofEducationSciencesGroverJ.WhitehurstDirectorNationalCenterforEducationStatisticsMarkSchneiderCommissionerTheNationalCenterforEducationStatistics(NCES)istheprimaryfederalentityforcollecting,analyzing,andreportingdatarelatedtoeducationintheUnitedStatesandothernations.Itfulfillsacongressionalmandatetocollect,collate,analyze,andreportfullandcompletestatisticsontheconditionofeducationintheUnitedStates;conductandpublishreportsandspecializedanalysesofthemeaningandsignificanceofsuchstatistics;assiststateandlocaleducationagenciesinimprovingtheirstatisticalsystems;andreviewandreportoneducationactivitiesinforeigncountries.NCESactivitiesaredesignedtoaddresshigh-priorityeducationdataneeds;provideconsistent,reliable,complete,andaccurateindicatorsofeducationstatusandtrends;andreporttimely,useful,andhigh-qualitydatatotheU.S.DepartmentofEducation,theCongress,thestates,othereducationpolicymakers,practitioners,datausers,andthegeneralpublic.Unlessspecificallynoted,allinformationcontainedhereinisinthepublicdomain.Westrivetomakeourproductsavailableinavarietyofformatsandinlanguagethatisappropriatetoavarietyofaudiences.You,asourcustomer,arethebestjudgeofoursuccessincommunicatinginformationeffectively.IfyouhaveanycommentsorsuggestionsaboutthisoranyotherNCESproductorreport,wewouldliketohearfromyou.PleasedirectyourcommentstoNationalCenterforEducationStatisticsInstituteofEducationSciencesU.S.DepartmentofEducation1990KStreetNWWashington,DC20006-5651November2005TheNCESWorldWideWebHomePageaddressishttp://nces.ed.gov.TheNCESWorldWideWebElectronicCatalogishttp://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch.SuggestedCitationMulligan,G.M.,Brimhall,D.,andWest,J.(2005).ChildCareandEarlyEducationArrangementsofInfants,Toddlers,andPreschoolers:2001(NCES2006-039).U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.Washington,DC:U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice.Fororderinginformationonthisreport,writetoU.S.DepartmentofEducationEDPubsP.O.Box1398Jessup,MD20794-1398orcalltollfree1-877-4ED-Pubsororderonlineathttp://www.edpubs.org.ContentContactGailMulligan(202)502-7491gail.mulligan@ed.gov\nExecutiveSummaryInformationpertainingtochildren’searlychildhoodexperienceshasbeengatheredaspartoftheNationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram(NHES)foroveradecade.AprimarypurposeofNHES’searlychildhoodsurveysistoobtaininformationaboutthetimeyoungchildrenspendoutsidethecareoftheirparents.NHES’sEarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey(ECPP)asksparentsandguardiansaboutanynonparentalcareandeducationarrangementstheirchildrenmayhave.Informationiscollectedonvariouscharacteristicsofthesearrangements,includingwhoprovidesthecare,thelocationofthecare,andhowmuchfamiliespayforit.Parentsareaskedaboutthecareandeducationtheirchildrenreceiveinavarietyofsettings.Home-basedarrangementsincludecarethattakesplaceinachild’sownhomeorinthehomeofsomeoneelse.Thiscaremaybeprovidedbyarelative(otherthanthechild’sparents)oranonrelative.Nonrelativecareincludescareprovidedbybabysitters,nannies,andfamilydaycareproviders.IntheNHESsurvey,aswellasthisreport,suchcarearrangementsinhome-basedsettingsarereferredtoasrelativecareandnonrelativecare.Center-basedcareisthatwhichprovideschildrenwithcareandeducationinanonresidentialsetting.Thesearrangementsincludedaycarecenters,nurseryschools,prekindergartens,andothertypesofearlychildhoodeducationprogramssuchasHeadStart.Eachofthesesettingsincludeselementsofcareandeducation,althoughthereasonschildrenareincareandtheeducationalnatureofthecarecanvarywithinandacrossarrangementtypes.TheNHESdoesnotdistinguishbetweenparticipationforeducationalenrichmentandparticipationresultingfromparents’needforchildcare.Also,intheNHES,center-basedarrangementsthatoccurinmorestrictlyeducationalsettings(i.e.,prekindergartens)andthosethatoccurindaycarecentersarenotdistinguishedfromoneanother.Foreaseofpresentation,thereportoftenreferstothesearrangementsasnonparentalcareratherthannonparentalcareandeducation.However,thereadershouldkeepinmindthatthedegreetowhicheducationisacentralfeatureofthearrangement,aswellasthereasonswhychildrenparticipateinsucharrangements,canvary.ThisreportisthelatestinaseriesofNCESreportsonyoungchildren’snonparentalcareandeducationarrangements.Itpresentsthemostrecentdataavailableforchildrenundertheageof6,takenfromthe2001administrationoftheECPP.Interviewswereconductedwithparents1orguardiansof6,741childrenunderage6whowerenotyetenrolledinkindergarten.Theoverall1Interviewswerealsoconductedwithparentsofeight6-year-oldswhowerenotyetenrolledinkindergarten.Duetotheirsmallnumber,these6-year-oldsareexcludedfromtheseanalyses.iii\n2responseratefortheECPPparentinterviewwas59.9percent.Whenweightedtoreflectnationaltotals,thesedatarepresentthechildcareandearlyeducationalexperiencesofapproximately20.3millionchildrenundertheageof6whoarenotyetenrolledinkindergartenorhighergrades.AsinpreviousNHESreportsonthistopic,variationsinparticipationratesbycharacteristicsofchildren(ageandrace/ethnicity)andtheirfamilies(householdincomeandmother’seducationandemploymentstatus)areexamined.Uniquetothisreportisitsconsiderationofvariationsinparticipationratesbypovertystatusandgeographicregion.Inaddition,itprovidesamorein-depthexaminationofdifferencesamongchildrenofdifferentagegroupsthanpreviousreports.Alldifferencescitedinthisreportaresignificantatthe.05levelusingStudent’ststatistic.Trendtests,orbivariateregressions,areusedtoexaminethegeneralrelationshipsbetweenthevariouscharacteristicsofchildcareandbothhouseholdincomeandmother’seducationlevel.Additionally,thediscussionislimitedtodifferencesofatleast5percentagepointswhenpercentageestimatesarecompared.Whenmeanestimatesarecompared,thediscussionislimitedtodifferenceswheretheeffectsize,ascalculatedusingCohen’sdstatistic(Cohen1988),is.2orlarger.Duringthespringof2001,60percentofchildrenundertheageof6whohadyettoenterkindergartenwerereceivingsometypeofcareoreducation,orboth,onaweeklybasisfrompersonsotherthantheirparents(table1).Thistranslatestoabout12.2millioninfants(childrenundertheageof1),toddlers(1-and2-year-olds),andpreschoolers(3-to5-year-olds)whohadatleastoneweeklynonparentalcarearrangement.Overall,children’sparticipationinnonparentalcareandeducationincreaseswithchild’sageandmother’seducation(table2).Thereisarelationshipbetweenincomeandparticipation,suchthatchildrenlivinginhouseholdswithincomesover$50,000aremorelikelytoreceivenonparentalcarethanchildreninhomeswithlowerincomes(65-72percentcomparedto53-57percent).Withaparticipationrateof72percent,childreninhomeswithincomesgreaterthan$75,000aremostlikelytoreceivethiscare,comparedtochildreninlower-incomehouseholds.Also,childrenwhosemothersworkoutsidethehome,eitherparttimeorfulltime,aremorelikelythanchildrenwhosemothersarenotinthelaborforcetoreceivenonparentalcare(70and85percentvs.31percent).AmongBlack,White,andHispanicchildren,BlackchildrenaremostlikelytobecaredforbysomeoneotherthantheirparentsonaweeklybasisandHispanicchildrenareleastlikely(73,60,and48percentforBlack,White,andHispanicchildren,respectively).ThisreportexpandsonpreviousNHESstudiestoshowthatchildrenlivingbelow2ThisoverallresponseratefortheECPPparentinterviewistheproductofaScreenerresponserateandtheECPPunitresponserate.TheNHESincludesaScreenersurveyinwhichinformationabouthouseholdcompositioniscollectedandthenusedtosamplechildrenwithinhouseholds.In2001,theresponseratefortheScreenerwas69.2percent.TheunitresponseratefortheECPPSurvey,basedonthepercentageofchildrenwhoweresampledandhadparentswhocompletedthesurvey,was86.6percent.Analysisofnonresponsebiasconductedforthe1999NHES,whichissimilartothe2001NHESintermsofitstargetpopulationsandcontactprocedures,showednoevidenceofbiasinestimatesproducedfromthe1999NHESdata.Also,weightsassignedtoeachcaseandusedinanalysesaredesignedtoreducepotentialbiasduetononresponse.AdditionalinformationregardingnonresponsebiasandweightingproceduresintheNHEScanbefoundinthetechnicalnotessectionofthisreport.iv\nthepovertythresholdandchildrenlivingintheWestarelesslikelythantheircounterpartstobecaredforbysomeoneotherthantheirparentsonaweeklybasis.Manyofthesamecharacteristicsassociatedwithparticipationinnonparentalcareandeducationarrangementsfortheoverallpopulationofchildrenundertheageof6andnotyetenrolledinkindergartenarealsoassociatedwithparticipationratesforinfants,toddlers,andpreschoolerswhenexaminedasseparateagegroups(tables2-A,2-B,and2-C).Forexample,Blackinfants,toddlers,andpreschoolersareallmorelikelythantheirWhiteandHispaniccounterpartstoreceivenonparentalcare.Also,thegeneraltrendforchildrenineachagegroupisforparticipationratesinnonparentalcaretoincreaseasmothers’educationlevelincreases.However,whileincomeandpovertystatusarerelatedtoparticipationfortoddlersandpreschoolers,suchrelationshipsarenotdetectedamonginfants.Thisreportalsolooksatthecharacteristicsassociatedwithparticipationinthethreespecifictypesofnonparentalcaredescribedabove:relative,nonrelative,andcenter-basedcare(table2).Alargerpercentageofchildrenoverallreceivenonparentalcareincentersthanfromrelativesornonrelatives(33percentcomparedto22and16percent,respectively).However,somechildrenaremorelikelythanotherstoreceivecertaintypesofcare.Forexample,olderchildrenaremorelikelythanyoungerchildrentobeincenter-basedcare;73percentof5-year-oldshavecenter-basedarrangements,comparedto8percentofinfants.Childrenlivingatorabovethepovertythresholdaremorelikelythanthoselivingbelowthepovertythresholdtoreceivenonrelative(17vs.9percent)orcenter-basedcare(35vs.27percent),whiletheyarelesslikelytoreceivecarefromrelatives(21vs.26percent).Also,patternsofparticipationrelatedtoincomeandmothers’educationforrelativecarearrangementsdifferfromthepatternsofparticipationrelatedtothesecharacteristicsfornonrelativeandcenter-basedarrangements.Somevariationsintheoverallrelationshipsbetweentheexaminedcharacteristicsandtypeofcareemergewhenchildrenwithinparticularagegroupsarecomparedtooneanother.Twentyonepercentofinfantsarecaredforbyarelativeonaweeklybasis,comparedto14percentwhoarecaredforbyanonrelativeand8percentwhoarecaredforinacenter.Therearenodetectabledifferencesintheparticipationratesoftoddlers,asagroup,inthedifferenttypesofcare.Preschoolersaremorelikelytoreceivecareincenter-basedarrangementsthanineitherrelativeornonrelativearrangements(56percentvs.21and13percent,respectively).Wheninfants,toddlers,andpreschoolersareconsideredseparately,participationratesindifferenttypesofcarevarybygeographicregionaswell.Forexample,4percentofinfantslivingintheWestparticipateincenter-basedcarearrangements,comparedto10percentofinfantslivingintheSouthand9percentofinfantslivinginMidwest.PreschoolerslivingintheWestarelesslikelythanpreschoolerslivinginanyotherareaofthecountrytoreceivecenter-basedcare(47percentvs.55-63percent).Amongtoddlers,participationincenter-basedcareishighestforthoselivingintheSouth(26percentvs.17-20percent).Focusingonthelocationofcare,theNHESdatashowthatchildrenreceivingnonparentalcareinahome-basedsettingaremorelikelytobecaredforinsomeoneelse’shomethanintheirown,regardlessofwhetherthecareisprovidedbyarelativeoranonrelative(figure4).Thosechildrenwhoarecaredforinacenter-basedsettingaremostlikelytoreceivethatcareinacenterv\n3locatedinitsownbuilding,comparedtootherlocations,suchasaschool,communitycenter,orlibrary(table4).Amongchildrenincenter-basedcare,careprovidedinpublicorprivateschoolsismorecommonwhenchildrencomefromhomeswithlowerincomes,whentheyarepoor,whentheybelongtoaracialorethnicminoritygroup,andwhentheirmothershavelowerlevelsofeducation.Alsoamongchildrenincenter-basedcare,theparticipationrateincarelocatedinachurch,synagogue,orotherplaceofworshipishighestforWhitechildren,andincreaseswithhouseholdincomeandmothers’education.Childrenreceivingnonparentalcareonaweeklybasisspend31hours,onaverage,inthecareofsomeoneotherthantheirparents(table5).Additionally,childrenwithnonrelativecarearrangementsspendmoretimeinthemthanchildrenincenter-basedcaredo(about28hoursperweekcomparedtoabout25hoursperweek).ThechildrenwhospendthemosttimeinnonparentalcarearrangementstendtobeBlack,comefromfamilieswithlowerhouseholdincomes,havemotherswithlowerlevelsofeducationorwhowork,andliveintheSouth.Aconsistentrelationshipbetweenchildageandtimespentinnonparentalcareemergedonlyforcenter-basedarrangements;youngerchildrenspendmoretimethanolderchildrenbeingcaredforinacenter(rangingfromahighofabout32hoursperweekforinfantsand1-year-oldscomparedtoalowofabout21hoursperweekfor5-year-olds).Asomewhatsimilar,thoughnotasconsistent,patternwasfoundfornonrelativecarearrangements;toddlersspendmoretimeinnonrelativecarearrangementsthan4-and5-year-olds(about30hoursperweekcomparedto25and24hoursperweek,respectively).Thereportalsoexaminestheout-of-pocketexpensesfornonparentalcarepaidbyfamiliesofchildrenwhohadcarearrangementsandwhoseparentsreportedthattheypaid4somethingforcare.Theseout-of-pocketexpensesvarybytypeofcarearrangement,aswellasbychild,family,andcommunitycharacteristics.Onaverage,familiesspend$69aweekand$35anhourforcarefortheirchildren(tables6-Aand6-B).Relativecareistheleastcostly,bothweekly(about$48perweek)andhourly($1.93perhour),forfamiliesofchildrenundertheageof6.Amongthosewhodoreporthavingout-of-pocketexpensesforcare:familieswithyoungerchildrenpaymoreonaweeklybasisthandofamilieswitholderchildren;higher-incomefamiliespaymorethandolower-incomefamilies(andfamilieswhodonotliveinpovertypaymorethandofamilieslivinginpoverty);familiesinwhichmothersarebetter-educatedpaymoreonaweeklybasisthandofamilieswithlesseducatedmothers;familiesinwhichmothersworkfull-3Thesurveyquestionspecificallyaskedparentswhetherthecentertheirchildrenattendedwaslocatedin“itsownbuilding.”Thiscategoryexcludesprivatehomes,placeofworships,schools,colleges,universities,communitycenters,libraries,etc.Locationrefersstrictlytotheplacewherethecarewasprovidedandnotthetypeofcareproviderorsponsorship.Forexample,ifareligiousgroupprovidedcareinabuildingthatwasnotaplaceofworship,thecarewouldbeconsideredashavingbeenprovidedinacenterlocateditsownbuilding,ratherthaninaplaceofworship.Alternatively,carelocatedinaplaceofworshipwasnotnecessarilyprovidedbythereligiousgrouptowhomtheplaceofworshipbelonged.4TheNHESonlyascertainstheamountfamiliespayforcarethemselves,apartfromanyfinancialassistancetheymayreceivefromothers.Therefore,thedatapresentedheremaynotrepresentthetotalcostofcare.5Therearedifferentwaysinwhichchildcarecostscanbemeasured,includingcostperweekandcostperhour.Theformermeasuremaybelargelyafunctionoftimespentincare.Therefore,thelattermeasuremaybeamoreaccurateindicatorofwhichtypeofcareismorecostlyandforwhom,independentofcarehours.Bothcostestimatesforthesampleofchildrenwhosefamiliespayforchildcarearediscussedinthisreport.vi\ntimepaymorethandofamiliesinwhichmothersdonotworkfull-time;andfamilieslivingintheNortheastandWestpaymoreonaweeklybasisthandofamilieslivingintheMidwestandSouth.Insum,findingsfromthisreportusingthemostrecentdataavailablefromtheNHESsupportpreviousresearchshowingthatchildren’sparticipationinnonparentalcareandeducationarrangementsisrelatedtoavarietyoffactors.Childrenofdifferentagesandracialorethnicbackgrounds,indifferenteconomicsituations,withmothersofvaryingeducationallevelsandemploymentstatuses,andwholiveindifferentareasofthecountryexhibitdifferenceswithrespecttowhetherornottheyhaveanyweeklychildcarearrangements.Theirfamiliesalsoreportdifferencesinthelocationandprovidersofchildcare.Additionally,thetimechildrenspendinnonparentalcare,andtheamounttheirfamiliespayforit,arerelatedtomanyofthesamefactorsassociatedwithparticipationinnonparentalcareandeducation,includingthosewhichareuniquetothisreport,povertystatusandgeographicregion.vii\nAcknowledgmentsTheauthorswouldliketoacknowledgethemanypeoplewhocontributedtotheproductionofthisreport.Westat,Inc.hascollectedthedatauponwhichthisreportisbasedsince1991.Manypeoplehaveprovidedinvaluablecommentsandsuggestionsthatimprovedthequalityofthisreport.Theyinclude:BillHussar,EdieMcArthur,CarolChelemer,ValPlisko,andMarilynSeastromattheNationalCenterforEducationStatistics;MikePlanty,YoungChun,MargaretNoonan,RamaniKotaru,andZackMcLainattheEducationStatisticsServicesInstitute;andLisaBridgesandtheanonymousreviewersfromtheInstituteofEducationSciences.Anyremainingerrorsorproblemsinthisreportarethesoleresponsibilityoftheauthors.viii\nContentsPageExecutiveSummary.....................................................................................................................iiiAcknowledgments......................................................................................................................viiiListofTables.................................................................................................................................xListofFigures...............................................................................................................................xiBackground...................................................................................................................................1ParticipationinNonparentalCareandEducationArrangements..........................................3TotalParticipation....................................................................................................................3OverallParticipationAmongChildrenofDifferentAges.......................................................8ParticipationinDifferentTypesofCareandEducationArrangements..............................16ParticipationinVariousTypesofArrangementsAmongAllChildren.................................16ParticipationinVariousTypesofArrangementsAmongChildrenofDifferentAges..........18Infants...............................................................................................................................18Toddlers............................................................................................................................20Preschoolers......................................................................................................................21LocationofNonparentalCareArrangements.........................................................................22Home-basedArrangements....................................................................................................22Center-basedArrangements...................................................................................................27AverageTimeSpentinNonparentalCareArrangements......................................................32AverageOut-of-PocketExpensesforNonparentalCare........................................................37Summary......................................................................................................................................45MethodologyandTechnicalNotes............................................................................................47References....................................................................................................................................51ix\nListofTablesTablePageTable1.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldwithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangement:1995,1999,2001..........................................1Table2.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldwithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001....6Table2-A.Percentofinfantswithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001...........................................10Table2-B.Percentoftoddlerswithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001...........................................12Table2-C.Percentofpreschoolerswithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001...........................................14Table3.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldwithweeklyrelativeornonrelativecarearrangements,bylocationandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001......................25Table4.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldwithweeklycenter-basedcarearrangements,bylocationandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001......................30Table5.Averagenumberofhoursperweekchildrenunder6yearsoldwithatleastoneweeklynonparentalcarearrangementspendinthosearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001...........................................35Table6-A.Averageamounthouseholdsofchildrenunder6yearsoldspendfornonparentalcarearrangementsperweek,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001.......................................................................................41Table6-B.Averageamounthouseholdsofchildrenunder6yearsoldspendfornonparentalcarearrangementsperhour,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001.......................................................................................43x\nListofFiguresFigurePageFigure1.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldandnotyetinkindergartenwithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,byage:2001………………………………....8Figure2.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldandnotyetinkindergartenwithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangement:2001………………16Figure3.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldandnotyetinkindergartenwithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandage:2001……..19Figure4.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldandnotyetinkindergartenwithweeklyrelativeornonrelativecarearrangements,bylocationofarrangement:2001………...23Figure5.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldandnotyetinkindergartenwithweeklycenter-basedcarearrangements,bylocationofarrangement:2001……...………….27Figure6.Averagenumberofhoursperweekchildrenunder6yearsoldandnotyetinkindergartenspendinnonparentalcarearrangements,bymother’semploymentstatus:2001………………………………...…...……………………………………34Figure7.Averageamounthouseholdsofchildrenunder6yearsoldandnotyetinkindergartenspendfornonparentalcarearrangementsperweek,byage:2001……..38xi\nBackgroundBetween1995and2001,thepercentageofchildrenunderage6whowerenotyetenrolledinkindergartenandwerebeingcaredforonaregularbasisbyindividualsotherthantheirparentsfluctuatedslightly,between59percentand61percent(table1).In1995,1999,and2001,thesechildrenweremorelikelytobecaredforinacenterthanbyeitherarelativeornonrelative.Additionally,outsideofcenter-basedcare,morechildrenwerecaredforbyarelativethanbyanonrelativein1999and2001.Table1.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldwithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangement:1995,1999,2001AtleastoneNoweeklyTypeofweeklynonparentalcarearrangementweeklynonparentalnonparentalcare1careSurveyyearRelativeNonrelativeCenterarrangementarrangementPercents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.1995590.9200.5180.6300.6410.91999610.7220.6160.6340.5390.72001600.6220.6160.5330.5400.61Center-basedarrangementsincludedaycarecenters,HeadStartprograms,preschools,prekindergartens,andotherearlychildhoodprograms.NOTE:Estimatespertaintochildrenunder6yearsoldwhohadnotyetenteredkindergartenatthetimeofthesurvey.Thepercentagesofchildreninspecifictypesofcaredonotsumtothepercentageofchildrenwithatleastoneweeklynonparentalcarearrangement,becausesomechildrenhadmorethanonetypeofarrangement.s.e.isstandarderror.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,1995,1999,and2001.ThisinformationcomesfromtheNationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram(NHES),whichtheNationalCenterforEducationStatistics(NCES)hasbeenconductingforoveradecadeinanefforttocollectanddisseminateinformationpertainingtochildren’searlychildhoodexperiences.AprimarypurposeofNHES’searlychildhoodsurveysistogatherinformationaboutthetimeyoungchildrenspendoutsidethecareoftheirparents.Specifically,thesurveysaskparentsandguardiansaboutanynonparentalcareandeducationarrangementstheirchildrenmayhave.Informationiscollectedonvariouscharacteristicsofthesearrangements,includingwhoprovidesthecare,thelocationofthecare,andhowmuchfamiliespayforit.Parentsareaskedaboutthecareandeducationtheirchildrenreceiveinavarietyofsettings.Home-basedarrangementsincludecarethattakesplaceinachild’sownhomeorinthehomeofsomeoneelse.Thiscaremaybeprovidedbyarelative(otherthanthechild’sparents)oranonrelative.Nonrelativecareincludescareprovidedbybabysitters,nannies,andfamilydaycareproviders.IntheNHESsurvey,aswellasthisreport,suchcarearrangementsinhome-basedsettingsarereferredtoasrelativecareandnonrelativecare.Center-basedcareisthat1\nwhichprovideschildrenwithcareandeducationinanonresidentialsetting.Thesearrangementsincludedaycarecenters,nurseryschools,prekindergartens,andothertypesofearlychildhoodeducationprogramssuchasHeadStart.Eachofthesesettingsincludeselementsofcareandeducation,althoughthereasonschildrenareincareandtheeducationalnatureofthecarecanvarywithinandacrossarrangementtypes.TheNHESdoesnotdistinguishbetweenparticipationforeducationalenrichmentandparticipationresultingfromparents’needforchildcare.Also,intheNHES,center-basedarrangementsthatoccurinmorestrictlyeducationalsettings(e.g.,prekindergartens)andthosethatoccurindaycarecentersarenotdistinguishedfromoneanother.Foreaseofpresentation,thereportoftenreferstothesearrangementsasnonparentalcareratherthannonparentalcareandeducation.However,thereadershouldkeepinmindthatthedegreetowhicheducationisacentralfeatureofthearrangement,aswellasthereasonswhychildrenparticipateinsucharrangements,canvary.DatafromthefirstadministrationofNHES’searlychildhoodsurveyin1991wereusedtopresentanationalpictureofparticipationinnonparentalcareandeducationarrangementspriortokindergartenamongfirstandsecondgraders(Westetal.1992).SubsequentreportshaveusedNHESdatatoexaminethechildcareandearlyeducationalprogramparticipationofchildrenunder6yearsofage(West,GerminoHausken,andCollins1993;West,Wright,andGerminoHausken1995),aswellasthebefore-andafter-schoolactivitiesofchildrenintheirfirstfewyearsofformalschooling(Brimhall,Reaney,andWest1999).ResearchusingNHES:1995dataprovideddetailedinformationonthecharacteristicsofchildcarearrangementsintheUnitedStates(Hofferthetal.1998).NHESdataalsoserveasasourceofearlychildhoodindicatorsforseveralmajorFederalreports,includingAmerica’sChildren,TheConditionofEducation,andStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStates.Inaddition,researchershavetakenadvantageoftheNHESdatatoinvestigatevariousissuesrelatedtononparentalchildcareandeducation,includingpatternsofpreschoolanddaycareusagebyfamiliesofdifferentracialandethnicbackgrounds(EarlyandBurchinal2001;Fulleretal.1996)andfamiliesofdisabledchildren(HuangandVanHorn1995).ThisreportisthelatestinaseriesofNCESreportsonyoungchildren’snonparentalcareandeducationarrangements.Itpresentsthemostrecentdataavailableforchildrenundertheageof6,takenfromtheEarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey(ECPP)ofthe2001NHES.Informationinthisreportwasobtainedthroughinterviewswith6,741parentsorguardiansof1childrenunderage6whowerenotyetenrolledinkindergarten.Whenweightedtoreflectnationaltotals,thesedatarepresentthechildcareandearlyeducationalexperiencesofapproximately20.3millionchildrenundertheageof6whoarenotyetenrolledinkindergartenorhighergrades.TheunitresponserateoftheECPPSurvey,basedonthepercentageofchildrenwhoweresampledandhadparentswhocompletedthesurvey,was86.6percent.TheNHESalsocontainsaScreenersurveyinwhichinformationabouthouseholdcompositioniscollectedandthenusedtosamplechildrenwithinhouseholds.TheresponseratefortheScreenerwas69.21Interviewswerealsoconductedwithparentsofeight6-year-oldswhowerenotyetenrolledinkindergarten.Duetotheirsmallnumber,these6-year-oldsareexcludedfromtheseanalyses.2\npercent.TheoverallresponseratefortheECPPparentinterview,whichistheproductofthe2ScreenerresponserateandtheECPPunitresponserate,was59.9percent.AsinpreviousNHESreportsonthistopic,variationsinparticipationratesinnonparentalcarearrangementsbycharacteristicsofchildren(ageandrace/ethnicity)andtheirfamilies(householdincomeandmother’seducationandemploymentstatus)areexamined.Uniquetothisreportisitsconsiderationofvariationsinparticipationratesbypovertystatusandgeographicregion.Inaddition,itprovidesamorein-depthexaminationofdifferencesamongchildrenofdifferentagegroupsthanpreviousreports.Thereportbeginswithadescriptionofoverallparticipationinnonparentalchildcareandeducationarrangements,withconsiderationgiventohowparticipationratesvarybyselectedchild,family,andcommunitycharacteristics.Thisdescriptionisfollowedbyanexaminationofparticipationamongchildreninthreedifferentagegroups:infants(childrenundertheageof1),toddlers(1-and2-year-olds),andpreschoolers(3-to5-year-olds).Then,participationratesinthethreedifferenttypesofcare(relative,nonrelative,andcenter-basedcare)aredescribedindividually.Thereportconcludeswithalookathowthechild,family,andcommunitycharacteristicsdescribedabovearerelatedtothetimechildrenspendinnonparentalcareeachweekandtotheamountfamiliespayforcare.ThemethodologyandtechnicalnotessectionattheendofthereportprovidesdetailabouttheNHESsurveymethodology,responserates,surveyerror,andthestatisticaltestsusedtoanalyzetheNHESdata.Alldifferencescitedinthisreportaresignificantatthe.05levelusingStudent’ststatistic.Trendtests,orbivariateregressions,areusedtoexaminethegeneralrelationshipsbetweenthevariouscharacteristicsofchildcareandbothhouseholdincomeandmother’seducationlevel.Additionally,thediscussionislimitedtodifferencesofatleast5percentagepointswhenpercentageestimatesarecompared.Whenmeanestimatesarecompared,thediscussionislimitedtodifferenceswheretheeffectsize,ascalculatedusingCohen’sdstatistic(Cohen1988),is.2orlarger.ParticipationinNonparentalCareandEducationArrangementsTotalParticipationThissectionpresentsoverallestimatesofthepercentageofchildrenwhohavevariouschildcareandearlyeducationarrangements,aswellasdifferencesinparticipationrelatedtothechild,family,andcommunitycharacteristicsdescribedabove.Therearemanywaysofcalculatingchildren’sparticipationratesinchildcareandearlyeducationarrangements.Thisreportusesaprevalencerate,whichrepresentsthepercentofchildrenreceivingnonparentalcareineachtypeofarrangementonaweeklybasis.Incalculatingthisrate,noconsiderationisgiventoeitherthenumberofhoursachildspendsinonesettingascomparedtoanotherortoa2Analysisofnonresponsebiasconductedforthe1999NHES,whichissimilartothe2001NHESintermsofitstargetpopulationsandcontactprocedures,showednoevidenceofbiasinestimatesproducedfromthe1999NHESdata.Also,weightsassignedtoeachcaseandusedinanalysesaredesignedtoreducepotentialbiasduetononresponse.AdditionalinformationregardingnonresponsebiasandweightingproceduresintheNHEScanbefoundinthetechnicalnotessectionofthisreport.3\nparent’sactivities(e.g.,whetherornotachild’smotherworks)whilethechildisinnonparentalcare.Moreover,achildmaybecountedunderseveralarrangementsifheorshespendstimeinmorethanonesetting.Thus,theratesreportedherewilldifferfromratesbasedonchildren’sprimarycarearrangement(i.e.,thearrangementwherethechildspendsthegreatestnumberofhours).Theresultsdiscussedbelowshowthatthemajorityofchildrenhaveweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,andthepatternsofparticipationvarybyallofthechild,family,andcommunitycharacteristicsincludedinthisreport.Duringthespringof2001,60percentofchildrenundertheageof6whohadyettoenterkindergartenwerereceivingsometypeofcareoreducation,orboth,onaweeklybasisfrompersonsotherthantheirparents(table2).Thistranslatestoabout12.2millioninfants,toddlers,andpreschoolchildrenwhohadatleastoneweeklynonparentalcarearrangement.Patternsofparticipationbyrace/ethnicityareconsistentwiththefindingsfrompreviousstudies(West,GerminoHausken,andCollins1993;West,Wright,andGerminoHausken1995)3showingthatHispanicchildrenarelesslikelytoreceivenonparentalcarethaneitherWhiteor4Blackchildren(table2).About48percentofHispanicchildren,comparedwith60percentofWhitechildrenand73percentofBlackchildren,receivecareonaweeklybasisfrompersonsotherthantheirparents.WhitechildrenalsoarelesslikelythanBlackchildrentoreceivesuchcare.Thereisarelationshipbetweenincomeandparticipation,suchthatchildrenlivinginhouseholdswithincomesover$50,000aremorelikelytoreceivenonparentalcarethanchildreninhomeswithlowerincomes(65-72percentcomparedto53-57percent).Withaparticipationrateof72percent,childreninhomeswithincomesgreaterthan$75,000aremostlikelytoreceivethiscare.PreviousstudiesusingNHESdatahavefoundasimilarrelationshipbetweenincomeandparticipationbutdidnotconsiderhowlivinginpovertymayberelatedtoreceiptofnonparentalcare(e.g.,West,GerminoHausken,andCollins1993;West,Wright,andGerminoHausken1995).Examinationofparticipationratesbypovertystatusincreasesunderstandingoftheuseofnonparentalcarebythefamiliesofthosechildrenwhoaremosteconomicallydisadvantaged.Thefederalgovernmentusesasetofpovertythresholdsthatindicatetheannualincomeshouseholdsmustreceivetomeettheirneeds.ThisofficialmeasureofpovertyisupdatedannuallyforinflationusingtheConsumerPriceIndexandtakesbothhouseholdsizeandcompositionintoaccount.Householdswithincomesbelowthepovertythresholdcorrespondingtotheirsizeandcompositionareconsideredpoor.Forexample,in2001afamilyoffourwithtwodependentchildrenunderage18earninglessthan$17,960wasconsideredpoor(ProctorandDalaker2002).The2001NHESdatashowthatchildrenlivingbelowthepovertythresholdarelesslikelytohavenonparentalcarearrangementsthanchildrenlivingatorabovethepovertythreshold(53percentvs.62percent).3Hispanicchildrenmaybeofanyracialbackground.Theterms“White”and“Black”areusedtodescribe“White,non-Hispanic”and“Black,non-Hispanic”children.4Althoughestimatesforchildrenofother,non-Hispanicracial/ethnicbackgroundsareincludedinthetables,comparisonsbetweenthesechildrenandWhite,Black,andHispanicchildrenarenotdiscussed.Thisisadiversegroup,andchildcarecharacteristicsarelikelytovaryamongthechildrenofdifferentraces/ethnicitieswithinit.4\nStudiesconsistentlyshowthatchildrenaremorelikelytohavenonparentalcareandeducationarrangementswhentheirmothershavehigherlevelsofeducationandwhentheywork(e.g.,Brimhall,Reaney,andWest1999;Singeretal.1998;Smith2002).Theserelationshipsarealsofoundinanalysesofthe2001NHESdata.ChildrenwhosemothersdidnotcompletehighschoolorearnaGEDareleastlikelytoreceivenonparentalcare(43percent),whilechildrenwhosemothershaveagraduateorprofessionaldegreearemostlikely(74percent).Eighty-fivepercentofchildrenwhosemothersworkfulltime(35hoursormoreperweek)and70percentofchildrenwhosemothersworkparttime(lessthan35hoursperweek)receivecareonaweeklybasisfromanonparentcaregiver.Thiscontrastswith31percentofchildrenwhosemothersare5notinthelaborforce.AsmallerpercentageofchildrenwholiveinthewesternpartoftheUnitedStates(54percent)receivenonparentalcareonaweeklybasisthandochildrenwholiveintheNortheast,6South,orMidwest(63percent,62percent,and62percent,respectively).5Althoughchildrenwhosemothersarecurrentlylookingforworkareincludedinthetables,comparisonsbetweenthesechildrenandchildrenwhosemothershaveotheremploymentstatusesarenotdiscussed.6ThesegeographicregionscorrespondtothoseusedbytheCensusBureau.StatesandtheDistrictofColumbiaarecategorizedbytheCensusBureauintoregionsinthefollowingmanner:Northeast:CT,MA,ME,NH,NJ,NY,PA,RI,VT;South:AL,AR,DC,DE,FL,GA,KY,LA,MD,MS,NC,OK,SC,TN,TX,VA,WV;Midwest:IA,IL,IN,KS,MI,MN,MO,ND,NE,OH,SD,WI;West:AK,AZ,CA,CO,HI,ID,MT,NV,NM,OR,UT,WA,WY.5\nTable2.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldwithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001AtleastoneweeklyTypeofweeklynonparentalcarearrangementNoweeklynonparentalnonparentalcareCharacteristicNumberofarrangementRelativeNonrelativeCenter1carearrangementchildren(inthousands)Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Total20,252600.6220.6160.5330.5400.62AgeLessthanone3,868401.5211.2141.180.9601.5Oneyearold3,902531.7221.3201.2161.3471.7Twoyearsold3,931591.7231.4181.4251.4411.7Threeyearsold3,795651.3221.3141.1431.2351.3Fouryearsold3,861791.1211.3131.0651.3211.1Fiveyearsold896822.5202.7132.1732.7182.5Race/ethnicityWhite,non-Hispanic12,353600.9190.7180.7350.7400.96Black,non-Hispanic2,987732.4332.3121.2401.9272.4Hispanic3,693481.6231.3111.0210.9521.6Other1,219643.0222.5152.2372.6363.0Householdincome$10,000orless2,279533.1302.991.4242.0473.1$10,001to$20,0002,717552.1211.7121.3301.6452.1$20,001to$30,0002,716532.1241.9121.3261.5472.1$30,001to$40,0002,322572.1251.8141.4291.8432.1$40,001to$50,0002,029552.6211.8171.6252.0452.6$50,001to$75,0004,120651.5211.2201.2361.4351.5Morethan$75,0004,069721.5151.0211.2481.4281.53PovertystatusAtorabovepovertythreshold15,996620.7210.6170.5350.6380.7Belowpovertythreshold4,255532.0261.991.0271.2472.04Mother’slevelofeducationLessthanhighschool2,385432.7202.281.0212.0572.7Highschool/GED5,986561.6251.3130.9271.2441.6Vocational/technicalorsomecollege5,882631.3241.2150.9351.3371.3Bachelor’sdegree3,940651.5171.3201.2411.4351.5Graduateorprofessionaldegree1,689742.4141.7312.3442.3262.4Seenotesatendoftable.6\nTable2.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldwithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001—ContinuedAtleastoneweeklyTypeofweeklynonparentalcarearrangementNumberofnonparentalcareNoweeklynonparentalarrangementRelativeNonrelativeCenter1carearrangementCharacteristicchildren(inthousands)Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.4Mother’semploymentstatus35hoursormoreperweek7,573850.9331.0260.9421.0150.9Lessthan35hoursperweek4,064701.6301.5191.3351.4301.6Lookingforwork989413.6162.981.7232.6593.6Notinthelaborforce7,257311.160.640.5240.9691.1GeographicregionNortheast3,717631.8251.5161.3351.2371.8South6,802621.3211.1130.8361.1381.3Midwest4,845621.3211.2211.2331.2381.3West4,888541.6201.4150.9271.4461.671Center-basedarrangementsincludedaycarecenters,HeadStartprograms,preschools,prekindergartens,andotherearlychildhoodprograms.2AgeiscalculatedasofDecember31,2000.3Childrenareconsideredpooriflivinginhouseholdswithincomesbelowthepovertythreshold,whichisadollaramountdeterminedbythefederalgovernmenttomeetthehousehold’sneeds,givenitssizeandcomposition.4Childrenwithoutmotherslivinginthehouseholdarenotincludedinestimatesrelatedtomother'seducationormother'semploymentstatus.NOTE:Estimatespertaintochildrenunder6yearsoldwhohadnotyetenteredkindergartenatthetimeofthesurvey.Detailmaynotsumtototalsbecauseofrounding.Thepercentagesofchildreninspecifictypesofcaredonotsumtothepercentageofchildrenwithatleastoneweeklynonparentalcarearrangement,becausesomechildrenhadmorethanonetypeofarrangement.s.e.isstandarderror.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,2001.7\nOverallParticipationAmongChildrenofDifferentAgesAsshowninfigure1,thepercentageofchildrenreceivingnonparentalcareconsistentlyincreaseswiththeageofthechild,uptoagefour.Childrenundertheageofonearetheleastlikelytoreceivenonparentalcareonaweeklybasis(40percent),while4-and5-year-oldsarethemostlikely(79and82percent,respectively).Thefollowingsectiondescribessimilaritiesanddifferencesintherelationshipsbetweenparticipationandchild,family,andcommunitycharacteristicsforinfants(underageone),toddlers(ages1and2),andpreschoolers(ages3-5).Findingsarepresentedforeachofthesegroupsseparatelyintables2-A(infants),2-B(toddlers),7and2-C(preschoolers).Thesefindingsshowthat,withineachagegroup,participationisrelatedtomost,ifnotall,ofthecharacteristicsexaminedinthisreport,butthespecificpatternsofrelationshipssometimesvaryacrossagegroups.Figure1.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldandnotyetinkindergartenwithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,byage:200110082798065596053Percent4040200LessthanOneTwoThreeFourFiveoneAgeinyearsNOTE:AgeiscalculatedasofDecember31,2000.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,2001.7Resultsinthesetablespertaintosubsamplesofthetotalpopulation.Inthesesmallersamples,itismoredifficulttoobtainstatisticalsignificancewhenmakingcomparisonsbetweengroups.Forthisreason,differencesthatappearlargeorsimilartodifferencesfoundwithinthetotalpopulationmaynotbefoundtobestatisticallysignificant.8\nConsistentwiththerelationshipbetweenrace/ethnicityandnonparentalcarefoundinthetotalpopulationofchildrenundertheageof6andnotyetenrolledinkindergarten,Blackinfants,toddlers,andpreschoolersareallmorelikelythantheirWhiteandHispaniccounterpartstoreceivenonparentalcare.Additionally,WhitetoddlersandpreschoolersaremorelikelythantheirHispanicpeerstoreceivecarefromsomeoneotherthantheirparents(56and74percentforWhites,comparedto41and60percentforHispanics).Therelationshipbetweenincomeandparticipationismoreconsistentfortoddlersandpreschoolersthanitisforinfants.Between47and52percentoftoddlersinhomeswithincomesof$30,000orlessreceivenonparentalcare,comparedtobetween61and67percentoftoddlersinhomeswithincomesover$50,000.Theparticipationratesforpreschoolerslivinginhouseholdswithincomesof$50,000orlessarelowerthantheratesforpreschoolersinhouseholdswithincomesgreaterthan$50,000(63-67percentcomparedto79-87percent).Inaddition,preschoolersfromhomeswithincomesgreaterthan$75,000arethemostlikelytoreceivenonparentalcare(87percent),comparedtootherpreschoolers.Toddlersandpreschoolerslivingbelowthepovertythresholdarelesslikelytohavenonparentalcarearrangements(47and65percent,respectively)thantheirpeerslivingatorabovethepovertythreshold(58and75percent,respectively).Arelationshipbetweenpovertystatusandparticipationwasnotdetectedamonginfants.Similartothepatternfoundintheoverallpopulationofchildrenincludedinthisstudy,thegeneraltrendforchildrenineachagegroupisforparticipationratesinnonparentalcaretoincreaseasmother’seducationlevelincreases,withthosechildrenwhosemothersdonothaveahighschooldiplomaorGEDbeinglesslikelytoreceivenonparentalcarethanchildrenwhosemothershaveabachelor’soradvanceddegree(28percentcomparedto43and49percent,respectively,forinfants;35percentcomparedto61and76percent,respectively,fortoddlers;and57percentcomparedto80and88percent,respectively,forpreschoolers).Childrenineachagegroupwhosemothersworkaremorelikelytobecaredforbysomeoneotherthantheirparentsthanarechildrenwhosemothersarenotinthelaborforce.Inaddition,toddlersandpreschoolerswhosemothersworkfulltimeparticipateathigherrates(87and90percent,respectively)thantoddlersandpreschoolerswhosemothersworkparttime(63and80percent,respectively).Withineachagegroup,childrenwholiveintheWestgenerallyhavelowerparticipationratesthanchildrenlivinginotherareasofthecountry.Specifically,infantsintheWestarelesslikelythaninfantsintheNortheastandMidwesttoreceivenonparentalcare(33percentcomparedto46and45percent).ToddlerswholiveintheWestandNortheastarelesslikelythantoddlerswholiveintheSouthtoreceivesuchcare(51and53percentcomparedto62percent).PreschoolerswholiveinthewesternpartoftheUnitedStatesarelesslikelythantheirpeersineveryothergeographicregiontoreceivenonparentalcareonaweeklybasis(66percentcomparedto74-79percentforotherregions).9\nTable2-A.Percentofinfantswithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001AtleastoneweeklyTypeofweeklynonparentalcarearrangementNumberofnonparentalcareNoweeklynonparentalarrangementRelativeNonrelativeCenter1carearrangementCharacteristicchildren(inthousands)Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Total3,868401.5211.2141.180.9601.5Race/ethnicityWhite,non-Hispanic2,382392.0181.6171.671.2612.0Black,non-Hispanic569504.7313.9113.1112.9504.7Hispanic694333.5243.071.841.2673.5Other223448.6236.0104.4146.4568.6Householdincome$10,000orless430366.6255.1103.542.6646.6$10,001to$20,000496334.3203.582.362.3674.3$20,001to$30,000524385.0284.393.041.4625.010$30,001to$40,000451405.0224.2164.392.4605.0$40,001to$50,000425405.3233.9133.352.5605.3$50,001to$75,000790403.8192.6172.771.8603.8Morethan$75,000753463.8172.8203.1152.8543.82PovertystatusAtorabovepovertythreshold3,093411.7211.4151.381.0591.7Belowpovertythreshold775364.3243.492.251.9644.33Mother’slevelofeducationLessthanhighschool476285.0143.672.183.0725.0Highschool/GED1,046403.6273.3102.061.3603.6Vocational/technicalorsomecollege1,143393.0252.5101.761.4613.0Bachelor’sdegree768433.2152.3223.2112.3573.2Graduateorprofessionaldegree409495.2153.8264.4113.5515.2Seenotesatendoftable.10\nTable2-A.Percentofinfantswithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001—ContinuedAtleastoneweeklyTypeofweeklynonparentalcarearrangementNumberofnonparentalcareNoweeklynonparentalarrangementRelativeNonrelativeCenter1carearrangementCharacteristicchildren(inthousands)Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.3Mother’semploymentstatus35hoursormoreperweek1,287672.8322.6252.4151.9332.8Lessthan35hoursperweek748633.5424.3233.361.8373.5Lookingforwork219134.684.021.331.9874.6Notinthelaborforce1,588101.951.120.841.2901.9GeographicregionNortheast684464.2283.6142.861.8544.2South1,429372.7192.1111.6101.7632.7Midwest896453.2213.0202.992.3553.2West859333.3192.5122.541.3673.31Center-basedarrangementsincludedaycarecenters,HeadStartprograms,preschools,prekindergartens,andotherearlychildhoodprograms.112Childrenareconsideredpooriflivinginhouseholdswithincomesbelowthepovertythreshold,whichisadollaramountdeterminedbythefederalgovernmenttomeetthehousehold’sneeds,givenitssizeandcomposition.3Childrenwithoutmotherslivinginthehouseholdarenotincludedinestimatesrelatedtomother'seducationormother'semploymentstatus.NOTE:EstimatespertaintochildrenlessthanoneyearoldasofDecember31,2000.Detailmaynotsumtototalsbecauseofrounding.Thepercentagesofchildreninspecifictypesofcaredonotsumtothepercentageofchildrenwithatleastoneweeklynonparentalcarearrangement,becausesomechildrenhadmorethanonetypeofarrangement.s.e.isstandarderror.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,2001.11\nTable2-B.Percentoftoddlerswithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001AtleastoneweeklyTypeofweeklynonparentalcarearrangementNumberofnonparentalcareNoweeklynonparentalarrangementRelativeNonrelativeCenter1carearrangementCharacteristicchildren(inthousands)Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Total7,833561.2230.9190.9210.9441.2AgeOneyearold3,902531.7221.3201.2161.3471.7Twoyearsold3,931591.7231.4181.4251.4411.7Race/ethnicityWhite,non-Hispanic4,658561.5201.2211.2211.1441.5Black,non-Hispanic1,167724.2313.3182.6303.3284.2Hispanic1,493412.3221.9141.591.3592.3Other514634.5243.4213.6233.9374.512Householdincome$10,000orless898475.0274.3132.6132.9535.0$10,001to$20,0001,066523.5212.5162.7191.9483.5$20,001to$30,0001,057473.2222.6162.1142.2533.2$30,001to$40,000894553.4282.6132.1182.5453.4$40,001to$50,000783533.4222.7202.9183.0473.4$50,001to$75,0001,607612.4242.2232.1221.9392.4Morethan$75,0001,529672.4171.7272.1322.2332.42PovertystatusAtorabovepovertythreshold6,174581.2221.0211.0220.9421.2Belowpovertythreshold1,658473.5252.9132.0152.0533.53Mother’slevelofeducationLessthanhighschool913353.5182.8112.292.1653.5Highschool/GED2,227512.6251.9161.8152.0492.6Vocational/technicalorsomecollege2,333602.0242.0191.7221.7402.0Bachelor’sdegree1,619612.5202.0212.0292.3392.5Graduateorprofessionaldegree596763.5173.2393.5334.1243.5Seenotesatendoftable.12\nTable2-B.Percentoftoddlerswithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001—ContinuedAtleastoneweeklyTypeofweeklynonparentalcarearrangementNumberofnonparentalcareNoweeklynonparentalarrangementRelativeNonrelativeCenter1carearrangementCharacteristicchildren(inthousands)Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.3Mother’semploymentstatus35hoursormoreperweek2,902871.1361.6311.6301.6131.1Lessthan35hoursperweek1,552632.7302.5232.2201.8372.7Lookingforwork374415.5174.5143.7143.2595.5Notinthelaborforce2,860221.850.860.9131.3781.8GeographicregionNortheast1,412532.9242.1192.1172.1472.9South2,605621.9221.8181.5261.7381.9Midwest1,803562.9211.7232.0202.0442.9West2,013512.8232.1181.9171.7492.8113Center-basedarrangementsincludedaycarecenters,HeadStartprograms,preschools,prekindergartens,andotherearlychildhoodprograms.2Childrenareconsideredpooriflivinginhouseholdswithincomesbelowthepovertythreshold,whichisadollaramountdeterminedbythefederalgovernmenttomeetthehousehold’sneeds,givenitssizeandcomposition.3Childrenwithoutmotherslivinginthehouseholdarenotincludedinestimatesrelatedtomother'seducationormother'semploymentstatus.NOTE:EstimatespertaintochildrenagesoneandtwoasofDecember31,2000.Detailmaynotsumtototalsbecauseofrounding.Thepercentagesofchildreninspecifictypesofcaredonotsumtothepercentageofchildrenwithatleastoneweeklynonparentalcarearrangement,becausesomechildrenhadmorethanonetypeofarrangement.s.e.isstandarderror.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,2001.13\nTable2-C.Percentofpreschoolerswithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001AtleastoneweeklyTypeofweeklynonparentalcarearrangementNoweeklyNumberofnonparentalcarenonparentalcare1CharacteristicchildrenarrangementRelativeNonrelativeCenterarrangement(inthousands)Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Total8,551730.7210.9130.7560.6270.7AgeThreeyearsold3,795651.3221.3141.1431.2351.3Fouryearsold3,861791.1211.3131.0651.3211.1Fiveyearsold896822.5202.7132.1732.7182.5Race/ethnicityWhite,non-Hispanic5,313741.0180.9161.0590.9261.0Black,non-Hispanic1,251842.2353.481.6622.7162.2Hispanic1,506602.0221.9111.4401.9402.014Other482753.9203.4112.7624.1253.9Householdincome$10,000orless951673.8354.661.8443.4333.8$10,001to$20,0001,156672.4222.4101.5502.9332.4$20,001to$30,0001,134663.0222.5101.6492.5343.0$30,001to$40,000978673.0232.4122.2483.3333.0$40,001to$50,000822633.6202.5151.9433.3373.6$50,001to$75,0001,724791.7201.5181.8622.2211.7Morethan$75,0001,788871.5141.4171.5751.8131.52PovertystatusAtorabovepovertythreshold6,729750.8200.9150.8590.7250.8Belowpovertythreshold1,822652.4282.671.2462.1352.43Mother’slevelofeducationLessthanhighschool996573.6243.151.1383.3433.6Highschool/GED2,712681.7241.5111.3461.5321.7Vocational/technicalorsomecollege2,406771.5231.6131.2621.8231.5Bachelor’sdegree1,553801.9151.6171.7682.2201.9Graduateorprofessionaldegree685882.5101.7263.1753.0122.5Seenotesatendoftable.14\nTable2-C.Percentofpreschoolerswithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001—ContinuedAtleastoneweeklyTypeofweeklynonparentalcarearrangementNoweeklyNumberofnonparentalcarenonparentalcare1CharacteristicchildrenarrangementRelativeNonrelativeCenterarrangement(inthousands)Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.3Mother’semploymentstatus35hoursormoreperweek3,384900.9301.5221.3631.5100.9Lessthan35hoursperweek1,764801.7262.0151.5611.9201.7Lookingforwork396555.5195.051.8435.3455.5Notinthelaborforce2,809511.771.040.7471.6491.7GeographicregionNortheast1,620792.2252.5131.7632.3212.2South2,768741.6211.6101.1591.4261.6Midwest2,146751.7211.8201.7551.8251.7West2,017662.1181.7121.3472.2342.1115Center-basedarrangementsincludedaycarecenters,HeadStartprograms,preschools,prekindergartens,andotherearlychildhoodprograms.2Childrenareconsideredpooriflivinginhouseholdswithincomesbelowthepovertythreshold,whichisadollaramountdeterminedbythefederalgovernmenttomeetthehousehold’sneeds,givenitssizeandcomposition.3Childrenwithoutmotherslivinginthehouseholdarenotincludedinestimatesrelatedtomother'seducationormother'semploymentstatus.NOTE:Estimatespertaintochildrenagesthreethroughfive,asofDecember31,2000,whohadnotyetenteredkindergartenatthetimeofthesurvey.Thepercentagesofchildreninspecifictypesofcaredonotsumtothepercentageofchildrenwithatleastoneweeklynonparentalcarearrangement,becausesomechildrenhadmorethanonetypeofarrangement.s.e.isstandarderror.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,2001.15\nParticipationinDifferentTypesofCareandEducationArrangementsParticipationinVariousTypesofArrangementsAmongAllChildrenAsnotedabove,childrencanreceivecarefromavarietyofpeopleandorganizationsinavarietyoflocations.Figure2showsthepercentagesofchildrenundertheageof6whoreceivehome-basedcarefromrelativesandnonrelatives,aswellasthepercentageofchildrenwhohavecenter-basedarrangements.Forthisgroupofchildrenasawhole,theparticipationrateishighestforcenter-basedarrangements(33percent).Additionally,alargerpercentageofchildrenarecaredforbyarelativethanbyanonrelative(22vs.16percent).Figure2.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldandnotyetinkindergartenwithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangement:20011008060Percent4040332220160hhhhhRelativeNonrelativeCenter1NononparentalcarearrangementTypeofnonparentalcarearrangement1Center-basedarrangementsincludedaycarecenters,HeadStartprograms,preschools,prekindergartens,andotherearlychildhoodprograms.NOTE:AgeiscalculatedasofDecember31,2000.Percentagesbytypeofcaresumtomorethan100percent,becausesomechildrenparticipatedinmorethanonetypeofnonparentalarrangementonaweeklybasis.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,2001.16\nRatesofparticipationinthesethreetypesofcaredifferinsomecasesamongchildrenwithdifferentdemographiccharacteristics.Aswillbediscussedinthissection,suchdifferencesaresometimesevidentwhencomparinggroupsofchildrendifferinginhouseholdincome,mothers’education,race/ethnicity,andgeographicregioninwhichtheyreside.Similartofindingsfromthe1995NHES(West,Wright,andGerminoHausken1995),thesedatashowthatthesettinginwhichchildrenreceivenonparentalcareisrelatedtochild’sage.Olderchildrenaremorelikelythanyoungerchildrentobeincenter-basedcare(table2).One-year-oldsaremorelikelytobecaredforbyanonrelativethanareinfants,3-,4-,or5-year-olds(20percentcomparedto13to14percent).Two-year-oldsalsoaremorelikelythan4-or5-year-oldstoreceivenonrelativecare(18vs.13percent).Blackchildrenundertheageof6aremorelikelythanWhiteorHispanicchildrentoparticipateinrelativeorcenter-basedcare(33and40percentforrelativeandcenterbasedcareforBlackchildren,comparedto19and35percentand23and21percentforWhiteandHispanicchildren,respectively).WhitechildrenaremorelikelythanBlackorHispanicchildrentoreceivecarefromanonrelative(18percentvs.12and11percent,respectively).Hispanicchildrenhavethelowestrateofparticipationincenter-basedcare(21percent),comparedtoBlackandWhitechildren(40and35percent,respectively).Consistentwiththeoverallpatternforallchildrenundertheageof6whohavenotyetenteredkindergarten,WhiteandBlackchildrenaremorelikelytoreceivecenter-basedcarethanrelativeornonrelativecare.ThisisnottrueforHispanicchildren.Whiletheyarelesslikelytohavenonrelativecarearrangements(11percent),comparedtorelativeorcenter-basedarrangements(23and21percent,respectively),therearenomeasurabledifferencesinthepercentageofHispanicchildrenwhoarecaredforbyrelativesandthepercentagewhoarecaredforincenters.Participationinnonrelativecareishigherforchildreninhouseholdswithincomesgreaterthan$50,000thanitisforchildreninhouseholdswithincomesof$30,000orless(20-21percentcomparedwith9-12percent,respectively);similardifferencesareevidentforcenter-basedcarearrangements(36-48percentcomparedwith24-30percent,respectively).Incontrast,childreninhouseholdswithincomesgreaterthan$75,000arelesslikelythanchildrenlivinginlower-incomehouseholdstobecaredforbyarelative(15percentcomparedto21to30percent).Theparticipationratesforeachtypeofcarebypovertystatusfollowthesamegeneralpatterns.Childrenlivingatorabovethepovertythresholdaremorelikelythanthoselivingbelowthepovertythresholdtoreceivenonrelative(17vs.9percent)orcenter-basedcare(35vs.27percent),whiletheyarelesslikelytoreceivecarefromrelatives(21vs.26percent).Additionally,consistentwiththeoverallpatternforallchildren,thoselivingatorabovethepovertythresholdaremorelikelytoreceivecenter-basedcarethanrelativeornonrelativecare(35percentvs.21and17percent,respectively).Childrenlivingbelowthepovertythresholdarelesslikelytohavenonrelativecarearrangements,comparedtorelativeorcenter-basedarrangements(9percentvs.26and27percent,respectively),buttherearenomeasurabledifferencesinthepercentageofpoorchildrenwhoarecaredforbyrelativesandthepercentagewhoarecaredforincenters.17\nChildren’sparticipationinnonrelativeandcenter-basedarrangementsincreaseswithmother’seducation.Therelationshipofmother’seducationtochildren’sparticipationislessclearforrelativecarearrangements,butparticipationinrelativecaretendstodecreaseasmother’seducationincreases.Childrenwhosemothershaveahighschooldiploma,GED,vocational/technicaldiplomaorsomecollegearemorelikelythanchildrenwhosemothershaveabachelor’sdegreeorhighertobecaredforbyrelatives(24to25percentcomparedto14to17percent).Additionally,childrenwhosemothersdidnotcompletehighschoolaremorelikelythanchildrenwhosemothershaveanadvanceddegreetoreceiverelativecare(20vs.14percent).Incontrast,childrenwhosemothersdidnotcompletehighschoolarelesslikelythanchildrenwhosemothershaveahighschooldiplomaorGEDtoreceiverelativecare(20vs.25percent).Childrenwhosemothersworkaremorelikelytoreceivecareofanytypethanchildrenwhosemothersarenotinthelaborforce.Childrenwhosemothersworkfulltimealsoaremorelikelytoreceivenonrelativeorcenter-basedcare(26and42percent)thanthosewhosemothersworkparttime(19and35percent).ComparisonsofparticipationratesindifferenttypesofcareacrossregionsshowthatchildrenlivingintheNortheastarethemostlikelytoreceivecarefromarelative(25percent),childrenlivingintheMidwestarethemostlikelytoreceivecarefromanonrelative(21percent),andchildrenlivingintheWestaretheleastlikelytoreceivecareinacenter-basedsetting(27percent).Tosummarizethesefindings,participationratesforthethreetypesofcareexaminedinthisreportvaryamongchildrenwithdifferentdemographiccharacteristics.Generally,nonrelativeandcenter-basedcarearemostcommonforchildreninhigher-incomehomes,includingthoselivingatorabovethepovertythreshold,andforchildrenwithbetter-educatedmothers.NonrelativecareisalsomostcommonforWhitechildrenandchildrenlivingintheMidwest,whilecenter-basedcareismostcommonforBlackchildrenandleastcommonforchildrenwholiveintheWesternregionoftheUnitedStates,comparedtootherchildren.RelativecareismorecommonamongBlackchildren,childrenlivingbelowthepovertythreshold,childrenwithless-educatedmothers,andchildrenwholiveintheNortheasternregionoftheUnitedStates,comparedtootherchildren.ParticipationinVariousTypesofArrangementsAmongChildrenofDifferentAgesVariationsintheoverallrelationshipsbetweentheexaminedcharacteristicsandtypeofcareemergewhenchildrenwithinparticularagegroupsarecomparedtooneanother.Below,participationratesindifferenttypesofcareamongchildrenwithdifferentcharacteristicsareexaminedseparatelyforinfants,toddlers,andpreschoolers.InfantsTwentyonepercentofchildrenundertheageofonearecaredforbyarelativeonaweeklybasis,comparedto14percentwhoarecaredforbyanonrelativeand8percentwhoarecaredforinacenter(figure3andtable2-A).Theseparticipationratesalsoindicatethatnonrelativecarearrangementsaremorecommonforthisgroupofchildrenthanarecenter-basedarrangements.18\nFigure3.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldandnotyetinkindergartenwithweeklynonparentalcarearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandage:2001100Relativearrangement80NonrelativearrangementCenter-basedarrangementNononparentalarrangement606056Percent444027212321211920141380LessthanoneOnetoTwoThreetoFiveAgeinyearsNOTE:AgeiscalculatedasofDecember31,2000.Percentagesbytypeofcaresumtomorethan100percent,becausesomechildrenparticipatedinmorethanonetypeofnonparentalarrangementonaweeklybasis.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,2001.Amonginfants,therearedifferenceswithinthetypesofcarebyrace/ethnicity.BlackinfantsaremorelikelythanWhiteinfantstoreceivecarefromarelative(31vs.18percent),whileWhiteinfantsaremorelikelythanHispanicinfantstoreceivecarefromanonrelative(17vs.7percent).Withaparticipationrateof4percent,HispanicinfantsarelesslikelythanBlackinfants(11percent)tobecaredforinacenter.Therearenodistinctivepatternsininfantparticipationratesbyhouseholdincomeforrelativecare.Withtheexceptionofinfantsinhouseholdswithincomesbetween$30,001and$40,000,infantsinhouseholdswithincomesgreaterthan$75,000aremorelikelythanotherinfantstoreceivecenter-basedcare(15percentcomparedto4-9percent).Inaddition,infantsinhouseholdswithincomesabove$75,000havehigherratesofparticipationinnonrelativecarethandoinfantsinhouseholdswithincomesof$30,000orless(20percentcomparedto8-10percent).Lookingatpovertystatus,infantswhoresideinhouseholdslivingatorabovethepovertythresholdaremorelikelytobecaredforbyanonrelativethaninfantslivingbelowthepovertythreshold(15vs.9percent).19\nParticipationinrelativecarearrangementsismorecommonforinfantswhosemothershaveahighschooldiplomaorequivalent,avocational/technicaldiplomaorsomecollege(25-27percent)thanitisforinfantswhosemothershavelessthanahighschooleducation(14percent)orabachelor’sdegreeorhigher(15percent).Participationinnonrelativearrangementsisgreaterforinfantswhosemothershaveabachelor’sdegreeorhigher(22-26percent)comparedtoinfantswhosemothershavelowerlevelsofeducation(7-10percent).Thereisnoclearpatternbymother’seducationforinfants’participationincenter-basedcarearrangements.Infantswhosemothersarenotinthelaborforcearelesslikelytohaverelativeornonrelativecarearrangementsthaninfantswhohavemothersinthelaborforce.Infantswhosemothersworkfulltimearethemostlikelytobecaredforinacenter(15percent)comparedtoinfantswhosemothersarenotinthelaborforceorareworkingparttime(4and6percent,respectively).Infantparticipationratesforcareindifferentsettingsvarybygeographicregion.InfantswholiveintheNortheastaremorelikelytobecaredforbyrelativesthaninfantslivingintheSouthortheWest(28percentvs.19percenteach).InfantsintheMidwestaremorelikelythaninfantslivingintheSouthandWesttohavenonrelativecarearrangements(20percentvs.11and12percent).Also,infantslivingintheSouthandMidwestaremorelikelythaninfantslivingintheWesttoparticipateincenter-basedcarearrangements(10and9percentcomparedto4percent).ToddlersOnaverage,between19and23percentoftoddlersparticipateineachtypeofcare(figure3andtable2-B).However,astable2-Bindicates,1-year-oldsarelesslikelytobecaredforinacenterthanbyarelative(16vs.22percent).Two-year-oldsarelesslikelytoreceivecarefromanonrelativethaninacenter(18vs.25percent).Whenlookingatparticipationratesbyrace/ethnicity(table2-B),BlacktoddlersaremorelikelythanWhiteorHispanictoddlerstobecaredforbyarelative(31percentvs.20and22percent,respectively)ortoreceivecenter-basedcare(30percentvs.21and9percent,respectively).HispanictoddlersarelesslikelythanWhitetoddlerstobecaredforbyanonrelative(14vs.21percent)orinacenter-basedsetting(9vs.21percent).Carefromnonrelativesorincenter-basedsettingsismorecommonfortoddlersinhouseholdswithincomesover$75,000comparedtotoddlersinhomeswithincomesof$40,000orless.Inaddition,toddlersinhouseholdswithincomesover$75,000aremorelikelytoreceivecenter-basedcarethantoddlersinhouseholdswithlowerincomes(32percentcomparedto13-22percent).Similarly,toddlerslivingatorabovethepovertythresholdaremorelikelythantoddlerslivingbelowthepovertythresholdtohavenonrelativeorcenter-basedcarearrangements(21and22percentcomparedto13and15percent).Asmother’seducationincreases,toddlers’participationinnonrelativeandcenter-basedcarearrangementsincreases.Toddlerswhosemothersworkfulltimearemorelikelytobecaredforbyarelative,byanonrelative,orinacenteronaweeklybasisthantoddlerswithmothersofanyotheremploymentstatus.Toddlerswhosemothersworkparttimealsoaremorelikelytoreceivecareineachofthesethreesettingsthantoddlerswhosemothersarenotinthelaborforce.20\nSomedifferenceswerefoundintoddlerparticipationratesacrossgeographicregionsforcenter-basedcare.ToddlerslivingintheSoutharemorelikelytobecaredforinacenterthantoddlerslivinginanyotherareaofthecountry(26percentcomparedto17-20percent).PreschoolersThree-tofive-year-oldsaremorelikelytoreceivecareincenter-basedarrangementsthanineitherrelativeornonrelativearrangements(56percentvs.21and13percent,respectively)(figure3andtable2-C).Theyarealsomorelikelytohaverelativecarearrangementsthannonrelativecarearrangements.Forrelativecare,theparticipationrateishighestforBlackpreschoolers(35percent)andlowestforWhitepreschoolers(18percent).Incontrast,WhitepreschoolersaremorelikelythanBlackorHispanicpreschoolerstobecaredforbyanonrelative(16percentvs.8and11percent).Forcenter-basedcarearrangements,theparticipationrateforHispanicpreschoolers(40percent)islowerthantheparticipationratesforWhiteandBlackpreschoolers(59and62percent,respectively).Preschoolersinhouseholdswithincomesof$10,000orlessaremorelikelythanotherpreschoolerstoreceivecarefromarelative(35percentcomparedto14-23percent),whilepreschoolersinhouseholdswithincomesover$75,000aremorelikelythanotherpreschoolerstoreceivecareincenters(75percentcomparedto43-62percent).Preschoolersinhouseholdswithincomesover$75,000arelesslikelytobecaredforbyarelativethanarepreschoolersinhouseholdswithincomesof$30,000orless(14percentcomparedwith22-35percent),butaremorelikelytobecaredforbyanonrelative(17percentcomparedwith6-10percent).Withrespecttopovertystatus,preschoolerslivingatorabovethepovertythresholdarelesslikelythanpreschoolerslivingbelowthepovertythresholdtobecaredforbyarelative(20vs.28percent).Conversely,theyaremorelikelythanpreschoolerslivingbelowthepovertythresholdtobecaredforbyanonrelativeorinacenter-basedsetting(15vs.7percentfornonrelativecareand59vs.46percentforcenter-basedcare).Preschoolerswhosemothershaveabachelor’soradvanceddegreearelesslikelytobecaredforbyrelatives(15and10percent,respectively)thanpreschoolerswhosemothershavelowerlevelsofeducation(between23and24percent).Incontrast,asmother’slevelofeducationincreases,preschoolersaremorelikelytobecaredforbyanonrelativeorinacenter.While51percentofpreschoolerswhosemothersarenotinthelaborforcehaveaweeklynonparentalcarearrangement,theyarelesslikelythanpreschoolerswhosemothersworktoparticipateineachofthethreetypesofarrangements(7percentcomparedwith26-30percentforrelativecare,4percentcomparedwith15-22percentfornonrelativecare,and47percentcomparedwith61-63percentforcenter-basedcare).Preschoolerswhosemothersworkparttimearelesslikelytobecaredforbyanonrelative(15percent)thanpreschoolerswhosemothersworkfulltime(22percent).PreschoolerslivingintheMidwestaremorelikelytobecaredforbyanonrelative(20percent)thanchildrenlivinginothergeographicregions(10-13percent).CarefromrelativesismorecommonforpreschoolersintheNortheast(25percent)thanitisfortheircounterpartsintheWest(18percent).Withaparticipationrateof47percent,preschoolerslivingintheWest21\narelesslikelytoreceivecenter-basedcarethanpreschoolerslivingintheNortheast,South,orMidwest(63,59,and55percent,respectively).Additionally,theparticipationrateforcenter-basedcareforpreschoolerslivingintheNortheastishigherthantherateforpreschoolerslivingintheMidwest.LocationofNonparentalCareArrangementsAspreviouslymentioned,childrenmayreceivenonparentalcareandeducationineitherhome-basedorcenter-basedsettings.Inthediscussionthatfollows,thisreportfirstlooksathowparticipationratesdifferamongchildrenreceivingcareindifferenttypesofhome-basedsettings,i.e.,inrelativeandnonrelativecarearrangements.Specifically,focusisplacedonthereceiptofcareinachild’sownhomeversusreceiptofcareinahomeotherthanthechild’s.Thesecondpartofthissectionexaminesparticipationincenter-basedarrangementswithafocusonthedifferentlocationsinwhichcenter-basedcarecanbeprovided.Someofthemorecommonlocationsareplacesofworship(e.g.,churchesandsynagogues),schools,andcenterslocatedin8theirownbuilding.Home-basedArrangementsTable3,whichpertainsonlytochildrenunder6yearsoldreceivingrelativeornonrelativecareinahome-basedsetting,presentsestimatesofthepercentofthesechildrenthatarecaredforintheirownhomeorinsomeoneelse’shome.Consistentwithpreviousresearch(Westetal.1992;West,Wright,andGerminoHausken1995),theseNHESdatashowthatnonparentalcareismorelikelytobeprovidedinahomeotherthanthechild’sregardlessofwhetherthecareisprovidedbyarelativeoranonrelative(figure4).Approximately81percentofchildrenundertheageof6whoreceivenonrelativecarereceiveitinahomeotherthantheirown,comparedwith21percentwhoreceiveitintheirownhome.Forchildrenwithrelativecarearrangements,thecomparablepercentagesare66percent(otherhome)and44percent(ownhome).Thereisonegroupofchildrenforwhomthisgeneralpatterndoesnothold.Childrenwhosemothersarenotinthelaborforceandhavenonrelativecarearrangementsaremorelikelytoreceivethatcareintheirownhomethaninthehomeofsomeoneelse(67vs.35percent).Somegroupsofchildrenaremorelikelythanotherstoreceivecareintheirownhome.Analysesofdifferencesbyrace/ethnicityshowthatamongchildrenwhoreceivecarefromrelatives,Hispanicchildren,comparedtoWhitechildren,aremorelikelytoreceivethatcareintheirownhome(50vs.40percent)andlesslikelytoreceiveitinsomeoneelse’shome(57vs.71percent).Amongchildrenwhoreceivecarefromnonrelatives,WhiteandHispanicchildrenaremorelikelythanBlackchildrentoreceivesuchcareintheirownhome(23and21percentvs.8Thesurveyquestionspecificallyaskedparentswhetherthecentertheirchildrenattendedwaslocatedin“itsownbuilding.”Thiscategoryexcludesprivatehomes,placesofworship,schools,colleges,universities,communitycenters,libraries,etc.Locationrefersstrictlytotheplacewherethecarewasprovidedandnotthetypeofcareproviderorsponsorship.Forexample,ifareligiousgroupprovidedcareinabuildingthatwasnotaplaceofworship,thecarewouldbeconsideredashavingbeenprovidedinacenterlocateditsownbuilding,ratherthaninaplaceofworship.Alternatively,acarearrangementlocatedinaplaceofworshipwasnotnecessarilyprovidedbythereligiousgrouptowhomtheplaceofworshipbelonged.22\n7percent)andarelesslikelytoreceiveitinahomeotherthantheirown(80and82percentvs.94percent).Figure4.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldandnotyetinkindergartenwithweeklyrelativeornonrelativecarearrangements,bylocationofarrangement:2001100Inownhome8180Notinownhome6660Percent444021200RelativeNonrelativeTypeofnonparentalcarearrangementNOTE:AgeiscalculatedasofDecember31,2000.Percentagesbytypeofcaresumtomorethan100percentbecausesomechildrenarecaredforbycaregiversinbothlocations.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,2001.Therearenoclearpatternsinhome-basedparticipationratesbylocationofcareasincomeincreasesordecreases,withoneexception:childrenwithnonrelativecarearrangementswholiveinhouseholdswithincomesgreaterthan$75,000aremorelikelytobecaredforbyanonrelativeintheirownhome(40percent)andlesslikelytobecaredforbyanonrelativeinsomeoneelse’shome(62percent)thanarechildrenfromeveryotherincomecategoryexceptthoseinhouseholdswithincomesof$10,000orless(6-26percentfornonrelativecareinownhome;74-96percentfornonrelativecareinotherperson’shome).Fifty-fivepercentofchildrenlivingbelowthepovertythresholdwhoarecaredforbyrelativesreceivethatcareintheirownhome,comparedto40percentofchildrenlivingatorabovethepovertythresholdwhoarecaredforbyrelatives.23\nChildrenwithrelativecarearrangementswhosemothershaveanadvanceddegreearemorelikelythanchildrenwhosemothershaveahighschooldiploma,GED,orvocational/technicaldiplomatoreceiverelativecareintheirownhome(57percentcomparedto37-43percent).Nonrelativecarearrangementsinachild’sownhomearelesscommonforchildrenwhosemothershaveahighschooldiploma,GED,vocational/technicaldiplomaorsomecollege(about13percentofsuchchildrenhavesucharrangements)thantheyareforchildrenwhosemothershavelevelsofeducationthatareeitherhigher(i.e.,abachelor’soradvanceddegree)orlower(i.e.,lessthanhighschool).Whilethemajorityofchildrenwithnonrelativecarearrangementswhosemothersworkparttimereceivethatcareinsomeoneelse’shome(77percent),theyarelesslikelytodosothanchildrenwithnonrelativecarearrangementswhosemothersworkfulltime(90percent).Incontrast,theyaremorelikelythanchildrenwhosemothersworkfull-timetoreceivethatnonrelativecareintheirownhome(27vs.12percent).Childrenwithnonrelativecarearrangementswhosemothersarenotinthelaborforcearemorelikelytohavethatcareprovidedintheirownhome(67percent)thanarechildrenwithnonrelativecarearrangementswhosemothersworkparttimeorfulltime.Also,childrenwithrelativecarearrangementswhosemothersarenotinthelaborforcearemorelikelytoreceivecarefromarelativeintheirownhome(57percent)thanarechildrenwithrelativecarearrangementswhosemothersworkfulltime(40percent).ChildrenwithrelativecarearrangementslivingintheMidwestaretheleastlikelytoreceivesuchcareintheirownhome(33percent)andthemostlikelytobecaredforinsomeoneelse’shome(75percent),comparedtochildrenwithrelativecarearrangementslivinginotherregions(between44and52percentforcareinownhome;between60and65percentforcareinsomeoneelse’shome).Amongchildrenreceivingnonrelativecare,childrenlivingintheNortheastarethemostlikelytohavethatcareprovidedintheirownhome(39percentcomparedto12-25percentinotherregions)andtheleastlikelytohavethatcareprovidedinsomeoneelse’shome(64percentcomparedto81-90percentinotherregions).Additionally,childrenwithnonrelativecarearrangementslivingintheWestaremorelikelytobecaredforintheirownhomethanarechildrenwithnonrelativecarearrangementslivingintheMidwest(25vs.12percent).24\nTable3.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldwithweeklyrelativeornonrelativecarearrangements,bylocationandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001RelativearrangementNonrelativearrangementNumberofchildrenCharacteristic(inthousands)OwnhomeNotinownhomeOwnhomeNotinownhomePercents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Total7,155441.7661.5211.6811.51AgeLessthanone1,260433.8663.5193.6833.3Oneyearold1,547433.2702.9222.9792.9Twoyearsold1,518393.5683.6223.0802.7Threeyearsold1,297463.5633.6203.3833.2Fouryearsold1,262483.7633.3243.2813.2Fiveyearsold272387.8697.7227.7817.5Race/ethnicity25White,non-Hispanic4,178402.2711.9231.9801.8Black,non-Hispanic1,327433.8653.772.5942.3Hispanic1,207502.8573.1213.3823.2Other444555.5565.7388.3628.3Householdincome$10,000orless853426.5645.8267.6747.6$10,001to$20,000880494.3593.9214.8824.7$20,001to$30,000909503.9614.362.2961.8$30,001to$40,000829333.8753.5113.8913.2$40,001to$50,000722344.6754.1123.5883.5$50,001to$75,0001,588453.1683.1142.7902.4Morethan$75,0001,374483.8633.6403.6623.52PovertystatusAtorabovepovertythreshold5,711401.8701.6211.6811.5Belowpovertythreshold1,445554.5544.0225.2795.23Mother’slevelofeducationLessthanhighschool643555.7515.2307.6727.8Highschool/GED2,108433.1672.8132.5892.3Vocational/technicalorsomecollege2,212372.7732.7132.3892.1Bachelor’sdegree1,308463.6683.7243.4793.2Graduateorprofessionaldegree684576.1485.9424.6614.5Seenotesatendoftable.25\nTable3.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldwithweeklyrelativeornonrelativecarearrangements,bylocationandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001—ContinuedRelativearrangementNonrelativearrangementNumberofchildrenCharacteristicOwnhomeNotinownhomeOwnhomeNotinownhome(inthousands)Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.3Mother’semploymentstatus35hoursormoreperweek4,185402.0692.0121.6901.4Lessthan35hoursperweek1,862463.6683.0273.2773.0Lookingforwork227489.7569.6‡‡‡‡Notinthelaborforce681575.6475.9676.0356.1GeographicregionNortheast1,417523.9604.1394.8644.6South2,258442.7652.7182.4822.5Midwest1,880333.1752.9122.3902.3West1,601472.9643.3253.4812.826‡Reportingstandardsnotmet.1AgeiscalculatedasofDecember31,2000.2Childrenareconsideredpooriflivinginhouseholdswithincomesbelowthepovertythreshold,whichisadollaramountdeterminedbythefederalgovernmenttomeetthehousehold’sneeds,givenitssizeandcomposition.3Childrenwithoutmotherslivinginthehouseholdarenotincludedinestimatesrelatedtomother'seducationormother'semploymentstatus.NOTE:Estimatespertaintochildrenunder6yearsoldwhohadnotyetenteredkindergartenatthetimeofthesurveyandwhohadatleastonerelativeornonrelativecarearrangement.Childrenwithonlycenter-basedcarearrangementsorwhohadnononparentalcarearrangementsareexcluded.Detailmaynotsumtototalsbecauseofrounding.Percentagesbytypeofcaresumtomorethan100percent,becausesomechildrenarecaredforbycaregiversinbothlocations.s.e.isstandarderror.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,2001.26\nCenter-basedArrangementsAsnotedabove,andasshownintable4andfigure5,whichpertainonlytochildrenreceivingcenter-basedcareonaweeklybasis,overall,childrenincenter-basedcarearemore9likelytoreceivethiscareinacenterlocatedinitsownbuildingthaninanyotherlocation.Figure5.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldandnotyetinkindergartenwithweeklycenter-basedcarearrangements,bylocationofarrangement:20011008060Percent4035262720950PrivatePlaceofPublicorprivateOwnOther2homeworship1K-12schoolbuildingLocationofcenter-basedcarearrangement1Includeschurches,synagogues,andotherplacesofworship.2Includeslocationssuchasauniversity,acommunitycenter,andalibrary.NOTE:AgeiscalculatedasofDecember31,2000.Percentagesbylocationofcaresumtomorethan100percentbecausesomechildrenreceivedcenter-basedcareinmorethanonelocation.Center-basedarrangementsincludedaycarecenters,HeadStartprograms,preschools,prekindergartens,andotherearlychildhoodprograms.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,2001.9Table4andfigure5reportstatisticsforcarearrangementsclassifiedascenter-basedcareinaprivatehome.Itislikelythatthequestionnairestructureresultsinsomearrangementsbeingclassifiedthisway,ratherthanasnonrelativecare,whichtheNHESdefinesascarebyanonrelativeinaprivatehome.Respondentsspecificallyaretoldnottoreportparticipationinpreschoolprogramsasanonrelativecarearrangement,regardlessofwhetherthatpreschoolisoperatedinaprivateresidenceoracenter-basedsetting.Therefore,arrangementsclassifiedascenter-basedinprivatehomesmostlikelyarepreschoolslocatedinhomesthatmayalsoserveasresidencesorinbuildingsthathavebothresidentialandcommercialspace.Itmayalsobethatsomeparentsmisidentifiedfamilydaycareascenter-basedcare.Athirdpossibilityisthatparentswhousecarearrangementsinprivatehomesforenrichmentpurposes,asopposedtoastrictneedforchildcare,maynotconsiderthistobechildcare,perse,andthereforewouldbemorelikelytoclassifyitaspreschool(acenter-basedarrangementasdefinedintheNHES)thanascareprovidedbyanonrelativeinaprivatehome.27\nWhenconsiderationisgiventothelocationofcenter-basedcareforchildrenofdifferentages,somedifferencesfromthisoverallpatternemerge.Whilechildrentwo-years-oldandyoungeraremorelikelytoreceivecenter-basedcareinacenterlocatedinitsownbuildingthaninanyotherlocation,thesameisnottrueforolderchildren.Among3-and5-year-olds,nodifferencesweredetectedintheparticipationratesforcenter-basedcareprovidedinitsownbuildingandcareprovidedinchurches,synagogues,orotherplacesofworship.Themostcommonlocationsforcenter-basedcareamong4-year-oldsarecentersintheirownbuildingsandschools.Five-year-oldswhoarenotyetenrolledinkindergartenaremorelikelytoreceivecenter-basedcareinpublicorprivateschoolsthaninanyotherlocation.Amongchildrenincenter-basedcare,comparisonsofchildrenofdifferentagestooneanothershowthat1-and2-year-oldsarelesslikelythanolderchildrentoreceivecenter-basedcareinpublicorprivateschools.One-year-oldsaremorelikelythanolderchildrentohavecareprovidedinacenterlocatedinitsownbuilding(55percentcomparedto23-45percent).Incontrast,5-year-oldsarelesslikelythanyoungerchildrentoattendcentersintheirownbuildingsandmorelikelytoattendprogramsinpublicorprivateschools.Three-year-oldsaremorelikelythanchildrenofallotherages,except2-year-olds,toreceivecenter-basedcareinchurches,synagogues,orotherplacesofworship(31percentcomparedto19-25percent).Blackchildrenwhoreceivecenter-basedcarearemorelikelytoattendcentersintheirownbuildingthaninanyotherlocation(43percentcomparedto7-30percentforotherlocations).AmongHispanics,themostcommonlocationinwhichtheyreceivecenter-basedcareisapublicorprivateschool(70percentcomparedto3-28percentforotherlocations).Comparingchildrenofdifferentracialandethnicbackgroundsincenter-basedcaretooneanother,thedatashowthatWhitechildrenaremorelikelythanBlackorHispanicchildrentoreceivecenter-basedcareinachurch,synagogue,orotherplaceofworship(32percentvs.16percenteach).TheyaremorelikelythanHispanicchildrenandlesslikelythanBlackchildrentoreceivethiscareinacenterlocatedinitsownbuilding(34percentcomparedto28percentforHispanicsand43percentforBlacks).Also,withaparticipationrateof23percent,Whitechildrenincenter-basedcarearelesslikelythanBlackorHispanicchildrenincenter-basedcare(30and70percent,respectively)toreceivethatcareinapublicorprivateschool.ComparedtoHispanicchildrenincenter-basedcare,Blackchildrenwhoreceivecenter-basedcarearemorelikelytobecaredforinacenterinitsownbuildingandarelesslikelytoattendprogramsinpublicorprivateschools.Ashouseholdincomeincreases,children’sparticipationrateincenter-basedcarelocatedinachurch,synagogue,orotherplaceofworshipalsoincreases.Theoppositeistrueforcarethattakesplaceinapublicorprivateelementaryorsecondaryschool—i.e.,children’sparticipationratedecreasesashouseholdincomeincreases.Thesettinginwhichchildrenlivingatorabovethepovertythresholdaremostlikelytoreceivecenter-basedcareisacenter’sownbuilding(35percentcomparedto5-30percentforotherlocations).Comparedtochildrenwithcenter-basedarrangementswholivebelowthepovertythreshold,childrenwithcenter-basedarrangementswholiveatorabovethepovertythresholdaremorelikelytoreceivecenter-basedcareinaplaceofworship(30percentforchildrenlivingabovethepovertylevelvs.9percentforchildrenlivingbelowthepovertylevel)andarelesslikelytoreceiveitinapublicorprivateschool(24percentforchildrenlivingabovethepovertylevelvs.41percentforchildrenlivingbelowthepovertylevel).28\nSimilartothepatternsforhouseholdincome,asmother’slevelofeducationincreases,children’sparticipationrateincenter-basedcarelocatedinaplaceofworshipalsoincreases,withthereversebeingtrueforcarethattakesplaceinapublicorprivateschool.Childrenwithcenter-basedarrangementswhosemothersworkfulltimearethemostlikelytoreceivecenter-basedcareinitsownbuilding(44percent),comparedtochildrenwithcenter-basedarrangementswhosemothersworkparttimeorarenotinthelaborforce(30and25percent,respectively).Incontrast,childrenwithcenter-basedarrangementswhosemothersworkfulltimearelesslikelythanchildrenwithcenter-basedarrangementswhosemothersworkparttimeorarenotinthelaborforcetoreceivecenter-basedcareinachurch,synagogue,orotherplaceofworship(22vs.30and33percent,respectively).Additionally,childrenwithcenter-basedarrangementswhosemothersarenotinthelaborforcearemorelikelythanchildrenwithcenter-basedarrangementswhosemothersworkfulltimetoreceivecenter-basedcareinapublicorprivateschool(31vs.22percent).Therearefewdifferencesdetectedwithrespecttogeographicregion.Eighteenpercentofchildrenwithcenter-basedarrangementswholiveintheWestreceivecenter-basedcareinchurches,synagogues,orotherplaceofworship.Incomparison,largerpercentages(between26and30percent)ofchildrenwithcenter-basedarrangementswholiveinotherregionsofthecountrygotocenterslocatedinplacesofworship.Insum,thefindingspresentedinthissectionshowthat,withfewexceptions,amongchildrenwithhome-basedarrangements,careismorecommonlyprovidedinsomeoneelse’shomethaninachild’sownhome.Thegroupsofchildrenwhoaremostlikelytobecaredforinsomeoneelse’shome,comparedtootherchildren,sometimesdifferdependingonwhetherthecareisprovidedbyarelativeornonrelative.Ratesofparticipationincareprovidedinone’sownhomeversusthehomeofsomeoneelsevarybyrace/ethnicity,povertystatus,mother’seducationandemploymentstatus,andgeographicregion.Overall,childrenincenter-basedcarearemorelikelytoreceivethiscareinacenterlocatedinitsownbuildingthaninanyotherlocation.Therearesomeexceptionstothisoverallpatternwhenparticipationisexaminedbyageandrace/ethnicity.Also,comparingtheparticipationofchildrenwithdifferentcharacteristicstooneanother,therearesomeclearpatternsforcareprovidedinachurch,synagogue,orotherplaceofworship,aswellasforcareprovidedinapublicorprivateschool.29\nTable4.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldwithweeklycenter-basedcarearrangements,bylocationandchildandfamilycharacteristics:20011Locationofcenter-basedarrangementNumberofCharacteristicchildren23PrivatehomePlaceofworshipPublicorprivateK-12schoolOwnbuildingOther(inthousands)Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Total6,69550.6261.1271.1351.390.84AgeLessthanone29882.9195.2165.0455.8134.2Oneyearold60892.6213.082.8554.383.0Twoyearsold1,00081.6272.9132.3413.1112.2Threeyearsold1,62051.1312.3211.9352.391.5Fouryearsold2,51530.6251.6351.7311.780.9Fiveyearsold65420.9233.1493.5233.071.7Race/ethnicity30White,non-Hispanic4,30250.7321.5231.3341.580.9Black,non-Hispanic1,18571.5162.0302.7433.381.5Hispanic76230.9162.2702.7282.7161.8Other44631.6163.3334.5394.7113.8Householdincome$10,000orless55042.082.5415.2395.4102.8$10,001to$20,00081651.1112.1362.9393.0132.4$20,001to$30,00071672.1232.6343.4333.261.9$30,001to$40,00067341.6232.7283.4404.071.7$40,001to$50,000517103.1324.2233.1324.162.1$50,001to$75,0001,47940.8342.3212.1352.591.7Morethan$75,0001,94450.8332.2202.0342.191.25PovertystatusAtorabovepovertythreshold5,56250.6301.3241.1351.380.8Belowpovertythreshold1,13251.491.7412.9363.2122.26Mother’slevelofeducationLessthanhighschool49431.292.3483.9314.4113.1Highschool/GED1,64271.3211.9302.4372.381.4Vocational/technicalorsomecollege2,07661.0261.9251.7362.391.3Bachelor’sdegree1,60441.0332.5202.0352.391.6Graduateorprofessionaldegree75241.4353.4192.9343.3112.2Seenotesatendoftable.30\nTable4.Percentofchildrenunder6yearsoldwithweeklycenter-basedcarearrangements,bylocationandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001—Continued1Locationofcenter-basedarrangementNumberofchildren23CharacteristicPrivatehomePlaceofworshipPublicorprivateK-12schoolOwnbuildingOther(inthousands)Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.Percents.e.6Mother’semploymentstatus35hoursormoreperweek3,17560.8221.3221.5441.891.1Lessthan35hoursperweek1,43671.3302.4272.1302.581.2Lookingforwork23142.0144.4397.1315.8125.6Notinthelaborforce1,72620.6332.4312.2252.2101.5GeographicregionNortheast1,30261.3262.4282.4342.5101.5South2,46130.6301.6241.6381.971.2Midwest1,61161.4272.4282.4332.691.3West1,32181.7181.8282.5362.5111.9131Center-basedarrangementsincludedaycarecenters,HeadStartprograms,preschools,prekindergartens,andotherearlychildhoodprograms.2Thisincludeschurches,synagogues,andotherplacesofworship.3TheOthercategoryincludeslocationssuchasauniversity,acommunitycenter,andalibrary.4AgeiscalculatedasofDecember31,2000.5Childrenareconsideredpooriflivinginhouseholdswithincomesbelowthepovertythreshold,whichisadollaramountdeterminedbythefederalgovernmenttomeetthehousehold’sneeds,givenitssizeandcomposition.6Childrenwithoutmotherslivinginthehouseholdarenotincludedinestimatesrelatedtomother'seducationormother'semploymentstatus.NOTE:Estimatespertaintochildrenunder6yearsoldwhohadnotyetenteredkindergartenatthetimeofthesurveyandwhohadatleastonecenter-basedcarearrangement.Childrenwithonlyrelativeornonrelativecarearrangementsorwhohadnononparentalcarearrangementsareexcluded.Detailmaynotsumtototalsbecauseofrounding.Rowsdonotsumto100percent,becausesomechildrenreceivedcenter-basedcareinmorethanonelocation.s.e.isstandarderror.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,2001.31\nAverageTimeSpentinNonparentalCareArrangementsThe2001NHEScollectedinformationonthenumberofhoursperweekchildrenspendintheirnonparentalcarearrangements.Thissectionpresentsthisinformationaboutthetimespentincareforchildrenindifferenttypesofarrangementsandwithdifferentbackgroundcharacteristics.Itdiscussestimespentincareoverall,i.e.,forallchildrenacrossallarrangements,aswellastimespentinparticulartypesofcareforchildrenwiththosetypesofcarearrangements.Childrenwhodonothaveatleastoneweeklynonparentalcarearrangementareexcludedfromtheseanalyses.Table5presentsestimatesofthetotalamountoftimechildrenspendinnonparentalcarearrangements,acrossalltypesofarrangements,aswellastheamountoftimechildrenspendin10careofanygiventype.Childrenreceivingnonparentalcareonaweeklybasisspend31hours,onaverage,inthecareofsomeoneotherthantheirparents.Theyspendmoretimeinthecareofnonrelativesthanincenters(anaverageof28hourscomparedto25hours).Timespentincarevariesbyagefornonrelativeandcenter-basedcarearrangements.While1-and2-year-oldsspendabout30hourseachweekinnonrelativecarearrangements,4-and5-year-oldsspendlesstimeinsucharrangements(about25and24hoursperweek,respectively).Also,infantsandtoddlersreceivemorehoursofcenter-basedcareperweekthan3-to5-year-olds(about29-32hourscomparedtoabout21-23hours).Withanaverageof38hoursperweek,Blackchildrenspendmoretime,overall,innonparentalcarearrangementsthanWhiteorHispanicchildren(28and31hourseach,onaverage).Morespecifically,Blackchildrenspendmorehoursperweekinnonrelativecarearrangements(34hours)andincenter-basedcarearrangements(34hours)thandoWhiteorHispanicchildren(27hoursinnonrelativecarearrangementsforbothgroups;22and26hoursincenter-basedcarearrangementsforWhiteandHispanicchildren,respectively).ThesefindingssupportpreviousresearchshowingthatBlackchildrenarenotonlymorelikelytoreceivecarefromsomeoneotherthantheirparents,butalsotospendgreateramountsoftimeinthiscare(West,GerminoHausken,andCollins1993).Withanaverageof23hoursperweekinrelativecareand22hoursperweekincenter-basedcare,Whitechildrenspendthefewesthoursperweekinthesetypesofarrangements,comparedtoBlack(30hoursforrelativecare;34hoursforcenter-basedcare)andHispanicchildren(28hoursforrelativecare;26hoursforcenter-basedcare).Childrenlivinginhouseholdswithincomesof$30,000orlessspendmoretimeincareoverall(between32and33hoursperweek,onaverage)thanchildrenlivinginhouseholdswithincomesgreaterthan$50,000(about29hoursperweek,onaverage).Lookingspecificallyatcenter-basedcare,childrenlivinginhouseholdswithincomesof$20,000orlessspendmoretimeinthiscare(28-29hoursperweek)thanchildrenlivinginhouseholdswithincomesgreaterthan$50,000(23-25hoursperweek).Childrenlivingbelowthepovertythresholdspendabout28hoursperweekincenter-basedcare,whichismoretimethanchildrenlivingatorabovethepovertythresholdspendinsuchcare(about24hoursperweek).10Thehoursspentincarearecalculatedperchild.Forchildrenwithtwoormorearrangements,thehoursspentineacharrangementaresummedtocalculatethetotaltimespentincare.32\nAsmother’seducationincreases,thehourschildrenspendinrelativecarearrangementsdecrease.Morespecifically,childrenwhoseparentshavelessthanabachelor’sdegreespendmoretimeinrelativecare(26-28hoursperweek)thanchildrenwhoseparentshaveabachelor’soradvanceddegree(19-21hoursperweek).Thesegeneralpatternsareevidentwhenconsideringcareoverallandcenter-basedcarearrangements,butthedifferencesbetweenchildrenwhoseparentshavelessthanabachelor’sdegreeandthosewhoseparentshaveabachelor’soradvanceddegreedonotmeettheeffectsizecriteriaforreportingasspecifiedatthebeginningofthisreport.Asshowninfigure6,childrenwhosemothersworkfulltimespendthegreatestnumberofhoursperweekreceivingnonparentalcare(about38hoursperweek,onaverage),whilechildrenwhosemothersarenotinthelaborforcespendthefewest(about18hoursperweek,onaverage).Thesepatternsalsoarefoundforhoursspentspecificallyincenter-basedcare.Lookingatrelativeandnonrelativecare,childrenwhosemothersworkfulltimespendmoretimeinthesearrangements(30hoursinrelativecareand34hoursinnonrelativecare)thanchildrenwhosemothersworkparttimeorarenotinthelaborforce(18-19hoursinrelativecareand17-18hoursinnonrelativecare).ChildrenlivingintheSouthspendmorehoursperweekinnonparentalcare(about33hours,onaverage)thanchildrenlivingintheNortheast,Midwest,orWest(about29-30hoursperweek).Withanaverageof29hoursperweek,childrenlivingintheSouthalsospendmoretimereceivingcenter-basedcarethanchildrenlivinginanyotherregion(between21and24hours).Inaddition,childrenlivingintheSouthspendmoretimethanchildrenlivingintheNortheastinnonrelativecarearrangements(30vs.26hours),andchildrenintheWestspendmoretimeincenter-casedcarethanchildrenintheMidwest(24vs.21hours).Theresultsdiscussedaboveshowthatthereisvariationinthetimespentincarerelatedtoallofthechild,family,andcommunitycharacteristicsincludedinthisreport,althoughsomeofthepatternsdovaryaccordingtothetypeofarrangementbeingconsidered.Overall,thechildrenwhospendthemosttimereceivingcarefromsomeoneotherthantheirparentsareBlack,liveinpoverty,haveless-educatedmothers,havemotherswhoworkfull-time,andliveintheSouth.33\nFigure6.Averagenumberofhoursperweekchildrenunder6yearsoldandnotyetinkindergartenspendinnonparentalcarearrangements,bymother’semploymentstatus:20011008060Averagenumberofhours3840262318200Full-time1Part-time1LookingforworkNotinlaborforceMother'semploymentstatus1Full-timeemploymentisdefinedas35hoursormoreperweek.Part-timeemploymentisdefinedaslessthan35hoursperweek.NOTE:Forchildrenwithmorethanonearrangement,thehoursspentineacharrangementaresummedtoobtaintotaltimespentinallarrangements.AgeiscalculatedasofDecember31,2000.Childrenwithoutmotherslivinginthehouseholdarenotincludedintheseestimates.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,2001.34\nTable5.Averagenumberofhoursperweekchildrenunder6yearsoldwithatleastoneweeklynonparentalcarearrangementspendinthosearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:20012HoursperweekinallHoursperweekinnonparentalcarearrangementsofeachtypeNumberofnonparentalcare13CharacteristicchildrenarrangementsRelativeNonrelativeCenter(inthousands)Means.e.Means.e.Means.e.Means.e.Total12,17630.50.3025.90.6928.40.5224.90.344AgeLessthanone1,53030.30.7826.11.1928.51.3232.22.14Oneyearold2,07431.70.7926.81.1629.51.1532.21.23Twoyearsold2,31832.30.8727.01.8230.11.0128.80.97Threeyearsold2,47329.70.6924.71.5228.61.3523.40.75Fouryearsold3,04929.60.5725.21.5625.11.1622.60.54Fiveyearsold73129.01.4625.02.7523.52.7921.40.8435Race/ethnicityWhite,non-Hispanic7,47128.10.4022.70.9627.30.6922.30.44Black,non-Hispanic2,16637.80.9630.21.5834.21.7833.50.71Hispanic1,75830.80.5827.80.9527.41.2025.60.84Other78033.41.5232.52.7531.92.9525.91.43Householdincome$10,000orless1,21632.91.3827.22.2927.12.6228.71.33$10,001to$20,0001,49032.10.8826.51.5530.41.7427.81.08$20,001to$30,0001,44832.91.3731.12.5029.01.7425.61.08$30,001to$40,0001,32530.71.0523.61.5128.81.7826.81.34$40,001to$50,0001,10730.40.9725.31.6129.81.3824.51.48$50,001to$75,0002,66729.20.5424.61.0928.20.8622.70.72Morethan$75,0002,92128.80.5723.21.4227.21.1623.50.625PovertystatusAtorabovepovertythreshold9,92430.20.3225.60.7328.40.5424.40.37Belowpovertythreshold2,25232.01.0227.11.7328.31.8127.50.986Mother’slevelofeducationLessthanhighschool1,02330.51.1328.21.8528.02.7225.81.32Highschool/GED3,38031.50.6527.31.2828.61.1026.70.65Vocational/technicalorsomecollege3,68430.90.5525.70.8029.40.9424.80.68Bachelor’sdegree2,56828.70.6421.11.0727.91.1623.70.79Graduateorprofessionaldegree1,25628.80.8118.82.1527.01.3123.61.03Seenotesatendoftable.35\nTable5.Averagenumberofhoursperweekchildrenunder6yearswithatleastoneweeklynonparentalcarearrangementspendinthosearrangements,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001—Continued2HoursperweekinallHoursperweekinnonparentalcarearrangementsofeachtypeNumberofnonparentalcare13CharacteristicchildrenarrangementsRelativeNonrelativeCenter(inthousands)Means.e.Means.e.Means.e.Means.e.6Mother’semploymentstatus35hoursormoreperweek6,42238.10.3730.10.7534.20.5632.30.46Lessthan35hoursperweek2,85423.10.4718.80.8518.40.9519.60.65Lookingforwork40225.52.2222.53.30‡‡21.51.72Notinthelaborforce2,23418.10.6018.21.6917.41.6916.20.70GeographicregionNortheast2,34128.70.9125.11.6825.81.3522.30.79South4,19233.00.4827.20.9130.01.0029.20.56Midwest3,01429.40.6224.91.2128.71.0021.20.83West2,62929.60.8725.91.9628.21.3924.10.8336‡Reportingstandardsnotmet.1Indicatesthehoursperweekspentincare,perchild,acrossallarrangementsofalltypes.Forchildrenwithmorethanonearrangement,thehoursspentineacharrangementaresummedtocalculatetotaltimespentincare.2Indicatesthehoursperweekspentincareofagiventype,perchild.Forchildrenwithmorethanonearrangementofagiventype,thehoursspentineacharrangementofthattypearesummedtocalculatetotaltimespentinthattypeofcare.3Center-basedarrangementsincludedaycarecenters,HeadStartprograms,preschools,prekindergartens,andotherearlychildhoodprograms.4AgeiscalculatedasofDecember31,2000.5Childrenareconsideredpooriflivinginhouseholdswithincomesbelowthepovertythreshold,whichisadollaramountdeterminedbythefederalgovernmenttomeetthehousehold’sneeds,givenitssizeandcomposition.6Childrenwithoutmotherslivinginthehouseholdarenotincludedinestimatesrelatedtomother'seducationormother'semploymentstatus.NOTE:Estimatespertaintochildrenunder6yearsoldwhohadnotyetenteredkindergartenatthetimeofthesurveyandwhohadatleastoneweeklynonparentalcarearrangement.Detailmaynotsumtototalsbecauseofrounding.s.e.isstandarderror.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,2001.36\nAverageOut-of-PocketExpensesforNonparentalCareFamilies’out-of-pocketexpensesfornonparentalcarecanvarywidely.Differencesintheamountchargedforcarebyprovidersmaybeamajorsourceofvariation.Also,somefamilieshavereducedout-of-pocketexpensesorpaynothingthemselves,becausecareispaidfororsubsidizedbysomeoneelse(e.g.,alocalgovernmentagencyoranemployer).Variationsin11theamountfamiliespayforcarerelatedtochild,family,andcommunitycharacteristics,aswellasbytypeofcare,arepresentedbelow.Aswasthecasewithtimespentincare,thereportdiscussesout-of-pocketexpensesforcareoverall,i.e.,forallchildrenwhoreceivenonparentalcareacrossallarrangements,aswellasout-of-pocketexpensesforparticulartypesofcareforchildrenwiththosetypesofcare.Childrenwhodidnotspendanytimewithanonparentalcaregiveronaweeklybasisandchildrenwhosefamiliespaidnothingfortheircareareexcludedfromthisdiscussion.Approximately30%ofthefamiliesofchildrenwhowerecaredforbysomeoneotherthanaparentreportedtheydidnotpayforchildcare,eitherbecausetherewasnofeeorbecausesomeoneelsepaidtheentirefee(notshownintables).Therearedifferentwaysinwhichchildcarecostscanbemeasured,includingcostper12weekandcostperhour.Theformermeasuremaybelargelyafunctionoftimespentincare.Therefore,thelattermeasuremaybeamoreaccurateindicatorofwhichtypeofcareismorecostlyandforwhom,independentofcarehours.Bothcostestimatesforthesampleofchildrenwhosefamiliespayforchildcarearediscussed.Table6-Apresentsestimatesoftheaverageweeklyout-of-pocketchildcareexpensesforfamilieswhopayforthiscarefortheirchildrenundertheageof6.Overall,theyspendanaverageof$69aweek.Averageexpensesperhourare$3overall(table6-B).Familiespaylessperweek($48.06)andperhour($1.93)forrelativecarethantheydoforeithernonrelative($72.21perweek;$3.25perhour)orcenter-basedcare($65.50perweek;$3.24perhour).Overall,familiesspendmoremoneyperweekforchildcareforinfantsand1-year-oldsthantheydoforpreschoolers($80.27and$74.71respectivelycomparedto$56.18-$65.00perweek)(figure7).Also,familiesspendmoreperweekfornonrelativearrangementsforinfants,toddlers,and3-year-oldsthanfor5-year-olds($67.68-$80.95vs.$50.18perweek).Amongfamiliesofinfantsand1-year-olds,thesegreaterweeklyexpensesmaybearesultoftheirhigherhourlyexpensesfornonrelativecare($3.33and$3.55perhour,respectively),comparedtotheexpensesforfamiliesof5-year-olds($2.38perhour).Weeklycenter-basedcareforinfantsandtoddlersismorecostlythanforpreschoolers($73.91-$99.11comparedto$52.38-$59.00perweek).Thesegreaterexpensesforfamiliesofinfantsandtoddlersmayresultfromchildrenintheseagegroupsspendingmoretimeincenter-basedcare,comparedtopreschoolers.However,11TheNHESonlyascertainstheamountfamiliespayforcarethemselves,apartfromanyfinancialassistancetheymayreceivefromothers.Therefore,thedatapresentedheremaynotrepresentthetotalcostofcare.12Parentsreportedtheirout-of-pocketexpensesforeachcarearrangementtheirchildhadseparately.Forchildrenlivinginhouseholdsinwhichparentspaidforcareformorethanonechild,thereportedout-of-pocketexpensesforeacharrangementweredividedbythenumberofchildrenforwhomcarewaspaidtoobtainadollaramountpaidforcareforthesampledchild.Ifachildhadmorethanonearrangement,thecostsofeacharrangementweresummedtoobtainatotalweeklydollaramount.Toobtainameasureofcostperhour,thetotalweeklycostpaidwasdividedbythetotalnumberofhourschildrenspentinallarrangementsinaweek.Out-of-pocketexpenseshavenotbeenadjustedforgeographicdifferencesinthecostofliving.37\nfamiliesof2-year-oldsdopaymoreperhourforcenter-basedcarethanfamiliesof4-and5-year-olds($3.88vs.$2.83-$2.92perhour).Figure7.Averageamounthouseholdsofchildrenunder6yearsoldandnotyetinkindergartenspendfornonparentalcarearrangementsperweek,byage:20011008080757265646056Amountindollars40200LessthanOneTwoThreeFourFiveoneAgeinyearsNOTE:AgeiscalculatedasofDecember31,2000.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,2001.MoremoneyisspentonnonrelativecareeveryweekbyfamiliesofWhitechildrenthanbyfamiliesofHispanicchildren($74.80vs.$58.75).Theyalsopaymoreforcenter-basedcare,onanhourlybasis,thanfamiliesofHispanicchildren($3.45vs.$2.75).Incontrast,familiesofHispanicchildrenpaymoreperweekandperhourforrelativecare($51.68and$2.26)thandofamiliesofWhitechildren($43.22and$1.54).FamiliesofWhitechildrenpaymoreperhourforcareoverallthanfamiliesofBlackchildren($3.14comparedto$2.39perhour).Also,familiesofBlackchildrenpay$2.29perhourforcenter-basedcare,whichislessthantheamountfamiliesofWhiteandHispanicchildrenpayforsuchcare($3.45and$2.75perhour,respectively).Ashouseholdincomeincreases,theaverageamounthouseholdsofchildrenunder6yearsoldspend,overall,forchildcareandearlyeducationarrangementsonaweeklybasisincreases.Onaverage,familiesofchildreninhouseholdswithincomesgreaterthan$75,000spend$94.5038\naweekforcareoverall,comparedtofamilieswithhouseholdincomesof$10,000orless,whospend$46.50aweekforoverallcare.Thispositiverelationshipbetweenhouseholdincomeandweeklyout-of-pocketexpensesalsoisfoundwhenconsideringnonrelativeandcenter-basedcarearrangementsseparately.Familiesofchildreninhouseholdswithincomesgreaterthan$75,000alsopaymoreperhourforcareoverall($3.99perhour),andforcenter-basedcareindividually($4.04perhour),thandofamiliesofchildreninallotherincomecategories($1.91-$2.84forcareoverall;$1.60-$3.10forcenter-basedcare).Theaverageout-of-pocketexpensesperweekforchildcareforchildrenlivingatorabovethepovertythresholdis$72,comparedto$45forchildrenlivingbelowthepovertythreshold.Whenlookingatexpensesperweekbytypeofcare,familiesofchildrenlivingatorabovethepovertythresholdpaymorefornonrelativeandcenter-basedcare($75.28and$68.04,respectively)thanfamiliesofchildrenlivingbelowthepovertythreshold($48.27and$39.63,respectively).Nonpoorfamiliesalsopaymoreperhourforcareoverallandforcenter-basedcare($3.11and$3.33perhour,respectively)thanpoorfamilies($2.35and$2.27perhour,respectively).Families’weeklyout-of-pocketexpensesfornonparentalcareoverallincreasewithmother’slevelofeducation,fromalowof$43.84perweekwhenmothershavelessthanahighschooldiplomaorequivalenttoahighof$102.61perweekwhenmothershaveanadvanceddegree.Morespecifically,weeklyout-of-pocketexpensesfornonrelativeandcenter-basedcareincreasewithmother’seducationaswell.Lookingatexpensesperhour,motherswithabachelor’soradvanceddegreegenerallypaymoreperhourthanmotherswithlesseducation,bothoverall($3.40and$4.42perhourcomparedtobetween$2.22and$2.74perhour)andforcenter-basedcare($3.71and$4.19perhourcomparedto$2.06-$2.93perhour),withoneexception:nodifferencewasdetectedbetweenchildrenwhosemothershaveavocational/technicaldiplomaorsomecollegeandchildrenwhosemothershaveabachelor’sdegreeintheamounttheirfamiliespayperhourforcareoverall.Familiesofchildrenwhosemothersworkfulltimespend$79.07perweekforcareoverall,whichismorethanfamiliesofchildrenwhosemothersworkparttimeorarenotinthelaborforcespend($58.59and$48.76perweek,respectively).Theyalsospendthemostperweekforcenter-basedcare($82.57comparedto$54.64perweekwhenmothersworkparttimeand$40.75perweekwhenmothersarenotinthelaborforce).Forrelativeandnonrelativecare,familiesofchildrenwhosemothersworkfulltimespendmoreonaweeklybasis($50.35and$76.93,respectively)thanfamiliesofchildrenwhosemothersworkparttime($35.62and$60.64,respectively).Also,familiesofchildrenwhosemothersworkparttimepaymoreeveryweekforcareoverall,andforcenter-basedcare,thanfamiliesofchildrenwhosemothersarenotinthelaborforce.Greaterweeklyexpendituresamongworkingmothersappeartoberelatedtothegreaternumberofhourstheirchildrenspendincare.Considerationoftheaverageexpensesperhourshowsthat,incontrasttofindingsforweeklyexpenses,familiesofchildrenwhosemothersarenotinthelaborforcepaymoreperhourforcareoverall($4.20perhour),aswellasfornonrelativeandcenter-basedcare($4.81and$4.11perhour,respectively),thanfamiliesofchildrenwhosemothersareemployedfulltime($2.55,$2.70,and$2.76,foroverallcare,39\nnonrelativecare,andcenter-basedcare,respectively).Also,familiesofchildrenwhosemothersworkparttimepaymoreperhourforcareoverall($3.40perhour),andforbothnonrelativeandcenter-basedcareindividually($4.23and$3.39perhour,respectively),thandofamiliesofchildrenwhosemothersworkfulltime.FamiliesofchildrenlivingintheNortheastspendmoremoneyperweekthanfamiliesofchildrenlivingintheSouthonnonparentalcareoverall($80.00perweekcomparedto$63.55perweek),andforallthreetypesofnonparentalcareindividually($56.48vs.$41.95forrelativecare;$81.16vs.$65.67fornonrelativecare;and$74.71vs.$63.54forcenter-basedcare).TheseNortheasternfamiliesalsopaymorethanfamiliesofchildrenlivingintheMidwestforoverallcare($80.00vs.$63.75),nonrelativecare($81.16vs.$66.86),andcenter-basedcare($74.71vs.$57.09)onaweeklybasis.FamiliesofchildrenlivingintheWestpaymoreperweekthanfamiliesofchildrenlivingintheSouthandMidwestforcare,overall($74.50comparedto$63.55and$63.75,respectively),andfornonrelativecare($80.97comparedto$65.67and$66.86,respectively).Withaverageweeklyout-of-pocketexpensesof$70.43,familiesofchildrenlivingintheWestalsopaymoreforcenter-basedcareeveryweekthanMidwesternfamilies,whopayanaverageof$57.09.Regionaldifferencesalsoexistwhenexpensesperhourareconsidered.FamiliesofchildrenlivingintheNortheastpaymoremoneyperhourforbothnonparentalcareoverall($3.87)andcenter-basedcare($4.07)thanfamiliesofchildrenlivinginanyotherregion(between$2.61and$3.06perhourforoverallcare;between$2.75and$3.37perhourforcenter-basedcare).Theyalsopaymoreperhourfornonrelativecare($4.41)thanfamiliesofchildrenlivingintheMidwestorSouth($2.91and$2.82,respectively).Additionally,familiesofchildrenlivingintheWestpaymoreperhourforcenter-basedcare($3.37perhour)thanfamiliesofchildrenlivingintheSouth($2.75perhour).Insum,findingspresentedinthissectionshowthat,amongchildrenwhosefamiliesreporthavingout-of-pocketexpensesforcare:familieswithyoungerchildrenpaymoreonaweeklybasisthandofamilieswitholderchildren;higher-incomefamiliespaymorethandolower-incomefamilies(andfamilieswhodonotliveinpovertypaymorethandofamilieslivinginpoverty);familiesinwhichmothersarebetter-educatedpaymoreonaweeklybasisthandofamilieswithlesseducatedmothers;familiesinwhichmothersworkfull-timepaymorethandofamiliesinwhichmothersdonotworkfull-time;andfamilieslivingintheNortheastandWestpaymoreonaweeklybasisthandofamilieslivingintheMidwestandSouth.40\nTable6-A.Averageamounthouseholdsofchildrenunder6yearsoldspendfornonparentalcarearrangementsperweek,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:20012AmountperweekforallAmountperweekfornonparentalcarearrangementsofeachtypeNumberofnonparentalcare13CharacteristicchildrenarrangementsRelativeNonrelativeCenter(inthousands)Means.e.Means.e.Means.e.Means.e.Total8,570$68.951.169$48.062.398$72.212.007$65.501.5074AgeLessthanone1,01780.273.98357.256.24380.956.13699.118.029Oneyearold1,41474.712.81342.333.62175.353.41286.276.086Twoyearsold1,69471.472.44051.504.46767.683.88773.913.758Threeyearsold1,78865.002.38341.102.96674.935.78259.002.538Fouryearsold2,16764.051.92347.718.35466.445.34457.902.050Fiveyearsold49156.184.099‡‡50.186.98552.384.21941Race/ethnicityWhite,non-Hispanic5,72370.011.54443.222.68174.802.40463.711.945Black,non-Hispanic1,32764.342.64246.886.47964.995.50868.343.621Hispanic1,03561.532.06951.682.57758.753.27064.424.050Other48684.836.022‡‡87.6313.43480.565.932Householdincome$10,000orless54846.484.17251.759.62346.186.18741.338.749$10,001to$20,00082848.122.69542.093.33053.365.15243.784.122$20,001to$30,00089656.862.52341.294.75456.723.46159.173.375$30,001to$40,00087655.492.76940.014.47658.774.91956.383.850$40,001to$50,00077964.413.71338.812.68969.466.59363.474.823$50,001to$75,0002,10964.631.73354.764.06868.122.44757.692.029Morethan$75,0002,53394.542.66066.2310.58298.525.57382.532.5715PovertystatusAtorabovepovertythreshold7,48672.401.28648.072.58575.282.27768.041.511Belowpovertythreshold1,08445.092.98948.026.47448.274.83939.634.7096Mother’slevelofeducationLessthanhighschool50843.843.22544.135.17151.485.61533.634.864Highschool/GED2,12056.961.82448.513.92854.182.62858.592.928Vocational/technicalorsomecollege2,62960.371.76143.283.46666.453.27056.692.355Bachelor’sdegree2,09179.762.86751.374.19674.813.95075.863.235Graduateorprofessionaldegree1,090102.613.806‡‡104.857.37583.393.494Seenotesatendoftable.41\nTable6-A.Averageamounthouseholdsofchildrenunder6yearsoldspendfornonparentalcarearrangementsperweek,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001—Continued2AmountperweekforallAmountperweekfornonparentalcarearrangementsofeachtypeNumberofnonparentalcare13CharacteristicchildrenarrangementsRelativeNonrelativeCenter(inthousands)Means.e.Means.e.Means.e.Means.e.6Mother’semploymentstatus35hoursormoreperweek4,944$79.071.593$50.352.537$76.932.393$82.572.389Lessthan35hoursperweek1,91658.592.61835.623.06060.644.59754.642.737Lookingforwork18949.926.549‡‡‡‡48.667.922Notinthelaborforce1,39048.762.556‡‡66.438.27040.751.939GeographicregionNortheast1,61480.002.98356.486.40081.165.55374.713.454South2,91063.551.72641.952.18865.673.33063.542.051Midwest2,28963.752.05847.986.03366.862.93357.093.136West1,75774.502.79049.713.42080.974.72770.433.72642‡Reportingstandardsnotmet.1Indicatesout-of-pocketexpensesperweek,perchild,acrossallarrangementsofalltypes.Forchildrenwithmorethanonearrangement,theexpensesforeacharrangementaresummedtocalculatethetotalspentonchildcareperweek.2Indicatesout-of-pocketexpensesperweekforcareofagiventype,perchild.Forchildrenwithmorethanonearrangementofagiventype,theexpensesforeacharrangementofthattypearesummedtocalculatethetotalspentperweekforthattypeofcare.3Center-basedarrangementsincludedaycarecenters,HeadStartprograms,preschools,prekindergartens,andotherearlychildhoodprograms.4AgeiscalculatedasofDecember31,2000.5Childrenareconsideredpooriflivinginhouseholdswithincomesbelowthepovertythreshold,whichisadollaramountdeterminedbythefederalgovernmenttomeetthehousehold’sneeds,givenitssizeandcomposition.6Childrenwithoutmotherslivinginthehouseholdarenotincludedinestimatesrelatedtomother'seducationormother'semploymentstatus.NOTE:Estimatespertaintochildrenunder6yearsoldwhohadnotyetenteredkindergartenatthetimeofthesurveyandwhosehouseholdspaidafeefornonparentalcare.Childrenforwhomnofeewascharged,forwhomanothersourcepaidtheentirefeeforcare,orforwhomtheperiodoftimecoveredbytheamountindicated(e.g.,perhour,perweek,etc.)couldnotbedeterminedareexcludedfromtheestimates.Detailmaynotsumtototalsbecauseofrounding.s.e.isstandarderror.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,2001.42\nTable6-B.Averageamounthouseholdsofchildrenunder6yearsoldspendfornonparentalcarearrangementsperhour,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:20012AmountperhourforallAmountperhourfornonparentalcarearrangementsofeachtypeNumberofnonparentalcare13CharacteristicchildrenarrangementsRelativeNonrelativeCenter(inthousands)Means.e.Means.e.Means.e.Means.e.Total8,570$3.020.088$1.930.114$3.250.210$3.240.1004AgeLessthanone1,0172.940.1622.040.2933.330.2643.210.311Oneyearold1,4143.070.2681.810.2583.550.5403.050.190Twoyearsold1,6943.160.2391.810.2152.960.3643.880.414Threeyearsold1,7883.260.2222.100.3193.610.6513.450.228Fouryearsold2,1672.790.0991.940.2752.970.1732.920.109Fiveyearsold4912.620.126‡‡2.380.2262.830.15843Race/ethnicityWhite,non-Hispanic5,7233.140.0921.540.0863.180.1733.450.123Black,non-Hispanic1,3272.390.1931.970.2883.090.7392.290.157Hispanic1,0352.580.1192.260.1812.780.2982.750.152Other4864.210.773‡‡6.142.7483.600.262Householdincome$10,000orless5481.910.1821.870.2942.380.5721.600.257$10,001to$20,0008282.510.3901.790.2403.010.8572.530.580$20,001to$30,0008962.490.2341.280.1332.550.3182.990.424$30,001to$40,0008762.740.4302.200.3513.731.3742.340.181$40,001to$50,0007792.570.1491.550.1922.670.2812.810.210$50,001to$75,0002,1092.840.0992.180.2492.650.1293.100.159Morethan$75,0002,5333.990.1662.750.5874.370.3724.040.1615PovertystatusAtorabovepovertythreshold7,4863.110.0901.980.1383.270.2173.330.094Belowpovertythreshold1,0842.350.3031.790.2193.090.8022.270.5136Mother’slevelofeducationLessthanhighschool5082.220.2352.190.3062.440.5652.060.414Highschool/GED2,1202.450.1461.720.1662.710.3702.620.167Vocational/technicalorsomecollege2,6292.740.1691.730.1873.010.4582.930.208Bachelor’sdegree2,0913.400.1371.750.1683.210.1823.710.173Graduateorprofessionaldegree1,0904.420.315‡‡4.740.5994.190.262Seenotesatendoftable.43\nTable6-B.Averageamounthouseholdsofchildrenunder6yearsoldspendfornonparentalcarearrangementsperhour,bytypeofarrangementandchildandfamilycharacteristics:2001—Continued2AmountperhourforallAmountperhourfornonparentalcarearrangementsofeachtypeNumberofnonparentalcare13CharacteristicchildrenarrangementsRelativeNonrelativeCenter(inthousands)Means.e.Means.e.Means.e.Means.e.6Mother’semploymentstatus35hoursormoreperweek4,944$2.550.093$1.810.124$2.700.247$2.760.073Lessthan35hoursperweek1,9163.400.1921.720.1554.230.5183.390.183Lookingforwork1892.600.348‡‡‡‡3.140.422Notinthelaborforce1,3904.200.327‡‡4.810.5084.110.367GeographicregionNortheast1,6143.870.2442.130.2934.410.5834.070.251South2,9102.610.1301.820.1992.820.3052.750.157Midwest2,2892.900.2081.820.2692.910.4073.180.239West1,7573.060.1072.070.1693.350.2283.370.19044‡Reportingstandardsnotmet.1Indicatesout-of-pocketexpensesperhour,perchild,acrossallarrangementsofalltypes.Forchildrenwithmorethanonearrangement,theexpensesforeacharrangementaresummedtocalculatethetotalspentonchildcareperhour.2Indicatesout-of-pocketexpensesperhourforcareofagiventype,perchild.Forchildrenwithmorethanonearrangementofagiventype,theexpensesforeacharrangementofthattypearesummedtocalculatethetotalspentperhourforthattypeofcare.3Center-basedarrangementsincludedaycarecenters,HeadStartprograms,preschools,prekindergartens,andotherearlychildhoodprograms.4AgeiscalculatedasofDecember31,2000.5Childrenareconsideredpooriflivinginhouseholdswithincomesbelowthepovertythreshold,whichisadollaramountdeterminedbythefederalgovernmenttomeetthehousehold’sneeds,givenitssizeandcomposition.6Childrenwithoutmotherslivinginthehouseholdarenotincludedinestimatesrelatedtomother'seducationormother'semploymentstatus.NOTE:Estimatespertaintochildrenunder6yearsoldwhohadnotyetenteredkindergartenatthetimeofthesurveyandwhosehouseholdspaidafeefornonparentalcare.Childrenforwhomnofeewascharged,forwhomanothersourcepaidtheentirefeeforcare,orforwhomtheperiodoftimecoveredbytheamountindicated(e.g.,perhour,perweek,etc.)couldnotbedeterminedareexcludedfromtheestimates.Detailmaynotsumtototalsbecauseofrounding.s.e.isstandarderror.SOURCE:U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,EarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey,NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram,2001.44\nSummaryIn2001,themajority(60percent)ofchildrenundertheageof6whowerenotyetinkindergartenreceivedsometypeofcareoreducation,orboth,onaweeklybasisfrompersonsotherthantheirparents(table1).Participationratesinnonparentalcarearrangementsvarybyallofthechild,family,andhouseholdcharacteristicsexaminedinthisreport.Overall,thepercentageofchildrenreceivingnonparentalcareincreaseswiththeageofthechild,uptoagefour(figure1).BlackchildrenaremorelikelythanWhiteorHispanicchildrentobecaredforbysomeoneotherthanaparentonaweeklybasis(table2).Incontrast,HispanicchildrenarelesslikelythanWhiteorBlackchildrentobecaredforbysomeoneotherthantheirparentsonaweeklybasis.Thereisarelationshipbetweenincomeandparticipationsuchthatchildrenlivinginhouseholdswithincomesover$50,000aremorelikelytoreceivenonparentalcarethanchildreninhouseholdswithlowerincomes.Withaparticipationrateof72percent,childreninhomeswithincomesgreaterthan$75,000aremostlikelytoreceivethiscare,comparedtochildreninlower-incomehouseholds.Also,overall,childrenaremorelikelytohavenonparentalcarearrangementswhentheirmothershavehigherlevelsofeducationandwhentheirmotherswork.TheseresultsgenerallyareconsistentwithanalysesofchildcareparticipationusingtheNationalHouseholdEducationSurveyfromearlieryears,theSurveyofIncomeandProgramParticipation(Smith2000;Smith2002),andtheNationalChildCareSurvey(Hofferthetal.1990).ThisstudyexpandsonpreviousNHESreportstoshowthatchildrenlivingbelowthepovertythresholdandchildrenlivingintheWestarelesslikelythantheircounterpartstobecaredforbysomeoneotherthantheirparentsonaweeklybasis.Morechildrenoverallreceivenonparentalcareincentersthanfromeitherrelativesornonrelatives(table2).However,thetypeofcarereceivedisrelatedtochild’sageandrace/ethnicity.Infantsaremorelikelytobecaredforbyrelativesthanbynonrelativesorincenters.BlackchildrenaremorelikelytobecaredforbyrelativesorincentersthanWhiteorHispanicchildren.Furthermore,somepatternsofparticipationinrelativecarearrangementsaredifferentfromthepatternsofparticipationinnonrelativeandcenter-basedarrangements.Participationinnonrelativeandcenter-basedarrangementsishigherforchildreninhouseholdswithincomesgreaterthan$50,000thanitisforchildreninhouseholdswithincomesof$30,000orless.Incontrast,childreninhouseholdswithincomesgreaterthan$75,000arelesslikelythanchildrenlivinginlower-incomehouseholdstobecaredforbyarelative.Also,children’sparticipationinnonrelativeandcenter-basedarrangementsincreaseswithmother’seducation.Therelationshipofmother’seducationtochildren’sparticipationislessclearforrelativecarearrangements,butparticipationinrelativecaretendstodecreaseasmother’seducationincreases.Childrenreceivingnonparentalcareinahome-basedsettingaremorelikelytobecaredforinsomeoneelse’shomethanintheirown,regardlessofwhetherthecareisprovidedbyarelativeoranonrelative(figure4).Thosechildrenwhoarecaredforinacenter-basedsettingaremostlikelytoreceivethatcareandeducationinastand-alonebuilding(table4)comparedtootherlocations,suchasacommunitycenterorlibrary.Childrenreceivingnonparentalcareonaweeklybasisspend31hours,onaverage,inthecareofsomeoneotherthantheirparents(table5).Additionally,thesechildrenspendmoretimeinthecareofnonrelativesthanincenters.Thechildrenwhospendthemosttimeinnonparental45\ncarearrangementstendtobeBlack,comefromfamilieswithlowerhouseholdincomes,havemotherswithlowerlevelsofeducationorwhowork,andliveintheSouth.Aconsistentrelationshipbetweenchildageandtimespentinnonparentalcareemergedonlyforcenter-basedarrangements;youngerchildrenspendmoretimethanolderchildrenbeingcaredforinacenter.Asomewhatsimilar,thoughnotasconsistent,patternwasfoundfornonrelativecarearrangements,wherebytoddlersspendmoretimeinnonrelativecarearrangementsthan4-and5-year-olds.Out-of-pocketexpensesfornonparentalcareandeducationvarybytypeofcarearrangementaswellasbychild,family,andcommunitycharacteristics(tables6-Aand6-B).Relativecareistheleastcostly,bothweeklyandhourly,forfamiliesofchildrenundertheageof6.Overall,careislesscostlyonaweeklybasisforfamiliesofolderchildrenthanforfamiliesofyoungerchildren.Somedifferencesweredetectedintheamountpaidforcarebyfamiliesofchildrenfromdifferentracial/ethnicbackgrounds.FamiliesofBlackchildrenpaytheleastperhourforcenter-basedcare,comparedtofamiliesofWhiteorHispanicchildren.TheyalsopaylessperhourforcareoverallthanfamiliesofWhitechildren.MoremoneyisspentonnonrelativecareperweekbyfamiliesofWhitechildrenthanbyfamiliesofHispanicchildren.Incontrast,familiesofHispanicchildrenpaymoreperweekandperhourforrelativecarethandofamiliesofWhitechildren.Ashouseholdincomeandmother’slevelofeducationincrease,sodoestheamountofmoneyfamiliesspendonnonparentalcareandeducationfortheirchildren.Familiesinwhichmothersworkfulltimegenerallypaymoreperweekbutlessperhourforcarethandofamiliesinwhichmothersworkparttimeornotatall,suggestingweeklyout-of-pocketexpensesarepartlyafunctionoftimespentincare.WeeklyexpensestendtobehigherintheNortheastandWestthanintheSouthorMidwest,whilehourlyexpensesarehigherintheNortheastthaninotherareasofthecountry.Insum,findingsfromthisreportusingthemostrecentdataavailablefromtheNationalHouseholdEducationSurveysupportpreviousresearchshowingthatchildren’sparticipationinnonparentalcareandeducationarrangementsisrelatedtoavarietyoffactors.Familiesofchildrenofdifferentagesandracialorethnicbackgrounds,indifferenteconomicsituations,withmothersofvaryingeducationallevelsandemploymentstatuses,andwholiveindifferentareasofthecountryexhibitdifferenceswithrespecttowhetherornottheyhaveanyweeklychildcarearrangements.Theyalsoreportdifferencesinthelocationandproviderofchildcare.Additionally,thetimechildrenspendinnonparentalcare,andtheamounttheirfamiliespayforit,arerelatedtomanyofthesamefactorsassociatedwithparticipationinnonparentalcareandeducationingeneral.46\nMethodologyandTechnicalNotesSurveyMethodologyTheNationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram(NHES)isaseriesoftelephonesurveyssponsoredbytheU.S.DepartmentofEducation’sNationalCenterforEducationStatistics(NCES).Itcollectsdataonhighprioritytopicsonarotatingbasisusingcomputer-assistedtelephoneinterviewing(CATI)technology.ThedatainthisreportcomefromtheEarlyChildhoodProgramParticipationSurvey(ECPP)ofthe2001NHES,conductedbyWestat,asocialscienceresearchfirm,fromJanuary2throughApril14,2001.The2001NHESsamplewasdrawnfromthecivilian,noninstitutionalizedpopulationinhouseholdswithtelephonesinthe50statesandtheDistrictofColumbia.Itwasselectedusingamultiplestagesamplingframework.ThefirststageofselectioninNHES2001involvedtheselectionofalist-assistedrandomdigitdial(RDD)sampleoftelephonenumbers.Householdsfromthislistwerecontacted,andascreenerinterviewwasusedtoenumeratehouseholdmembersandtocollectdemographicandeducationalinformationthatdeterminedeligibilityforthethreeNHES:2001topicalsurveys—theECPP,theBefore-andAfter-SchoolProgramsandActivitiesSurvey(ASPA),andtheAdultEducationandLifelongLearningSurvey(AELL).Eligiblehouseholdmemberswerethenselectedtobethesubjectofonethethree2001topicalinterviews.Toreducerespondentburden,amaximumofthreeinterviewswasallowedperhousehold.Apreschooler(ages3through6andnotenrolledinkindergartenorhighergrades)andamiddleschoolstudent(grades6through8)weresampledinanyhouseholdthatcontainedthem,becauseoftheirrelativescarcityinthepopulationandthepredeterminedsamplesizesneededtomeetprecisionrequirements.Incontrast,itwasknownthatmoreadults,infantsandtoddlers(ages0through2),andelementaryschoolstudents(kindergartnersthroughfifthgraders)wouldbefoundduringscreeningthanwouldbeneededforprecisionrequirements.Forthisreason,amaximumoftwopeopleinthesegroups(adults,infantsandtoddlers,andelementaryschoolstudents)weresampledinanyhousehold.Additionally,tofurtherreducerespondentburden,adultsweresampledatalowerrateinhouseholdsthatcontainedeligiblechildren.FortheECPP,childrenages6andyoungerwhowerenotyetenrolledinkindergartenoraboveweresampledfromthehouseholdscontactedbytelephone,andtheirparentsorguardiansprovidedinformationabouttheirearlychildhoodcareandeducationarrangements,educationalactivitiesathome,emergingliteracyandnumeracy,thechild'spersonalanddemographiccharacteristics,andparentandhouseholdcharacteristics.Multipleattemptsweremadetocompleteinterviewswithpersonswhowerenotavailableatthetimeofselection.IfaninterviewercontactedanindividualwhopreferredtoconducttheinterviewinSpanish,aSpanish-speakinginterviewerandsurveyinstrumentwereused.FormoredetailedinformationonsampleselectionandsurveycontentintheNHES,consulttheNHES:2001DataFileUser’sManual,Vol.I(Collinsetal.2002a).ResponseRatesThe2001NHEScompletedscreeninginterviewswith48,385households.TheresponseratefortheScreenerwas69.2percent.FortheECPPSurvey,6,749interviewswerecompletedfor47\naunitresponserateof86.6percent.Thus,theoverallresponseratefortheParentInterviewwas59.9percent(theproductoftheScreenerresponserateandtheECPPunitresponserate).Thenumberofinterviewsincludedinthisanalysisis6,741—i.e.,thenumberofcompletedinterviewsforchildrenundertheageof6.Theestimatesfromthe2001NHESaresubjecttopotentialbiasbecauseofnonresponsetotheScreenerandECPPsurveys.Duringtheconductofthe2001interviews,manyprocedureswereemployedtominimizenonresponsebias.Theseincludedextensivetrainingoftheinterviewers,callschedulingstrategies,andattemptstoobtaincooperationfromrespondentswhoinitiallyrefusedtoparticipate.Weightingadjustmentsarealsomadetominimizeanybiasthatmayresultfromthenonresponsethatdoesoccur.Resultsfromanonresponsebiasanalysisconductedforthe1999NHESsuggestthattheestimatesproducedfrom2001dataarenotbiasedasaresultofnonresponse.The1999NHESissimilartothe2001NHESintermsofitstargetpopulations,contactprocedures,andsalience.Responseratesin1999wereslightlyhigherthanthosein2001(60-67percentforthetopicalsurveysin1999,and53-60percentforthetopicalsurveysin2001).However,similarprocedureswereusedtoreduceandadjustfornonresponsein1999and2001.Therefore,itislikelythatanynonresponsebiaspresentinestimatesfromthe2001NHESwouldbesimilartononresponsebiasinestimatesfromthe1999NHES.Thenonresponsebiasanalysisofthe1999NHESinvolvedanexaminationofresponseratesasawholeandforvarioussubgroups,ananalysistodeterminecharacteristicsthatareassociatedwithScreenernonresponse,anexaminationofthepotentialusefulnessofhousehold-leveldatafromanexternalsourceinreducingnonresponsebias,andacomparisonofestimatesbasedonadjustedandunadjustedweights.Theresultsoftheseanalysesshowednoevidenceofbiasinestimatesproducedfromthe1999NHESdata.Inaddition,comparisonsbetweenkeyestimatesfromthe2001NHESandthoseofextantdatasourcesfurthersuggestthereisnobiasassociatedwithnonresponse.AdditionalinformationregardingnonresponsebiasandweightingproceduresintheNHEScanbefoundinthe1999and2001NHESMethodologyReports(Nolinetal.2000andNolinetal.2004).Itemnonresponse(thefailuretocompletesomeitemsinanotherwisecompletedinterview)waslessthan2percentforalloftheitemsusedinthisreportexceptincome,whichhasanitemnonresponserateof12percent.Missingresponsestoallitemswereimputedusingahot-deckprocedure.DataReliabilityandWeightingEstimatesproducedusingdatafromsurveysaresubjecttotwotypesoferror,samplingandnonsamplingerrors.Nonsamplingerrorsareerrorsmadeinthecollectionandprocessingofdata.Samplingerrorsoccurbecausethedataarecollectedfromasampleratherthanacensusofthepopulation.Ingeneral,itisdifficulttoidentifyandestimateeithertheamountofnonsamplingerrororthebiascausedbythiserror.Inthe2001NHES,effortsweremadetopreventsucherrorsfromoccurringbyusingfocusgroupsandcognitivelaboratoryinterviewswhendesigningthesurveyinstruments,extensivelytestingtheCATIsystem,andconductingtwopretests.Onesourceofnonsamplingerrorforatelephonesurveythatcannotbeeliminatedisthefailuretoincludepersonswhodonotliveinhouseholdswithtelephones.About10percentofallchildrenunderthe48\nageof6liveinhouseholdswithouttelephones.Estimationprocedureswereusedtohelpreducethebiasintheestimatesassociatedwithchildrenwhodonotliveinhouseholdswithtelephones.Specifically,estimateswereadjustedusingcontroltotalsfromtheCensusBureau’sCurrentPopulationSurvey(CPS)sothatthetotalswereconsistentwiththetotalnumberofcivilian,noninstitutionalizedpersonsinall(telephoneandnontelephone)households.Samplingerrorexistsbecausethesampleoftelephonehouseholdsselectedforthe2001NHESisjustoneofmanypossiblesamplesthatcouldhavebeenselected.Estimatesproducedfromthissamplemaydifferfromestimatesthatwouldhavebeenproducedfromothersamples.Thestandarderrorisameasureofthevariability,orsamplingerror,duetosamplingwhenestimatingastatistic.Theycanbeusedasameasureoftheprecisionexpectedfromaparticularsample.Theprobabilitythatacompletecensuscountwoulddifferfromthesampleestimatebylessthanonestandarderrorisabout68percent.Thechancethatthedifferencewouldbelessthan1.65standarderrorsisabout90percent;andthatthedifferencewouldbelessthan1.96standarderrors,about95percent.Thestandarderrorsfoundinthetablesalsocanbeusedtoproduceconfidenceintervals.Forexample,anestimated23percentofHispanicchildrenreceiveregularcarefromarelative.Thisfigurehasanestimatedstandarderrorof1.3.Theestimated95percentconfidenceintervalforthisstatisticisapproximately20.5to25.5percent.FormoreinformationonsamplingerrorintheNHES,consulttheNHES:2001DataFileUser’sManual,Vol.I(Collinsetal.2002a).Alloftheestimatesinthisreportarebasedonweightingtheobservationsusingtheprobabilitiesofselectionoftherespondentsandotheradjustmentstopartiallyaccountfornonresponseandcoveragebias.Useofthedesignweightproducesapproximatelyunbiasedandconsistentestimatesofnationaltotals.Whenweightedappropriatelyusingthechild-levelweightavailableintheECPPdataset,thesedatarepresentthechildcareandearlyeducationexperiencesofthepopulationofchildrenunderage6andnotyetenrolledinkindergartenorabove-approximately20.3millionchildren.Inadditiontoproperlyweightingtheresponses,specialproceduresforestimatingthestatisticalsignificanceoftheestimateswereemployedbecausethe2001NHESdatawerecollectedusingacomplexsampledesign.Complexsampledesignsresultindatathatviolatesomeoftheassumptionsthatarenormallymadewhenassessingthestatisticalsignificanceofresultsfromasimplerandomsample.Frequently,thestandarderrorsoftheestimatesfromthesesurveysarelargerthanwouldbeexpectedifthesamplewasasimplerandomsampleandtheobservationswereindependentandidenticallydistributedrandomvariables.TheestimatesandstandarderrorspresentedinthisreportwereproducedusingWesVarComplexSamplessoftwareandajackknifereplicationprocedure(Wolter1985).StatisticalTestsThetestsofsignificanceusedinthisreportarebasedonStudent’ststatistic.Alldifferencescitedinthisreportaresignificantatthe.05levelofsignificance.Trendtests,orbivariateregressions,wereusedtoexaminethegeneralrelationshipsbetweenthevariouscharacteristicsofchildcareandbothhouseholdincomeandmother’seducationlevel.49\nParticipationinchildcare,overallandforeachtypeofarrangement,timespentincare,andout-of-pocketexpensesforcarewereeachregressedonhouseholdincomeandonmother'seducationlevelseparately.Logisticregressionwasusedforthosetestsinvolvingthedichotomousmeasuresofparticipation,andordinaryleastsquaresregressionwasusedforthosetestsinvolvingthecontinuousmeasuresofhoursinandout-of-pocketexpensesforcare.Additionally,thediscussionwaslimitedtodifferencesofatleast5percentagepointswhenpercentageestimateswerecompared.Whenmeanestimateswerecompared,thediscussionwaslimitedtodifferenceswheretheeffectsize,ascalculatedusingCohen’sdstatistic,was.2orlarger.Cohen’sdisderivedfromthefollowingformula:x−xd=1222(n−1)()SEn+(n2−1)()SE2n2111n1+n2wherexistheestimatedmeanofsubgroupi(i=1,2),SE()xisthestandarderrorofthatiiestimate,andnisthesizeofthesubgrouptowhichtheestimatepertains.Formoreinformationioneffectsize,seeCohen(1988).50\nReferencesBrimhall,D.,Reaney,L.,andWest,J.(1999).ParticipationofKindergartenersThroughThird-GradersinBefore-andAfter-SchoolCare(NCES1999-013).U.S.DepartmentofEducation.Washington,DC:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.Cohen,J.(1988).StatisticalPowerAnalysisfortheBehavioralSciences.NewYork:AcademicPress.Collins,M.,Montaquila,J.,Nolin,M.J.,Kim,K.,Kleiner,B.,Waits,T.,Chapman,C.,andChandler,K.(2002a).NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgramof2001:DataFileUser’sManual,VolumeI(NCES2002-140).U.S.DepartmentofEducation.Washington,DC:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.Early,D.andBurchinal,M.(2001).EarlyChildhoodCare:RelationsWithFamilyCharacteristicsandPreferredCareCharacteristics.EarlyChildhoodResearchQuarterly,16(4):475-497.Fuller,B.,Eggers-Pierola,C.,Holloway,S.D.,Liang,X.,andRambaud,M.F.(1996).RichCulture,PoorMarkets:WhyDoLatinoParentsForgoPreschooling?TeachersCollegeRecord97(3):400-418.Hofferth,S.,Shauman,K.,Henke,R.,andWest,J.(1998).CharacteristicsofChildren’sEarlyCareandEducationPrograms:DataFromthe1995NationalHouseholdEducationSurvey(NCES98-128).U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.Washington,DC:U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice.Hofferth,S.,Brayfield,A.,Deich,S.,andHolcomb,P.(1990).NationalChildCareSurvey,1990.Washington,DC:UrbanInstitutePress.Huang,G.G.,andVanHorn,P.(1995).UsingChildCareServices:FamiliesWithDisabledChildren.RuralSpecialEducationQuarterly14(4):27-36.Nolin,M.J.,Montaquila,J.,Nicchitta,P.,Kim,K.,Kleiner,B.,Lennon,J.,Chapman,C.,Creighton,S.,andBielick,S.(2000).NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgramof1999:MethodologyReport(NCES2000-078).U.S.DepartmentofEducation.Washington,DC:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.Nolin,M.J.,Montaquila,J.,Nicchitta,P.,CollinsHagedorn,M.,andChapman,C.(2004).NationalHouseholdEducationSurveysProgram:2001:MethodologyReport(NCES2005-071).U.S.DepartmentofEducation.Washington,DC:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.Proctor,B.D.,andDalaker,J.(2002).PovertyintheUnitedStates:2001.CurrentPopulationReports(P60-219).U.S.CensusBureau.Washington,DC:U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice.51\nSinger,J.D.,Fuller,B.,Keiley.,M.K.,Wolf,A.(1998).EarlyChild-CareSelection:VariationbyGeographicLocation,MaternalCharacteristics,andFamilyStructure.DevelopmentalPsychology,34(5):1129-44.Smith,K.(2000).Who’smindingthekids?Childcarearrangements:Fall1995.CurrentPopulationReports(P70-70).Washington,DC:U.S.CensusBureau.Smith,K.(2002).Who’smindingthekids?Childcarearrangements:Spring1997.CurrentPopulationReports(P70-86).Washington,DC:U.S.CensusBureau.Smith,T.,Kleiner,A.,Parsad,B.,Farris,E.,andGreene,B.(2003).PrekindergarteninU.S.PublicSchools:2000-2001.U.S.DepartmentofEducation.Washington,DC:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.West,J.,GerminoHausken,E.,Chandler,K.,andCollins,M.(1992).ExperiencesinChildCareandEarlyChildhoodProgramsofFirstandSecondGraders(NCES92-005).U.S.DepartmentofEducation.Washington,DC:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.West,J.,GerminoHausken,E.,andCollins,M.(1993).ProfileofPreschoolChildren’sChildCareandEarlyEducationProgramParticipation(NCES93-133).U.S.DepartmentofEducation,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.Washington,DC:U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice.West,J.,Wright,D.,andGerminoHausken,E.(1995).ChildCareandEarlyEducationProgramParticipationofInfants,Toddlers,andPreschoolers(NCES95-824).U.S.DepartmentofEducation.Washington,DC:NationalCenterforEducationStatistics.Wolter,K.(1985).IntroductiontoVarianceEstimation.NewYork:Springer-Verlag.52