小升初重点语法 23页

雅美佳外语培训中心AlmaycaLanguagesCentre小英赛学员专用小升初重点语法EditedbyCate2013SpringI\nContentsReadMeFirst!III什么是英语语法?!III英语语法基本构架!III英语词法和句法简介!III英语语法基本结构框架图!IVPartI统考基础篇!V都是知识点=考点!考点!!考点!!!到7年级还要继续用的点!!!!请认真记住!!!!!V特别篇-句子的结构及成分!IXWHYWHYWHYTELLMEWHY?!!!!IX句子成分!IX句子的基本结构!XIIIPartII小升初进阶篇!XIVChapterI词法!XIV动词扩充!XVI动词的种类-系动词LinkVerb!XVI动词的种类-非谓语动词TheNon-FiniteVerbs!XVII动词的时态-现在完成时!XVIII补充:过去完成时(简洁版)!XIX动词的语态-被动语态!XXChapterII句法!XXII从句补充篇!XXIIIII\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentreReadMeFirst语言是人类最重要的交流工具。是人们进行沟通交流的各种表达符号。人们借助语言保存和传递人类文明的成果。语言是民族的重要特征之一。--百度百科《语言》英语语法是针对英语语言的语法进行的研究,指英语中语言的结构规律。包括词法和句法。--百度百科《英语语法》什么是英语语法?有一篇文章告诉过我们:“Peoplearedifferentfromanimalsbecausetheycanspeak...Apescanunderstandthingsmorequicklythanpeople.Someofthemcanlearnafewwords.Buttheycan’tmakesentenceswithwords.Theycan’tthinklikeusbecausetheyhavenolanguage.Languageisawonderfulthing!”这种把单词组合成可以清楚表达自己思想的句子的能力,就是人跟动物最大的区别.如同数学公式一样,任何的语言都是有逻辑有规则的.因此,语法就是教我们如何造句:单词如何变成句子成份,句子成份如何变成简单句,简单句又如何变并列句以及符合句子句型.语法就是规定这一造句过程的方法.英语语法基本构架1.英语语法的框架分五个层次:1.词素;2.词;3.词组;4.句;5.语篇.2.从最基础的单词开始,目前小升初阶段的英语语法可简单分为两个部分:词法和句法.3.详见P4《英语语法基本框架图》英语词法和句法简介1.词法(morphology):词法研究的对象是各种词的类型,形式及其用法.1)英语词类(词性)即词的类型,包括名词,代词,形容词,副词,介词,连词,冠词,数词,感叹词,以及动词.2)英语词类的形式变化有:•名词和代词的数;•格和性的形式变化(主格,宾格,名词变形容词,形容词变副词...);•动词的人称,时态,语态,语气等形式变化;•形容词和副词比较等级的形式变化.2.句法(syntax):句法研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其安排的规律.在句子里,不同的词类担任了不同的句子成分需要放在不同的位置,因此,学好词的类型和性质,是句子成分学习的基础,学好了句子的成分后所造的句子才会通顺,才可以准确的表达意思.1)句子成分包括:主语,谓语,表语,宾语,定语,状语,补足语以及同位语.2)句子类型:句子类型可以从用途与结构来进行简单的分类•用途:陈述句,疑问句,祈使句,感叹句.•结构:简单句,并列句,复合句(名词性从句:主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句;定语从句;状语从句).III\n!AlmaycaLanguagesCentre:5
英语语法基本结构框架图:L
:noun
:"
:\
B/Vj/iJ/D/Zpronoun
)/_U/70/$W/
Lnumeral
*L/^L
[Cadjective
Y:Te
I
adverb
Y
:
G
G`

5
6W
?M

k
f[
verb
'@I
[I
%article
'@
]
2preposition
Xg
7conjunction
FM
4Fx4M
cee*1#4+Q
j
j/T////n/3o
eM
/PS

K3
dR
=H3
3
!N3
-3
3o5
j///P83
:\3
Se3
(3
e3
F,//fa/O1#
]
ne3
./;/1&/A///I
m3
E93
h0bel,0be
IV!\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentrePartI统考基础篇都是知识点=考点!考点!!考点!!!到7年级还要继续用的点!!!!请认真记住!!!!1.动词种类1)情态动词:can-could;shall-should;will-would;must,may,haveto...;2)助动词:do(一般现在时);does(一般现在时三单);did(一般过去时);3)be动词:am,is,are(一般现在时);was,were(一般过去时);4)行为动词:表示人的行为动作,如:run,jump,swim...2.情态动词+用动词原形3.助动词(do,does)+动词原形4.be动词后面要动词-ing,不能用动词原形5.四大时态的句子结构时态现在进行时一般现在时一搬过去时一般将来时时间标志词listen,look,now,beevery,usually,often,yesterday,thedaybeforeThismorning,tomorrow,careful,具体时间点…sometimes,seldom,yesterday,ago,justnow,thedayaftertomorrow,never…lastweek/month/year…nextweek/year,基本格式be+动词ing1.动词原形动词过去式1.Will+动原(肯定)2.动词三单2.begoingto+动原否定句型be+not+动词现在分词1.Don’t+动原Didn’t+动原Willnot(won’t)+动原(ing)2.Doesn’t+动原疑问句型be+主语+动词-ing1.Do+主语+动原Did+主语+动原Will+主语+动原2.Does+主语+动原6.动词的变化规则一般现在时(第三人称单数)现在分词过去分词1)一般情况下在动词原形后面加-s.1)一般情况下,在动词原形后面加-ing.1)一般情况下,动词原形后加-ed.如:plays,gets…如:playing,reading…2)以-o,-ch,-sh结尾的动词加-es.2)以不发音-e结尾的动词,去-e加2)以不发音-e结尾的动词加-d.如:does,goes,washes…-ing.如:make-making…3)以辅音字母加-y结尾的动词,将-y3)以重读闭音节(辅音+元音+辅音)结3)以辅音字母加-y结尾的动词,将-y改成-i后再加-es.如:fly-flies,study-尾的动词,双写最后一个字母加-ing.改成-i后再加-ed.如:study-studied,studies,carry-carries…如:run-running...fly-flied,try-tried,carry-carried…4)特殊情况:have-has4)注意:以-y结尾的动词变为现在分4)以重读闭音节(辅音+元音+辅音)结词,-y不需要改变,直接加-ing.尾的动词,双写最后一个字母加-ed.如:playing…如:skipped,shopped…5)不规则变化:7.祈使句的句子结构•肯定句:动词原形+其他.例:Comein,please.•否定句:Don’t+动词原形+其他.例:Don’tcomein.8.hadbetter+动词原形;否定句:hadbetternot+动词原形.例:You’dbetternotcomein.V\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentre9.固定搭配1)wanttodosth:想要做某事8)beinterestedin:对…感兴趣2)asksbtodosth:要求某人做某事9)haveto:不得不3)prefertodosth:更喜欢做某事10)helpsbwithsth:在某事上帮助某人4)wouldliketodosth:想要做某事11)helpsbdo/todosth:帮助某人做某事5)like/enjoy/love+doing12)on+形容词性物主代词(my)+wayhome:在谁回家的路上.如:onmy/your/his/her/its/theirwayhome6)practicedoing13)on+形容词性物主代词(my)+way+to+地点:在谁7)beworriedabout:担心去某地的路上.如:onmywaytoschool10.常考句型1)Whynot+动词原形=Whydon’tyou+动词原形:为什么不…?2)It'stimetodosth:该做...的时候了3)It’stimefordoingsth:该做...的时候了4)It’stimeforsbtodosth:到了某人做...的时候了5)It’s+形容词+todosth:做…是怎么样的.例:Itisverynicetoseeyouagain.6)something等不定代词+todo.例:Ihavesomething/nothingtodo.7)Ais(not)as+形容词原级+asB:A和B一样(不一样).8)A’ssthis(not)as+形容词原级+asB’ssth:A的东西跟B的一样(不一样).例:•Myhouseis(not)asprettyashers(名词性物主代词).(注:hers=herhouse,用名词性物主代词避免句子的重复)9)The+比较级,the+比较级:越…越…例:Themoreyoueat,thefatter’llyouget.10)It’stoo+形容词+todo:太…而不能...例:It’stoodifficultformetotravelonmyown.11)It’sso+形容词+that+从句:太…以至于...例:It’ssoheavythatIcan’tcarrythebox.12)主将从现:If+从句(一般现在时),主句(一般将来时):如果….,将会….例:Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwillstayathome.13)sbwish+sb/sth+coulddosth.例:IwishIcouldfly.11.介词后面要用动词-ing:begoodatdoing12.动词,介词后面用宾格,简称:动宾,介宾.13.后面有名词用形容词性物主代词,没有名词用名词性物主代词.14.物主代词后面加-self,意为“…自己”,如:myself,yourself,himself,herself等.15.比较级标志词:than;最高级标志词:allof,in等;形容词最高级前面要用“the”.16.修饰名词用形容词,修饰动词用副词;形容词变为副词一般在后面加-ly,如果以辅音+y结尾,改-y为-i,再加-ly,•如:quick-quickly;easy-easily…17.be动词和感官动词feel,sound,smell,taste后面用形容词.18.时间介词on,in,at1)on:具体某一天(比如星期,日期,某年某月某日等),及具体某一天或在时间前有形容词修饰,用介词on.•如:onawarmmorning,onacoldnight,onaFridaynight…2)in:季节,月份,年以及泛指的早晨,中午,傍晚用介词in.如:inthemorning/evening,in1987,inJune…3)at:具体时间点和某些固定搭配用at.如:attheweekend,atnight,atoneo’clock…19.therebe句型:be动词的选用要遵循就近原则,即第一个名词时单数就用is,第一个名词是复数就用are,无须理会后面的名词究竟是单数还是复数.VI\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentre20.感叹句结构1)How+形容词(副词)+主语+动词;如:Howbeautifulyouare!(修饰人);Howfastyourun!(修饰动词run)2)What+(a,an)+形容词+名词(复数)+主语+动词•Whatabeautifulgirlsheis!(可数名词单数);•Whatcleanwateritis!(不可数名词);•Whatlovelygirlstheyare!(可数名词复数)3)同义句转换:Whatabeautifulgirlsheis!=Howbeautifulsheis!21.much修饰不可数名词;many修饰可数名词复数.22.toomuchvs.muchtoo1)toomuch+名词:太多…如:toomuchfruit;toomuchmoney...2)muchtoo+形容词:太…如:muchtoobig(太大);muchtoocute...23.little;alittle;few;afew1)little(否定):没有,几乎没有;2)alittle(肯定):一些✴两者都用于修饰不可数.例:Thereislittleinkinmybottle,canyougivemealittleink?3)few(否定):没有,几乎没有;4)afew(肯定):几个✴两者都用于修饰可数名词.例:Hehasafewfriendshere,andfewofthemaregirls.24.much:…得多;alittle:…一点点;都可以用来修饰比较级.例:•Learningismuchmoreimportantthanplaying.学习比玩耍重要得多•Iamalittleheavierthanyou.我比你重一点点25.some用在肯定句中,any用在否定句和一般疑问句中,但是希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句中要用some.•例:Wouldyoulikesomefruit?(希望得到肯定回答)26.other;another;theother;others1)one…(and)theother:一个…,另一个…例:Theseshoesarenotmatch,oneislargeandtheotherissmall.2)other:另一个,两者或两个部分中的另一个,其他的,另外的.例:Lilyisolderthantheotherstudentsintheclassroom.3)another:又一个(三者以上).例:Mypenisbroken,Ineedtobuyanotherone.4)other和theother的区别:有the表示特指,没有the表示泛指.5)other和others的区别:other后面要加名词,others后面不能加名词.例:(the)otherstudents=(the)others28.分数:分子用基数词,分母用序数词(如果分子超过一,分母要加-s).例:ahalf二分之一;threeeighths八分之三29.数学运算:plus-加,minus-减,times-乘,dividedby-除•Oneplus/andoneistwo.1加1等于2•Threeminusoneistwo.3减1等于2.•Fourtimesfiveistwenty.4乘以5等于20.•Sixdividedby2isthree.6除以2等于330.语音:自然拼读发音规则1)短音规则:一个元音,结尾辅音,元音发短音.•例:a-/æ/cat;e-/e/pen;i-/i/pig;o-/ɔ/dog;u-/ʌ/bus;bath,shell,kick,clock,brush…2)长音规则:两个元音一起走,第一个发字母音,第二个不发音•a的长元音组合发/ei/:ai,ay,a-e,eighVII\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentre•e的长元音组合发/i:/:ea,ee,ey•i的长元音组合发/ai/:i-e,ie,igh;-ind组合中的i也发长音/ai/.•o的长元音组合发/$ʊ/:oa,o-e;old,ost组合中的o也发长音/$ʊ/.•u的长元音组合:ue,u-e,ui,ew;u在字母j,l,r,s后面通常发/u:/音,其余发/ju:/.3)半元音y的发音规则•y在单词开头为辅音,发/j/.如:yellow,yes,yet…•y在单词结尾为元音,在单音节单词(单词里只有一个元音)里发/ai/;在双音节或多音节单词(单词里有两个元音或多个元音)里发/i/.•如:单-sky,dry;多-kitty,sunny,funny…4)c的发音规则:c在e,i,y前发/s/,其余发/k/.5)a的发音规则•a在-ss,-st,-sk,-th前发/a:/.如:fast,ask,class,glass,grass,father…•a在字母w-后面发/ɔ:/.如:wash,watch…6)oo的发音规则:在字母-k,-t,-d前一般短音/u/(除food,shoot发长音),其余发长音/u:/.7)ow组合的发音规则:ow组合在单词中间一般发/au/,在单词结尾一般发/$ʊ/;特殊发音:cow-/au/,now-/au/,how-/au/,bowl-/$ʊ/…8)-er,-ir,-ur,-or等r音节的发音规则•在重读音节下通常发/$:/.•-ar在重读音节下通常发/a:/,但在组合-war,-quar中发/ɔ:/.•-or在重读音节下通常发/ɔ:/,但在组合-wor中发/$:/.•-ar,-er,-ir,-ur,-or在非重读音节下(单词结尾)发/$/.如:her,teacher,dollar…9)-th的发音:清辅音/%/,浊辅音/ð/.注意:发音咬舌,不咬嘴唇.10)-ng发/ŋ/;-nk组合中的n也发/ŋ/;其余的n一般发/n/.11)后面加-s(名词单数变复数,动词三单)的发音规则•在词尾加上-s遇-t读浊辅音/dz/,遇-d读清辅音/ts/.•以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的单词,在该词末尾加上-es发/iz/.•以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,变-y为-i加-es发/z/•以-f或-fe结尾的名词,要将-f或-fe变为-v,再加-es发/vz/.•以-o结尾的名词,有生命加-es,无生命加-s,除kangaroos发/z/.12)后加-ed(动词过去式,过去分词)的发音规则:清辅音后发/t/;浊辅音和元音后发/d/;t和d的后面发/id/.13)ea的三种发音:/i:/,/ei/,/e/•/ei/:break,great,steak…•/e/:weather,feather,ready,head,bread,breakfast,pleasure,heavy,sweater…14)清辅音:/p/,/t/,/k/,/f/,/%/,/s/,/t∫/,/ts/,/tr/,/h/.15)浊辅音:/b/,/d/,/g/,/v/,/ð/,/z/,/3/,/d3/,/dz/,/dr/,/m/,/n/,/)/,/l/,/j/,/w/,/r/.VIII\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentre特别篇-句子的结构及成分WHYWHYWHYTELLMEWHY?!!!语言的使用是为了更好地传达信息,而信息传达的方式其实就是思维的方式.因为思维是我们认识世界的时候动脑筋的过程.每个民族每个国家的语言就是他们思维方式的体现,所以我们在学习语言的时候也就接触和了解的他们独特的思维方式.在接下来的小升初进阶篇以及今后的语法学习中,都会以分析句子的结构及成分为主.因此,掌握好本篇内容会极大提高今后的学习效率.句子成分•定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分;•句子成分有主要成分和次要成分:-主要成分:主语和谓语;-次要成分:表语,宾语,定语,状语,补足语,同位语和独立成分.1.主语1)定义:是一个句子所叙述的主体;2)位置:一般位于句首.但在therebe结构,疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语,助动词或情态动词后.3)主语的表现形式:成分例句-Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.名词-ProfessorZhangisafamousscientist.-WeoftenspeakEnglishinandoutofclass.代词-Whoisthemanstandingoverthere?-One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.数词-Twotimesfiveisten.-Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.不定式-TomasterEnglishisuseful.-Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.动名词-Playingfootballinthestreetisdangerous.-Therichshouldhelpthepoor.名词化的形容词-Theoldarelivingahappylifeinnow-days.-WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecidedyet.从句-Whetherhe’lljoinusinthediscussionisofgreatimportance.-Itisdangerous(foryou)playingwithfire“It”作形式主语-Itisimportant(foreveryone)tolearnEnglish.(真正的主语在后面)-ItisverykindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.-Itisapitythathecannotswim.2.谓语1)定义:说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态;2)位置:动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后;IX\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentre3)谓语的构成:谓语例句简单谓语:-Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.由一个动词或动词短语构成-Shetakesgoodcareofhermother.-Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.复合谓语:-You’dbetternottakethemagazineoutofthereading-room.由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原型构成-Hehascaughtabadcold.-Shedoesn’tseemtolikedancing.-Wearestudents.由系动词加表语构成-Helookedabitexcited.3.表语1)定义:用于说明主语的身份,特征和状态;2)位置:它一般位于系动词(如sound,feel,taste,look,get,go,become,remain,turn等)之后;3)表语的表现形式:构成例句-MyteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.名词-Heisanastronaut.-Isityours?代词-That’sallIwanttotellyou.形容词-Theweatherhasturnedcold.-Thespeechisexciting.分词-TheteacherwaspleasedwithmyspokenEnglish.-Threetimessevenistwenty-one.数词-Heisalwaysthefirsttoentertheoffice.-HisjobistoteachEnglish.不定式-Theirplanistofinishtheexperimentinaweek.-Hishobbyisplayingfootball.动名词-Mywishisstudyinglawinauniversity.-Themachinemustbeoutoforder.介词短语-Heisagainstourplan.-Timeisup.Theclassisover.副词-Myfatherisn’tin.Heisout.-Thetruthisthathe’sneverbeenabroad.表语从句-WhatIwanttoknowiswhenwe’llhavethesportsmeet.4.宾语1)定义:表示动作的对象或承受者;2)位置:一般位于及物动词后面(但英语介词后也要求用宾语).3)宾语的表现形式:构成例句名词-Heisgoingtobuyadictionary.代词-Weshouldlearnfromhim.X\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentre构成例句数词-Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?-Ihavefive.名词化的-Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.形容词或分词-Weshouldtakethewoundedtothehospitalimmediately.-Hepretendednottoseeme.不定式(短语)-Shedidn’tknowwhattodonext.-Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.动名词(短语)-HepracticesspeakingEnglisheveryday.-Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.从句-Heaskedmewhosepronunciationwasthebestintheclass.(直接引语转间接引语)4)宾语的种类种类例句直接宾语-Lendmeyourdictionary,please.间接宾语-Thecompanysentusafewcomputerslastyear.-Hesentabirthdaygifttomeyesterday.复合宾语-Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.-Ifoundthebabyveryhappy.-Thenextdayhefoundhimselfinthehospitalwhenhewoke.-IoftenaskhimtohelpmewithmyEnglish.-Ifinditeasytoanswerthisquestion.介词宾语-Inourschoolabouttwo-thirdsofthestudentsarefromthenorth.5.宾语补足语1)定义:有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补足语,说明宾语的身份和状态,以补充其意义不足,使句子的意义完整.2)常用的及物动词有make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let...3)宾语补足语的表现形式:构成例句-HisfathernamedhimJim.名词-WeconsiderMr.Zhanganexcellentteacher.-Webelievedthereportuntrue.形容词及其短语-Isawhimyoungandstrong,andnowheisoldandworn.-Healwaysencouragedmetoworkhard.不定式及其短语-Nobodynoticedhimentertheroom.-Wesawhimenteringtheroom.现在分词及其短语-IheardhersinginganEnglishsong.过去分词及其短语-Theyfoundthecitygreatlychanged.*常用的有regard/treat/take/consider/lookupon…as用“as”引出宾补-WetakeEnglishasausefultoolforresearchwork.-Ilookuponhimasmyteacher.-Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.介词短语-Wheneveryoumaygo,youwillfindhimatwork.XI\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentre构成例句-Letthefreshairin.副词-Isawhimoutwithhisfather.从句-Wewillmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.6.定语1)定义:修饰名词或代词的词,短语或从句称为定语;2)定语的表现形式:构成例句形容词-Itisabeautifulcity.-Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.分词(短语)-Whoisthemanshakinghandswithourteacher?-Thisisthebridgebuiltlastyear.-Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.名词-Theyaregoingtoputupawallnewspapernextweek代词-HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.数词-Morethanthirtystudentsinourclasshavereadthebook.-Mary’sparentshavegoneabroad.名词所有格-Youshouldfollowthedoctor’sadvice.-Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.不定式-Ihavealotofworktodo.-Theteachingplanforthenexttermhasbeenworkedout.动名词-Youmustn’ttakethemagazineoutofthereadingroom.-Whoisthegirlinred?介词短语-HeisreadingabookabouthowtolearnEnglish.-Anoiseoutsidemadehimturnaround.副词-Themanintheroombelowisfriendly.从句-IwillrememberthedaywhenIfirstmether.7.状语1)定义:修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语;2)状语的表现形式:构成例句副词及副词性词组-Lighttravelsmostquickly.介词短语-Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.不定式(短语)-Theboxistooheavyformetolift.-Heisintheroomreadingabook.分词(短语)-Encouragedbytheteacher,ImadeupmymindtostudyEnglishwell.-Waitaminute.名词(短语)-Wouldyoupleasecomethisway?从句-ImustworkharderinorderthatImaycatchupwiththeothers.3)状语的种类XII\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentre种类例句-Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?时间状语-Whenitrains,Iusuallygotoschoolbybus.-LastnightIdidn’tgotothepartybecauseoftherain.原因状语-Sinceyouareverybusy,Iwon’ttroubleyou.条件状语-Iwillgothereifitdoesn’traintomorrow.(主将从现)-Mr.Smithlivesonthethirdfloor.地点状语-Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.方式状语-HehasgreatlyimprovedhisspokenEnglishbythismeans.-Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.伴随状语-Theteachercamein,followedbyagroupofstudents.-Iwenttheretoseeafriendofmine.目的状语-BringitclosersothatImayseeitbetter.结果状语-Heissogoodateacherthatthestudentsloveandrespecthim.让步状语-Sheworkshardthoughsheisold.程度状语-Iquiteagreewithyou.-Iamtallerthanheis.比较状语-ThemoreIspeakEnglish,thebetterIwillbe.8.同位语1)定义:位于名词或代词后面,说明它们的性质和情况;2)同位语的表现形式:构成例句名词-Weyoungpeopleshouldrespecttheold.代词-Hehimselfwilldotheexperiment.数词-Heistheoldestamongthemfour.从句-Hetoldmethenewsthatourteamwonthegame.由suchas,thatis-Somesubjects,suchasphysicsandchemistry,areverydifficulttolearn.(tosay)引导由of引导-ThecityofGuilinhasbeengreatlychangedsince2001.-Thefreezingtemperature,orfreezingpoint,isthetemperatureatwhichwaterfreezesunder由or引导ordinarypressure.句子的基本结构1.主语＋系动词＋表语:AisB.2.主语＋及物动词＋宾语:AdoesB.3.主语＋不及物动词:Aleaves.4.主语＋及物动词＋双宾语(间接宾语指人,直接宾语指物):AgivesBsomething.5.主语＋及物动词＋复合宾语(即宾语＋宾语补足语):AtellsBtodosomething.6.There＋系动词＋主语:Thereisaman.XIII\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentrePartII小升初进阶篇ChapterI词法1.名词:表示人或事物的名称;句中做主,表,宾,补,同位语;名词分两大类:1)专有名词:个人,国家,地方,机构,组织等专有名称.2)普通名词:同一类的人或物的名称.•可数名词:个体名词(pen,boy,house...);集体名词(family,team,cattle,police...);•不可数名词:词物质名词(air,snow,bread,rice...);抽象名词(honey,failure,education...).2.代词:代替名词和数词;句中做主,表,宾,定,同位语;代词分九大类:1)人称代词:代替人或物-主格(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they);宾格(me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them).2)物主代词:表示所属关系•形容词性(my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their);名词性(mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs).3)反身代词:myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves;4)相互代词:表示相互关系--eachother,oneanother;5)指示代词:this,that,these,those,such,same;6)疑问代词:who,whom,whose,which,what;7)连接代词:与名词性从句相关-who(ever),whom(ever),whose(ever),which(ever),what(ever);8)关系代词:与定语从句相关-that,which,who,whom,whose,as;9)不定代词:表示一个,两个,一些,少数,多数,许多,每个,所有等人,事,物.•可数:each,one,many,(a)few,both,another,either,neither;•不可数:much,(a)little;•可数+不可数:all,some,none,any,other;•复合:anybody/one/thing,somebody/one/thing,everybody/one/thing,nobody/thing.3.形容词:表示人或事物的性质和特性,修饰名词,代词;句中做定,表,补,状语.如:beautiful,delicious,fantastic...•常见形容词后缀(部分):-ful;-cious;-tant;-tic;-able;4.副词:表示动作或性状的特征,修饰动词,形容词,副词,介词短语和句子;句中做状,表语.5.介词:不单独使用,后加名词或名词性结构;句中介词短语做状,定,表语.•简单介词主要有:about,above,across,after,against,among,around,along,at,before,behind,below,beside,be-sides,between,beyond,but,by,down,during,except,for,from,in,inside,into,like,near,of,off,on,outof,outside(of),over,past,since,through,throughout,till(until),to,toward(s),under,up,upon=on,with,within,without...6.连词:连接词,短语,句子;分两类1)并列连词•平行对等:and,both…and…,aswellas,notonly...butalso…,neither…nor…,not...but…;•转折:but,yet,while,still,however...;•选择:either…or…,or(else),rather…than…,otherwise;•因果:for,so,therefore,then,thus,hence.XIV\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentre2)从属连词•引导从句的连词:that,whether,if,as,while,aslongas,when,where,nomatterwhere,ifonly,onconditionthat,because,nowthat,although,evenif,as…as…,such…as…,the…the…,than,asif,theway,sothat,inorderthat,incase,so/such…that…7.冠词:表示名词的泛指和特指:不定冠词a;an,泛指;定冠词the,特指.8.数词:表示数量和顺序;句中做主,表,宾,定语:分基数词(one,two...);序数词(first,second...).9.感叹词:Oh!MyGod!...10.动词:表示动作和状态.1)动词四大类•实义动词:有实际意义,能独立做谓语.•及物动词(vt.):能直接接宾语.如:Ilikedbasketballoncebefore,butnowIamafootballfan.•不及物动词(vi.):不能直接接宾语,必须加介词.如:Iwaslookingatastrangedoginthestreetjustnow.•系动词:连接主语和表语.•英语系动词的功能主要是把表语(名词,形容词,某些副词,非谓词,介词短语,从句)和它的主语联系在一起,说明主语的属性,特征或状态.2)情态动词:说话人的语气或情态.如:can,could,may,might,shall,should,must,ought...3)动词四种基本形式:动词原形;过去式;过去分词;现在分词.4)动词十六种时态(时态=时间+状态)时间/状态一般进行完成完成进行现在do/doesam/is/aredoinghave/hasdonehave/hasbeendoing过去didwere/wasdoinghaddonehadbeendoing将来willdowillbedoingwillhavedonewillhavebeendoing过去将来woulddowouldbedoingwouldhavedonewouldhavebeendoing5)动词两种语态•主动语态表示主语是谓语的执行者;•被动语态表示主语是谓语的承受者.6)动词三种语气•陈述语气:陈述事实;如:Heisn’till.•祈使语气:提出请求,命令等;如:Closethedoor,please.•虚拟语气:表示主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况;如:IwishIcouldchangethepast.XV\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentre动词扩充动词的种类-系动词LinkVerb系动词又称联系动词,有词义,但是不能单独做谓语.它的作用是将主语与表语联系起来,表明主语的身份或性质.✴一句话语法:系动词后面只能接表语(名词/形容词/非谓语...).➡系动词可分为以下几类:1.状态系动词:be•用来表示主语的性质或状态.例:-Heisaphysicist/chemist/geologist/myfriend/Lucy’sfather/patient/...表明主语的身份,性质.-Heisill/inblack/asleep...表明主语的状态.2.持续系动词:用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度;•主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand...例：-Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.-Thismatterrestsamystery.3.表像系动词:用来表示“看起来像”这一概念;•主要有seem,appear,look...例：-Helookssotired.-Heseems(tobe)verysad.4.感官系动词:•主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,look...例：-Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.-Thisflowersmellsverysweet.5.变化系动词:这些系动词表示主语变成什么样;•变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run,be.例：-Hebecamemadafterthat.-Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.6.终止系动词:表示主语已终止动作;•主要有prove,turnout,表达“证实”,“变成”之意.例：-Therumorprovedfalse./Thesearchproveddifficult.-Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.(turnout表终止性结果)XVI\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentre动词的种类-非谓语动词TheNon-FiniteVerbs-“非谓语动词是什么啊?”-“非谓语动词就是不是谓语的动词呗!”-“那它不是动词是什么呀?”答:在英语中,主谓结构只能有一个,也就是说,只能有一个主语及一个做谓语的动词.那句子在出现更多动词的时候怎么办?解决办法有三种:加连词,加从句,以及变非谓语动词.比如:我不喜欢天天打DOTA的人.谓语动词(主要的动词)为“不喜欢”,而另一个动词就可以变非谓语动词.1.非谓语动词的格式分为以下几种:•动词不定式:todo;do(不带to的不定式)•动名词:Ving•动词分词:现在分词Ving和过去分词Ved2.非谓语动词的使用不定式格式涵义例句谓语动词示例-没做过/没有做-Iwanttogotothemoontomorrow.decidetodo;plantodo;desiretotodo-将要去做-Ineedtogohome.do;hopetodo;wishtodo...do-感官动词-Isawhimdanceonstagelastnight.see,hear,feel,watch,notice...(不带to的不定式)-使役动词(除keep)-Youmademelaugh.have,make,get,let...动名词格式涵义例句谓语动词示例-做名词-Ilikedancing.admit,avoid,delay,escape,prac-tice,suggest,mind,forgive,Ving-Ienjoywatchingmoviesevery-做过,经常做,已经做完imagine,include,mention,risk,night.appreciate,consider...动词分词格式涵义例句谓语动词示例-在进行态中使用-Sheismakingaplane.-同动名词;-做形容词用:同时发生-Ineedawalkingstick.-另:感官动词可接不带to的不定式现在分词Ving-加在感官动词后:正在做-Iheardyoutalking.以及动词现在分词.devoteoneselfto(to是介词不是-介词后加Ving-Igaveupsinginglastyear.不定式);feellike;insiston...-在完成态中使用-Ihavelearnedmylesson.注意:动词过去分词除了在时态和-在被动语态中使用-Johnwaskickedbymeonpurpose.语态中的使用,最大的用途是做形过去分词Ved容词(一般情况下都是及物动词).-做形容词用(有被动,完-KFCisshortfromKentuckyFried如:brain-damaged;brokenheart;成的含义)Chicken.3.考试中常见不定式及动名词皆可的动词Stoptodo/doing;forgettodo/doing;remembertodo/doing;regrettodo/doing.....XVII\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentre动词的时态-现在完成时动词的状态里非常重要的一章是完成态,这个状态的动作通常的结构是“have+动词过去分词”构成,在不同的时间里由动词“have”的不同变形来表示.如:have/hasdone-现在完成;haddone-过去完成;willhavedone-将来完成;wouldhavedone-过去将来完成.(同理可推出不同时间的完成进行态-have/hasbeendoing)现在完成时1.定义：现在完成时的定义有两个1)过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果;2)过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态.3)一句话语法:现在完成时强调影响性;谓语动词使用非延续性动词.2.句式和结构句式公式例句肯定主语+have/has+过去分词+其他Hehasboughtthiscarfortenyears.否定主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他Hehasn’tboughtthiscaryet.疑问Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他?Hasheboughtthiscar?Yes,主语+have/has.(肯定)Yes,hehas.简略回答No,主语+haven't/hasn't.(否定)No,hehasn’t.3.现在完成时的应用及标志定义1:过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响标志词涵义例句already到现在为止动作或状态-已经发生-Hehasalreadygotherhelp.just到现在为止动作或状态-刚刚发生-Hehasjustseenthefilm.yet到现在为止动作或状态-还没有发生-Hehasn'tcomebackyet.ever到现在为止动作或状态-曾经发生过-ThisisthebestfilmIhaveeverseen.never到现在为止动作或状态-从没有发生过-HehasneverbeentoBeijing.动作发生的次数某动作到现在为止已经发生了若干次-HesayshehasbeentotheUSAthreetimes.-HehasgottoBeijingsofar.sofar(到目前为止)到目前为止动作或状态已经发生-Shehaspassedtheexamsofar.定义2:过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在,甚至有可能继续延续下去标志词涵义例句come-be;goout-beout;leave-beaway-Howlonghaveyouhadthisdictionary?非延续性动词转换(from);begin-beon;buy-have;borrow--IhavebeenawayfromthiscitysinceIwasten.延续性动词keep;join-beamember;die-bedead;-Ihavebeenamemberofthisclubforamonth.become-be;open(v.)-beopen(adj.)...-Thisdoorhasbeenopensincelastyear.过去开始的动作可以延续到某一点结束,-Hehasbeenawayfortwoyears.(for+时间段)时间“点”和“段”也可能继续延续.-HehasbeenanEnglishteachersince1992.(since+时间点:since;时间段:for时间点/过去某一时刻)4.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别•一般过去时:强调结果•现在完成时:强调过程/动作XVIII\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentre一般过去式使用条件例句指明过去一个特定的时刻发生的动作,常常与过去的某个具-Iwenthomeat10:00yesterday.体时间搭配使用-Hefinishedthreedaysago.-Johntaughtmathfortwentyyears.(约翰已经不再教数学了,他可能退休换工作或者去世.)一般过去时比现在完成时更能表达事情的结果-对比:Johnhastaughtmathfortwentyyears.(保留了约翰继续教数学的可能性.)-Theylivedhereforalongtime.动作在过去发生并已经结束-Melissawaitedfor30minutes.现在完成时使用条件例句动作发生在过去并且延续到说话的这个时刻-Theyhavelivedhereforalongtime.(有延伸到将来的可能性)-Melissahaswaitedfor30minutes.两者皆可使用条件例句-Ihavealreadyfinished.没有特定指明的时间,两个时态都可以使用-Ialreadyfinished.5.注意1)当现在完成时前有might时,就算主格是第三人称单数形式,也要使用have的动词原型形式;-Shemighthaveforgottentolockthedoor.-Hemighthavegiventhepaintingtosomeone.2)Should,could,must没有简单过去时.他们用现在完成时来表达过去的状态.-Heshouldhavetoldyouearlier.-Ishouldhavetriedharder.-Shecouldhavebeennicer.-Youmusthaveseenhim.补充:过去完成时(简洁版)•表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作.•一句话语法:过去的过去•公式:had+Vpp(先完成的动作)+一般过去式(后完成的动作)•常用时间副词:before,after-IhaddonemyhomeworkbeforeIwenttotheparklastnight.-IcalledyouafterIhadhadmydinner.-IhadwashedmyfacebeforeIbrushedmyteeth./IbrushedmyteethafterIhadwashedmyface.XIX\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentre动词的语态-被动语态•英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态=“把”字句;被动语态=“被”字句•被动语态基本公式:be+Vpp(动词过去分词)1.被动语态的应用使用条件例句-Paperismadefromwood.不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要-Hewaskilledinthefight.-Calculatorcan'tbeusedinthemathsexam.需要强调动作的对象-Hewasawardedfirstprizeinthatcontest.为了使语气婉转,避免提到是谁做这件事-Thegirlmustbetakenawayfromherparents.2.各时态被动语态变化公式时态定义主动语态被动语态一般现在时经常发生的动作或规律性的动作be/Vam/is/are+Vpp一般过去时过去发生过的且已经结束的动作was/were/Vedwas/were+Vpp一般将来时将要发生的动作will+Vwill+be+Vpp现在进行时说话时正在发生的动作am/is/are+Vingam/is/sare+being+Vpp过去进行时过去某个时间点或时间段正在发生的动作was/were+Vingwas/were+being+Vpp现在完成时(详见现在完成时)have/has+Vpphave/has+been+Vpp过去完成时(详见过去完成时)had+Vpphad+been+Vpp有一定词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语情态动词can+Vcan+be+Vpp气的动词注:be=be动词原形;V=动词原形;Ved=动词过去式;Vpp=动词过去分词3.各种时态被动语态例句时态例句一般现在时-Ourclassroomiscleanedeveryday.一般过去时-Anewshopwasbuiltlastyear.一般将来时-Anewhospitalwillbebuiltinourcity.现在进行时-MybikeisbeingrepairedbyTomnow.过去进行时-Theroomwasbeingcleanedbymymomyesterdayafternoon(at5o’clock).现在完成时-Thisbookhasbeentranslatedintomanylanguages.过去完成时-MybreakfasthadbeenpreparedbeforeIgotup(thismorning).情态动词-Youngtreesmustbewateredoften.Yourmistakesshouldbecorrectedrightnow.4.使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：1)系动词无被动语态(keep除外):appear,bebecome,fall,feel,get,grow,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turn...2)不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态(即多数的瞬间动词):appear,die,disappear,end,fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,breakout,cometrue,fallasleep,keepsilence,loseheart,takeplace...XX\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentre3)有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义•例:Thispenwriteswell./Thisnewbooksellswell.4)不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语:fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watchagreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belongto...5)不带to的不定式(感官动词,使役动词),主动语态中不带to,但变为被动语态时,须加上to.例:•Agirlsawmywalletdropwhenshepassedby.→Mywalletwasseentodropbyagirlwhenshepassedby.•Thebossmadethelittleboydoheavywork.→Thelittleboywasmadetodoheavyworkbytheboss.6)如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,动词后要用介词.这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定.•Hegavemeabook.→Abookwasgiventomebyhim.•Heshowedmeaticket.→Aticketwasshowntomebyhim.7)一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词.•Helistenstotheradioeveryday.→Theradioislistenedtobyhimeveryday.•Thenurseistakingcareofthesickman.→Thesickmanisbeingtakencareofbythenurse.8)当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态•(错)Toswimislikedbyher.→(对)Shelikestoswim.9)Get＋过去分词也可以构成被动语态,用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身.例:•Themangothurtonhiswayhome.•Howdidtheglassgetbroken?XXI\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentreChapterII句法句法就目前来说属从句相对复杂,其实...超级简单:一个词是”词”,一个以上的词是”语”,有了主谓就变成”从句”.本篇只列举部分小升初需要注意的内容1.句子的种类句子的种类定义例句陈述句用来说明事实或说话人的看法的句子(肯定句和否定句)-IamaMartian.提出问题请对方回答的句子(一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,疑问句-Wouldyoulikesomemilk?选择疑问句,反义疑问句)按功能分类祈使句表命令,请求,劝告,建议,号召,祝愿或叮嘱等-Getout!!!表示说话人一种较为强烈的感情(喜悦,赞叹,惊异,厌恶-Whatawonderfulcity!感叹句等)-Howwonderfulthecityis!简单句句子中只有一个主谓结构-Ido.并列句有两个主谓结构或以上或有两个简单句及其以上-Heismyfriendandheisadoctor.按结构分类复合句-Idon’tknowwhyyouarelatefor一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成(各种从句)ourmeetingeverytime!2.复合句及从句•复合句也就是主句+从句.•从句是一个有主谓但不能独立成句的部分.我们把从句放到什么位置上就称其为什么从句.分类从句详解名词性从句主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句形容词性从句定语从句请查看“特别篇-句子的成分及结构”,然后你就秒懂了副词性从句状语从句3.各从句注意事项从句重点例句&备注宾语从句-语序:宾从为陈述句语序-CouldyoutellmehowIcangettotherailwaystation?-直接引语转间接引语详见补充篇.(重点:谓语为过去式时,时态倒退一格)定语从句-限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句详见补充篇.状语从句-重点就是种类多!!!XXII\nAlmaycaLanguagesCentre从句补充篇1.宾语从句不能省略“that”的情况✴that引导宾语从句无意义，不充当句子成分常省略.但下列情况除外：1)“and”连接的两个从句中的that不能省略.例:-Hetoldmethathehadtwosonsandthattheybothweredoctors.2)在动词+it+宾语补足语+宾语从句结构中,that不省略.例:-Ihearditsaidthathehadgoneabroad.2.宾语从句-直接引语转间接引语•即中文的转述.•直接引语变为间接引语时,若主句为过去时态,变为间接引语的宾语从句的时态变化如下:直接引语间接引语一般现在时一搬过去时一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时过去进行时过去进行时(不变)现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时(不变)情态动词can-could;may-might;must-must/hadto3.以下情况时态不变1)直接引语如果表示客观真理,变间接引语时,时态不变;2)直接引语若有明确的表示时间的词语,变间接引语时,时态不变;3)若直接引语中含有could,must,should等情态动词,变间接引语时,时态不变;4)直接引述别人的原话,叫直接引语;5)用自己的话转述别人的话,叫间接引语.2.定语从句-限定与非限定性限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从句是先行词不可缺少的定语,如果省去,主从句只是对先行词的附加说明,如果省去主句的从句与先行词的关系句的意思就会不完整或不明确.意思仍然清楚或完整.标点无逗号从句和主句之间通常用逗号隔开-指人who(that)/whom-指人who(作主语)/whom(做宾语)-指物which/that)-指物which关系代词-人和物whose-人和物的whose-关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去-关系代词一般不可省修饰从句只修饰一个名词或代词可以修饰一个名词或代词也可以修饰整个主句翻译定语从句译在被修饰词的前面定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子•例句:-MysisterwholivesinLondonisadoctor./Mysister,wholivesinLondon,isadoctor.XXIII