音标教材(适合小升初) 9页

48个国际音标：单元音长元音[i:][ə:][כ:][u:][a:]元（12）短元音[i][ə][כ][u][Λ][æ][e]音双元音（8）[ai][ei][כI][iə][εə][əu][uə][au]清浊成对清辅音[p][t][k][f][s][θ][∫][t∫][tr][ts]辅音（20）浊辅音[b][d][g][v][z][ð][з][dз][dr][dz]辅鼻音（3）[m][n][ŋ]音似拼音（3）[h][r][l]半元音（2）[j][w]音节开音节和闭音节音素:音的最小单位,英语中有48个音素.音节:由一个元音音标单独构成，或者由元音和辅音构成的发音单位.元音:发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,是音节的主要组成部分.英语中有20个元音.辅音:发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是音节的重要组成部分,英语中有28个辅音.开音节:1)辅音+元音+辅音+不发音e如:kitecakenamebikemaketakehomeplaneshine2)辅音+元音如：hehigonodobehello闭音节:1)辅音+元音+辅音如：sitbedbadbaghothopletmadmaphead2)元音+辅音如：itisofinonupoutant9\n一．掌握[p][b][t][d][k][g][i][i:][ə][ə:]的发音及写法二．p一般发音为：/p/。比如：piggy,pear,peach,pig,playetc.b一般发音为：/b/。比如：bike,bad,boy,bedetc.t一般发音为：/t/。比如：ten,twelve,hat,sweater,T-shirtetc.d一般发音为：/d/。比如：dog,dance,doll,ducketc.k一般发音为：/k/。比如：kill,kite,cook,parketc.一般在词尾ck/k/,比如：duck,sock,black,jacket,chickench/k/,比如：school,Christmas,headachec有两种发音：/k/。比如：cake,can,carrot,clap,clever,cow,card,cat,come,colormusic,picture.或/s/。比如：rice,cite,city.g一般发音为：/g/。比如：grandpa,green,grape,good,egg.[i]发音字母i：fish,big,six,milk,swim,swing,sister,little,give,is,it,Miss,pigpink,rabbit,ring,in,visit,window发音字母a:orange发音字母e:eleven,jacket-y:happy,party,story,family,eighty,hobbyey:monkey[i:]e:me,we,he,she,these,zebra字母组合ee:green,jeep,meet,queen,see,seesaw,three,feet,sheep,need,sweet,knee字母组合ea:icecream,please,teacher,read,peach,meat字母组合ieei:piece,believe,thief,receive9\n[ə]a:banana,umbrella,animal,away,zebra,abouto:carrot,lion,melon,tomorrowe:open字母组合or:color字母组合er:rooster,ruler,clever,teacher,farmer,hamburger,sweater[ə:]字母组合ir:bird,girl,skirt,shirt,thirty,thirteen,third,sir字母组合ur:hamburger,Thursday字母组合or:work,word字母组合ear:earth,early,learn一．掌握[f][v][θ][ð][כ][כ:][u][u:]的发音及写法二．f一般发音为：/f/。比如：fine,five,fly,forth,fox,fan,frog,flooretc.ph/f/,比如：phone,photo,physics,elephant,laughgh/f/,比如：enough,coughv一般发音为：/v/。比如：vase,visit,very,seven,eleven,twelve,clever,wave,love,give,five.th/θ/,比如：thank,three,mouth,birthday,third,math,tooth,teeth/ð/比如：they,this,that,then,there,those,father,mother,brother[כ]发音字母a:what,watch,wash发音字母o:hot,dog,stop,frog,not,orange,doll,fox,long,on,sock,story,off字母组合or:tomorrow[כ:]字母组合al:all,small,tall,ball字母组合or:horse,short,morning,for,forty,SportsDay字母组合oor:door,floor9\n字母组合aw:draw,seesaw字母组合our:four,your字母组合au:August,Australian字母组合ore:before字母组合oar:board[u]发音字母o:wolf,woman发音字母u:put,full,beautiful字母组合oo:book,good,foot,look,wool,cook[u:]发音字母u:blue,ruler发音字母o:who,whose,shoe字母组合oo:noodles,rooster,zoo,too,school字母组合ou:you一．掌握[s][z][ts][dz][Λ][a:]的发音及写法二．s一般发音为：/s/。比如：say,sing,sister,stop,seesaw,sweetetc.或/z/。比如：visit,nose,present,use,music,pleasec有两种发音：/k/。比如：cake,card,clever,cap.或/s/。比如：face,nice,dance,pencil,rice,city,policeman.z一般发音为：/z/。比如：zebra,zoo,size,zerots[ts]cats,boats,rabbits,carrots,hats,shirts,skirts,kites,robots,SportsDayds[dz]cards,birds,beds,hands,heads,friends,goods,woods[Λ]发音字母o:brother,color,come,love,monkey,mother,some,son发音字母u:duck,must,number,umbrella,but,jump,run,uncle,us,buslunch9\n字母组合ou:touch,young,enough[α:]发音字母a:afternoon,banana,dance,father,grandma,grandpa,class,grass,basket字母组合ar:card,star,arm,art,farm,large,park,garden,car,Marchare一．掌握[tr][dr][e][æ]的发音及写法二．tr[tr]train,tree,try,trick,true,tripdr[dr]draw,dress,drink,dream,driver,hundred[e]e:egg,red,ten,hen,pen,pencil,let,pet,yes,hello,seven,yellow,bend,clever,leg,melon,next,present,eleven,twelve,friend,when,bella:many字母组合ea:head,ready,sweater[æ]a在闭音节中:bag,apple,hat,black,cat,carrot,rabbit,clap,can,hand,and,am,have,ant,family,happy,glad,stamp,animal,hamburger,grandpa,grandma一．掌握[∫][з][t∫][dз][ei][ai]的发音及写法二．sh/∫/,比如：she,fish,ship,shirt,T-shirt,skirt,short,English,sheep,shoe.s/∫/,sures[з]:usallych/t∫/,比如：peach,touch,teacher,chair,lunch,,China,childrentch/t∫/,比如：catch,match,watch,kitchen.dge/dз/,比如：bridge,knowledge.ge/dз/,比如：orange,large,fridge,age,page.j/dз/,比如：jeep,jacket,jump,just,subject,juice9\n[ei]发音字母a:cake,vase,pencil-case,grape,make,name,wave,lake,take,faceplane,baby字母组合ay:lay,play,may,say,day,X-ray,away字母组合ey:they字母组合ai:wait,rain,train,E-mail,afraid字母组合ei:eight字母组合ea:great,break[ai]发音字母i:fine,five,hi,kite,lion,icecream,idea,nice,nine,white,bikelike,ride,size,slide发音字母y:bye,my,buy,eye,fly,try,shy字母组合igh:light,right,night,high一．掌握[h][r][l][כI][iə]的发音及写法二．h一般发音为：/h/。比如：happy,have,hello,horse,hamburger.wh/h/:whowhosewhole(特殊h不发音：hour,honest)r一般发音为：/r/。比如：rabbit,red,ruler,run,present,rain.wr-/r/:write,wrongl一般发音为：/l/。比如：lion,play,milk,smile,tail,leg.[כI]字母组合oy:boy,toy,oyster字母组合oi:oil,voice[iə]字母组合ea:idea,realy字母组合ear:year,ear,hear,near,clear,tear字母组合ere:here9\n一．掌握[m][n][ŋ][əu][au]的发音及写法二．m一般发音为：/m/。比如：make,mom,music,math,monkey,mouthn一般发音为：/n/。比如：nine,nice,banana,need,enough.kn/n/,比如：knee,know,knife,knock.n在辅音[k][g]之前发[ŋ]：ng/η/,比如：sing,swing,morning,English,young,bring,kangaroo,long,penguin,ringnk/ηk/,比如：uncle,thank,pink,monkey,ring,bank,ink,think[∂u]发音字母o:home,go,no,phone,nose,open,old,those字母组合ow:window,yellow,snow,know,follow,tomorrow字母组合oa:boat,coat,soap,goat,road,load[au]字母组合ow:now,cow,down,how,flower字母组合ou:house,mouse,mouth,about,cloudy一．掌握[j][w][εə][uə]的发音及写法二．y/j/。比如：yellow,year,yes,yoke,NewYork,you,yam,yesterday.一般在词首w一般发音为：/w/。比如：watch,word,work,wear,we,wool,wife.wh/w/:white,when,where,what,why,which,whale[εə]字母组合ere:there,where字母组合ear:wear,pear,bear,tear字母组合air：air，fair,hair,chair,stair字母组合are:care,dare,hare,farewell[uə]字母组合ure:sure9\n字母组合oor:poor字母组合our:tour另：清辅音浊化英语浊化只出现在下列情况下：当/p/、/t/、/k/、/tr/前面的音标是/s/,且所在音节是重读音节则清辅音浊化成/b/、/d/、/g/、/dr/。浊化的一个根本特点是，发音发生改变，而音标的书写方式没有改变，所以在拼读的时候尤其要注意。比如school我们虽然读作/sgu:l/,但音标依然要写成/sku:l/。如：star,stop,skirt,SportDay,stamp,story,school,sky,spend,spring,student,study,speak,stick,stamp,strong,stay,streametc.名词复数：1、构成方法及读音规则1)一般情况加–s：map-mapsboy-boysgirl-girlspen-pensbag-bagscar-cars　　清辅音后读/s/，浊辅音和元音后读/z/，在/s/，/z/，/∫/，/t∫/，/dз/等音后读/iz/如：faces,oranges,vases,horse,fridge,nurse,office同2）2)以s,sh,ch,x结尾加–es,读/iz/　　bus-buseswatch-watchesbox-boxesdress-dressesaddress-addressesfox-foxes3)以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i再加es,读/z/baby---babieshobby-hobbiescity-citiescountry-countries　　但以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如：twoMarys　theHenrysmonkey---monkeys　holiday---holidays　　　4)以o结尾的名词，变复数时：9\na.以两个元音字母结尾（其一必定是o）时，加s　　zoo-zooskangaroo-kangaroos　　b.某些外来词　　potato-potatoestomato-tomatoes　c.其余情况，都加s　　5）以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时：　　a.加s，如：belief---beliefs　roof---roofs　　safe---safes　gulf---gulfs；　　b.去f,fe加ves，如：knife---knives　leaf---leaves　wolf---wolves　　wife---wives　life---lives　　　2、名词复数的不规则变化1）child---children　foot---feet　tooth---teeth　　mouse---mice　man---men　woman---women　　注意：由一个词加man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women，如anEnglishman，twoEnglishmen;policeman-policemen;policewoman-policewomen;snowman-snowmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是theBowmans。　　2）单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese，li，jin，yuan，等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers。　　有些表示生物的名词，其复数形式与单数相同。如：fish-fish,sheep-sheep,deer-deer。9