初中英语中考复习专题：复合句 46页

MainlyRevisionofJuniorEnglishJuniorThreeComplexSentences\nTheComplexSentencesinJuniorEnglish:初中英语教材中涉及到的复合句主要有：TheObjectClause(宾语从句)、TheAdverbialClause(状语从句)和TheAttributiveClause(定语从句)。其它诸如主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等形式的复合句尽管在教材中也有出现，但在中考中没有被列为重点考查范围。\nⅠ.TheObjectClause(宾语从句)宾语从句是英语中用来充当宾语的句子。带有宾语从句的那个句子叫主句。宾语从句一般由“引导词+主语+谓语+其它”构成，其语序是陈述句语序。\nA)Introducedbythat主句的谓语动词是say,think,tell,know,hear,see,feel,mean,hope,wish,remember,forget等时，或主句的谓语动词是由形容词afraid,glad,sure,sorry等作表语的系表结构时，后面常接that引导的宾语从句。e.g.Hesaysthathewantstospeaktotheheadmaster.I’msorry(that)heisn’thererightnow.\nNote:1.that的省略：that引导的宾语从句用来陈述事实，that本身无词义，在从句中不作任何成分，在口语中或非正式文体中常常可被省略。e.g.Iguess(that)somebodyelsehasborrowedit.I’mafraid(that)you’llhavetowait.2.宾语从句的否定转移：主句是I/Wethink/suppose/guess/believe等时，从句中的否定习惯上要转移到主句中。如：我认为鸡不会游泳。误：Ithinkchickenscannotswim.正：Idon’tthinkchickenscanswim.此外，上述情况在变成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句要看从句，如果主句的主语不是第一人称，则附加疑问句要看主句。试比较：Ithinkheiswrong,isn’the?Hethinksheisright,doesn’the?\nBackB)Introducedbyif/whetherif/whether都可作宾语从句的引导词，意为“是否”，在一般情况下可以互换。if多用于口语和非正式文体中，whether则多用于比较正式的文体中。如：e.g.Sheaskedmeif/whetherIcouldhelpherwithherEnglish.Idon’tknowif/whetheritisgoingtorain.\nBackNote:只用whether的四种情况：1.在介词后I’mthinkingofwhetherweshouldgofishing.2.直接与ornot连用时Idon’tknowwhetherornottheywillcometohelpus.3.在动词discuss后面的宾语从句中Wediscussedwhetherwewouldhaveasportsmeetingnextweek.4.宾语从句提前时只能用whetherWhetherthisistrueornot,Ican’tsay.\nBackC)Introducedbyrelativepronounsandadverbs（连接代词和连接副词）一、构成：1.1.宾语从句可由连接代词what,who,whom,which等引导，它们在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不能省略。Doyouknowwhowillcomethisafternoon?(作主语)Didyouhearwhathesaid?（作宾语）Idon’tknowwhosethatis.（作表语）Couldyoutellmewhichgatewehavetogoto?（作gate的定语）2.宾语从句可由连接副词when,where,how,why等引导，它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可省略。Wedidn’tknowwhenshewouldcomeback.CouldyoutellmehowIcangettothepostoffice?Nooneknowswhysheislateagain.\n二、难点：1.避免重复出现连接代词或连接副词；e.g.*Ican’tseethatwhatisoverthere.（应去掉that）2.从句中的语序为陈述语序；e.g.*Doyouknowhowoldisshe?(应改为：…howoldsheis)3.从句中的时态与主句时态前后呼应。e.g.*Shedidn’ttellmewhenshewillcome.(应改为：…whenshewouldcome)\n三、转换：由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句可用疑问代词和疑问副词＋动词不定式替代，进行句型上的转换。e.g.I’venoideawhatwe’regoingtodonext.=I’venoideawhattodonext.CouldyoutellmehowIcangettothepostoffice?=Couldyoutellmehowtogettothepostoffice?\n四、宾语从句的时态主句中谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中谓语动词的时态不受限制，可根据具体情况选用适当的时态；主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句中也必须要用某种过去时态，以保持时态的前后呼应。特别要注意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、名言时，则用一般现在时，不受主句时态的限制。试比较：Hesaysthathewantstoseehimassoonaspossible.Hesaidthathewantedtoseehimassoonaspossible.Tomsaysthatheismendinghiscar.Tomsaidthathewasmendinghiscar.Theteachertoldusthattheearthgoesroundthesun.\n宾语从句中考题练兵：一、单项选择()1.Idon’tthinkhewillcomehereontime,?(重庆)A.won’theB.willheC.doesheD.ishe()2.Willyoupleasetellme?(上海)A.wherePudongAirportisB.howfarPudongAirportwasC.howcanwegettoPudongAirportD.whenwasPudongAirportbuilt()3.It’snotpolitetoaskpeopleinEngland.(常州)A.howmuchmoneyyouhavegotB.whattheweatherislikeC.whatyourcitylookslikeD.howoldareyou()4.Iwonderifhetonight.Ifhe,I’llletyouknow.(扬州)A.willcome;willcomeB.comes;comesC.willcome;comesD.comes;willcomeBAAC\n()5.Ican’tsayIwanttoseehimagain.Wehaven’tseeneachotherfornearlythreeyears.(镇江)A.howlongB.howsoonC.howoftenD.howmuch()6.Mr.GreentoldmethatheonatripnextSunday.(通化)A.aregoingB.wasgoingC.willgoD.wouldgoing()7.OurgeographyteachertoldusthatJapantheeastofChina.(河北)A.isinB.wasinC.istoD.wasto()8.Nobodyknowshe’llcomeornot.(辽宁)A.thatB.ifC./D.whetherDBCD\n二、按要求改写句子1.“Doyouwanttotrysomethingnew?”Tom’smotheraskedhim.(改为复合句,句意不变)(济南)Tom’smotheraskedhimtotrysomethingnew.2.Couldyoutellmethewaytothestation?(改写句子,句意不变)(青岛)Couldyoutellmetothestation?3.“Ihavefinishedmyhomework.”Johntoldme.(改为复合句,句意不变)(天津)Johntoldmethathomework.4.Idon’thowIcanreachthezoo.(改为简单句)(宿迁)Idon’tknowthezoo.if/whetherhewantedhowIcangethehadfinishedhishowtogetto\n三、根据汉语提示,完成句子.1.我还没有决定是否去参加迈克的生日聚会。(黑龙江)Ihaven’tdecidedIwillgotoMike’sbirthdayparty.2.据说在南京长江上又建了一座桥。（南京）It’ssaidthatbridge_____________________overtheChangjiangRiverinNanjing.3.请你告诉我这把锁是用什么制成的好吗？(无锡)Wouldyoupleasetellmeme?4.你能告诉我他从美国回来多久了？Canyoutellme?whetherornotanotherisbeingbuiltwhatthislockismadeofhowlonghehasbeenbackfromtheUSA\nⅡ.TheAdverbialClause(状语从句)状语从句是副词性从句，其句法功能是修饰谓语或整个句子等，在句中作状语，通常由从属连词引导。\nA)TheAdverbialClauseofTime(时间状语从句)Introducedbywhen(表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生，意为“当…时”。)e.g.Whenyougetoffthebus,youmustn’tpushothers.2)Introducedbybefore(表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为“在……之前”。)e.g.Theyhadalreadyhadbreakfastbeforetheywenttoschool.\n3)Introducedbyafter(表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“在……之后”。)e.g.Theytalkedaboutthepartyafterthepeopleleft.4)Introducedbyuntil(表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为“直到……为止”。主句用肯定式，谓语是延续性的动词，表示动作一直延续到until所表示的时间为止)e.g.Iwillwaituntilhecomes.\nNote:(until用于否定句时，主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前，并且谓语动词是非延续性动词，表示某一动作到until所表示的时间才发生。not…until意为“直到……才……”。）e.g.Shewon’tgotobeduntilshefinishesherhomework.\n5)Introducedbyassoonas(表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“一……就”。)e.g.MybrotherwentoutassoonasIgothome.\nNote:在时间状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态应按下列规律确定。1)主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时：e.g.Theboywillbeawriterwhenhegrowsup.2)主句含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时：e.g.Whenthelightsarered,thetrafficmuststop.3)主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时：e.g.Pleasedon’tgotobedbeforeyoufinishyourhomework.4)主句为一般过去时，从句也用过去时态：e.g.IlikedreadingwhenIwasyoung.\nB)TheAdverbialClauseofPlace(地点状语从句)1)Introducedbywheree.g.Putthemedicinewhereyoucaneasilygetit.2)Introducedbywherevere.g.I’llgowhereveryougo.\nC)TheAdverbialClauseofManner(方式状语从句)1)Introducedbyase.g.I’lldoallthethingsasyoutoldme.2)Introducedbyasif/though(可用陈述语气表示符合事实的情况，也可用虚拟语气表示与事实相反的情况)e.g.Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.Helooksasifhewereyoung.3)Introducedbythewaye.g.Idon’tlikethewayhetalks.\nD)TheAdverbialClauseofReason(原因状语从句)1)Introducedbybecausebecause语气最强，它着重说明原因。用why提问的问句必须用because回答，不能用as,since；e.g.--Whydidn’thecome?--Becausehewasill.2)Introducedbysincesince语气比较弱，表示关系上的自然结果，尤其用于对已经清楚了的因素，常译成“既然”，“鉴于”，通常从句放在主句前；e.g.Sincealotofpeoplemakemistakesinlife,MrSmithwantedtogiveJohnachance.\n3)Introducedbyasas语气最弱，只表示一般的因果关系，从句放在主句前或后均可；e.g.Ashedidn’tknowthemeaningoftheword,helookeditupinhisdictionary.Note:for是并列连词，引导的句子不置于句首，是一种非直接的、随便附加说明的理由或推断。e.g.Theoilmustbeout,forthelightwentout.\nE)TheAdverbialClauseofCondition(条件状语从句)1)条件状语从句通常由if或unless(=ifnot)引导，从句中常用一般时代替将来时，即if或unless后的句子谓语用一般现在时或一般过去时。但是，主句则通常用将来时，情态动词或祈使句。e.g.Ifhedoesn’tcomeontime,wewon’tknowwhattoknow.Hemustcomeifheistold.Pleaseletmeknowifhecomesback.I’llgothereunlessitrains.\n2)If条件句的替代形式：（1）祈使句+and/or+陈述句（谓语动词通常用将来时态）。其中，and表示句意顺承；or表示转折，意为“否则”。e.g.Ifyouworkhard,you’llpasstheexameasily.=Workhard,andyou’llpasstheexameasily.Ifyoudon’tworkhard,you’llfallbehindothers.=Workhard,oryou’llfallbehindothers.（2）用介词with,without的替代形式：e.g.Ifthereisnowater,thefishmaydie.=Fishmaydiewithoutwater.Ifyouhelpme,I’llfinishmytaskontime.=Withyourhelp,I’llfinishmytaskontime.\nF)TheAdverbialClauseofConcession(让步状语从句)1)Introducedbythough/althoughe.g.Thoughhetriedmanytimes,hefailedtoworkitout.2)Introducedbywh-evere.g.Whateverhesays(=Nomatterwhathesays),don’tbelievehim.3)Introducedbyevenif/eventhoughe.g.Evenifheispoor,shelovesherhusband.(Hemaybepoor,yetsheloveshim.)即使他穷了，她也仍然爱他。Eventhoughheispoor,shestilllovesherhusband.(Heispoor,yetsheloveshim.)尽管他穷，但她仍然爱他。\nG)TheAdverbialClauseofResult(结果状语从句)1)Introducedbysothate.g.Therearebigtreesaroundthehousesothatitcanhardlybeseenbypassers-by.2)Introducedbyso…that/such…thate.g.HewalkedsofastthatIcouldn’tkeepupwithhim.Hemadesuchagoodreportthateverybodywaspleased.\nH)TheAdverbialClauseofPurpose(目的状语从句)1)Introducedbysothate.g.Hegotupmuchearlierthanusualsothathecouldcatchthefirstbus.2)Introducedbyso…thate.g.Heexplaineditsoclearlythathewantedeveryoneofustounderstandhimbetter.\nI)TheAdverbialClauseofComparison(比较状语从句)1)Introducedbyas…as/notso…as;than…e.g.ThisquestionisnotsodifficultasIthought.Thefilmismuchbetterthanweexpected.2)IntroducedbyThemore…,themoree.g.Themoreheheardthesong,thelesshelikedit.\n状语从句中考题练兵：一、单项选择()1.Somebodyrangmeupjustnow,buthehungupIcouldanswerthephone.(无锡)A.whenB.untilC.beforeD.since()2.MrSmithusuallyreadsanewspaperhe’swaitingforthebus.(徐州)A.ifB.theC.becauseD.while()3.Youmustleaveherenowyourmothercangetsomemorerest.(常州)A.becauseB.thoughC.sothatD.so()4.Themeetingisimportantthatyoumustn’tmissit.(盐城)A.veryB.suchC.soD.tooCDCC\n()5.–I’mgoingtothesupermarket.--youarethere,wouldyoupleasebuymesomevegetables?(镇江)A.IfB.BecauseC.WhileD.After()6.–Doyouknowwhathedidallday?(镇江)--Hespentasmuchtimeplayingashe.A.studyingB.wasstudyingC.studiedD.didstudying()7.IfMginO2,weMgO,anditcombinationreaction(化学变化).(泰州)A.willburn,get,callsB.burns,willget,calledC.willburn,canget,iscallingD.burns,willget,iscalled()8.hetalkedwithherforalongtime,hefailedtoconvince(说服)her.(黄冈)A.ThoughB.ButC.SinceD.AsCDDA\n二、同义句改写1. Whereverheis,hecanmakehimselfathome.(广州)heis,hecanmakehimselfathome.2. MissSmithlefthereaftertherainstopped.(淮安)MissSmithleaveheretherainstopped.3. Ifyouworkhard,youwillpasstheexam.(盐城),andyouwillpasstheexam.4. Tomwastoohappytogettosleep.(大连)Tomwashappyhecouldn’t.5.  Getoffthebuswhenthedrivertellsyou.（宁夏）Don’tgetoffthebusyou___________________.Nomatterwheredidn’tuntilWorkhardsothatfallasleepuntilaretoldto\n三、根据汉语提示,完成句子.1.你看的历史书籍越多，你了解的知识就越多。（无锡）,themoreknowledgeyou’llget.2.他是一个好人，与每个人都相处的很好。（常州）Heissuchakindman.3.山姆一拿到新书就迫不及待地看了起来。（连云港）Samcouldn’twaittoreadthenewbook.4.尽管学电脑花费许多时间，但我认为学好它还是有用的。（南京）,Ithinkitusefultolearncomputerwell.5.看起来要下雨了。（甘肃）Itlooks.ThemorehistorybooksyoureadthathegetsonwellwitheveryoneassoonashegotitThoughittakesmuchtimeasifit’sgoingtorain\nⅢ.TheAttributiveClause(定语从句)在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后，对其先行词起限定作用。ThisisTom.Tomgaveusatalkyesterday.----ThisisTomwho(that)gaveusatalkyesterday.先行词定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which引导定语从句的关系副词有：where,when,why\n一、who,whom,whose引导的定语从句1.who在从句中作主语，不可省略，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人。e.g.Thisisthedoctorwhocameheryesterday.2.whom在从句中作宾语，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人，可以省略。e.g.Theman(whom)yousawlastweekhasleftthetown.\n注意：在从句中作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在whom之前，也可放在原来的位置上。在含有介词的固定动词词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上。e.g.a) ThemanfromwhomIborrowedthebookisLiLei.=ThemanwhomIborrowedthebookfromisLiLei.(前句中的whom不可省略，后句中的whom可省略)b) Thegirlwhomheistakingcareofisill.(takecareof是固定词组)\n3.whose在从句中作定语，表示所属关系，其所修饰的先行词既可是人也可是物。e.g.Iknowthewomanwhosehusbandisadoctor.Helivesinthehousewhosewindowfacessouth.\n二、that,which引导的定语从句这两个代词均指物，它们所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词是物,通常情况下，它们可以互换。1.that,which在从句中作主语，不可省略。e.g.Heroisthefilmthat/whichwasdirectedbyZhangYimou.2.that,which在从句中作宾语，可以省略。e.g.Isthisthefilm(that/which)youtalkedaboutlastweek?注意：关系代词在作介词宾语时，只能用which且不能省略。e.g.Thehouseinwhichheoncelivedisameeting-room.=Thehouse(which)heoncelivedinisameeting-room.\n知识拓展：引导定语从句的关系代词that和which，在一般情况下，尽管可以互换使用，但在下列情况下，只能用that，而不用which：1.先行词是复合不定代词everything,anything,nothing等时。e.g.Shedidn’tforgetanything(that)hermotherhadtoldhertobuy.2.先行词被序数词或thelast修饰时。e.g.Thisisthefirsttextbook(that)Istudiedintheprimaryschool.Heisinthelastrowthatisnexttothewindow.3.先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。e.g.Thatisthehighestbuilding(that)Ihaveeverseen.\n4.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame等修饰时。e.g.Thisistheverynovel(that)youwanttoborrow.5.先行词是或被all,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时，e.g.I’vewrittendownall(that)theteacherdoesn’tallowustodo.Theyhaven’tgotanydictionaries(that)weneed.6.先行词既包含人又包含物时。e.g.Hetoldusmanyinterestingthingsandpersons(that)wehadneverheard.\n7.主句是以who,which引导的特殊疑问句时。e.g.Whoistheman(that)youspoketojustnow?Whichisthebookthatwasstolenbyhim?8.先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。e.g.Chinaisnolongerthecountry(that)itusedtobe.\n三、关系副词where,when,why引导的定语从句（在从句中作状语）1.where表示地点，它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。e.g.Thisisthevillagewherehewasborn.c.f.Thisisthevillage(that/which)hevisitedlastyear.2.when表示时间，它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词。e.g.I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIjoinedtheLeague.c.f.I’llneverforgettheday(that/which)wespenttogether.3.why表示原因，它引导的定语从句修饰表原因的先行词。e.g.Thereasonwhyhedidn’tcomeyesterdayisquiteclear.\n定语从句专练：()1.Thenumberofpeoplelosthomesreachedasmanyas250,000.A.whichB.whoC.whomD./()2.ThisisthemostbeautifulpartIhavevisited.A.which;everB.that;neverC.which;yetD.that;ever()3.Mynecklaceisnottheonlythingismissing.A.thatB.whichC.whatD./()4.We’retalkingaboutTonny,youmetyesterday.A.withwhoB.whomC.whichD.that()5.IsthistheverymuseumsomeJapanesevisitorsvisitedlastWednesday?A.oneB.whereC.thatD.whichBDABC\n()6.ThebookcoverisredisTom’s.A.whichB.thatC./D.whose()7.TheplaceIgrewupisabeautifultown.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.fromwhich()8.Idon’tthinkthenumberofpeoplethishappensisverylarge.A.whoB.towhichC.thatD.towhom()9.DoyoustillrememberoneeveningaweekagoIcametoyourroomandborrowedadictionary?A.beforeB.whichC.whenD.as()10.Isthatthenovelabouttheytalkedinclassyesterday?A.whichB.thatC.whoD./DCDCA