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介词(jiècí)的用法湛江师范学院附属中学梁永德第一页,共34页。\n介词的分类与语法功能介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分(jùzichéngfèn),必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。常见的介词宾语:名词、代词、动名词、从句、介词分为:简单介词,如at、in、for等;合成介词,如within、inside、onto…短语介词,如accordingto、outof、becauseof、bymeansof、双重介词,如frombehind/above/under、分词介词,如considering、including、主要(zhǔyào)介词区别:第二页,共34页。\n表示(biǎoshì)时间的at,in,onIn:表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词inOn:在具体的某一天或某天上午(shàngwǔ)、晚上、前夕,常用on;用于描述性的时间:OnacoldnightAt:表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。Theysetout_____aMondaymorning.Theygothome_____noon.Theyusuallyplayedbasketball____theevening,andthatgamewasheld____awarmevening.ononatin第三页,共34页。\n地点介词at、on、inat:在较小的场所,In:1)在较大的场所;2)表示(biǎoshì)在某物内部On:在……的表面上。Helives_____55Parkstreet.Thereisabook_____thetable.Thereisaninterestingarticle___thenewspaper./Hedugahole____thewall.onatinin第四页,共34页。\n表示地理位置(dìlǐwèizhì)的in,on,to:若A地属于B地,用in;A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on;A地位于B地的外面无边缘的衔接有to。Japanlies____theeastofChina.Fujianlies___thesoutheastofChina.Canadalies____thenorthoftheUSA.ChinafacesthePacific____theeast.Ningboisacity_____thecoast.Theislandlies____thecoastofChina.(相隔一定距离)ontoinononoff第五页,共34页。\n与名词所有格连用表示(biǎoshì)地点,也用at。如:_____mysister’s在我姐姐家_____thedoctor’s在医务室atat___thetree(多指树外之物)___thetree(多指树本身(běnshēn)之物)在树上inon第六页,共34页。\n在某些搭配中,三者的区别与英国英语和美国(měiɡuó)英语有关:inthestreet(英)/onthestreet(美)在街上intheroad(英)/ontheroad(美)在路上intheteam(英)/ontheteam(美)在这个队attheweekend(英)/ontheweekend(美)在周末atweekends(英)/onweekends(美)在周末第七页,共34页。\n表示时间的since和from:since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始(kāishǐ),不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。Ihopetodomorningexercises_____today.Wehavenotseeneachother______1995.Sincethen,she______________asateacherhere.Fromthenon,she______asateacherhere.fromsincehasworkedworked第八页,共34页。\ntill、until①till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂(duǎnzàn)动词连用一般用在否定句中。如:Hewaitedformetilltwelveo’clock.Hedidn’tgetuptill(until)10a.m.但注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。如:Notuntil10a.m.didhegetup.他等到(děngdào)我12点.他直到10点才起床第九页,共34页。\n英美国家的英语语法教师是这样(zhèyàng)来描述这两个字的分别的:Till是指直到某一特定事件发生的时候,而在那个时刻之后,该事情或状况仍将持续。Until是指直到某一特定事件发生的时候,而讲话的人在自己心里认为,在那个时刻之后,该事情或该状况将中止(不怎么可能持续)。第十页,共34页。\nin、after、later①in+一段时间:表示说话时为起点一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;但表示“在……之内”时,用于各种时态。②after+一段时间表示:“在过去一段时间之后”,用于一般过去时;+一点时间时,用于各种时态。Thedoctorwillbewithus____sixminutes.Wewillmeetagain____twoweeks.Hereceivedherletter_____fourweeks.Hewillreceiverherletter_____2o’clock.另外(lìnɡwài),in+一段时间+’s+time与within+一段时间的用法如下:inaweek’stime=inaweekTheywillarriveinthreedays’time.(与将来时连用)in=withininafterafter第十一页,共34页。\nAcross/throughAcross表示从一端(yīduān)至另一端(yīduān)横跨’横渡;在物体表面上的通过,与on有关through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。与in有关;表示透过,通过带洞的物体.Ittookthem6weekstowalk______thegreatdesert..Iwalked________theforest/thecrowd.Themoonlightwent___________thewindow.Hestudiedthesky___________thetelescope.Heswam__________theriverwithin5minutes.acrossacrossthroughthroughthrough第十二页,共34页。\nAlittleboatisnow______thebridge.Thesunsinks______thehorizon(地平线)Thewindowiswell______thetree.Theearthlay__________ablanketofsnow.Shespreadacloth______thetable.表示“在……的上面”的on,over,above:On:在物体表面上,相接触的.反义词:beneathover表示“正上方;还可表示“越过””覆盖”.反义词是underabove只表示“在上方”但不一定(yīdìng)在“正上方”。反义词是below还可表示温度、水位等“高于”Thereisabridge______theriverOurplaneflew_______theclouds.Thereisapicture____thewall.overaboveunderbelowaboveonoverbeneath第十三页,共34页。\nbelow与under都可表示“低于”,under主要表示垂直(chuízhí)在下的正下方,而below则不一定表示正下方(可以是正下方或非正下方)Lookinthecupboard________________thesink.到洗碗池下面的柜子里找一找。Theclimbersstopped300meters________thetopofthemountain.登山队员们在离山顶300米处停了下来。换句话说,表示正下方,两者都可用;不表示正下方,则通常用below。below[under]below第十四页,共34页。\nbelow与under2.两者均可表示数量方面的“少于”,但在现代英语中,以用under为多见。如:Therewere_______fortypeopleatthemeeting.参加会议的人不足40人。注:在现代英语中,below表示“少于”,主要用于表示温度、高度以及有纵向(zònɡxiànɡ)标准可比的情况。如:Thisplaceis_______sealevel.此地在海平面以下。Thetemperatureistwodegrees_______zero.温度是零下2度。underbelowbelow第十五页,共34页。\nbelow与under3.表示职位、级别等关系时,用under表直接(zhíjiē)关系,用below表非直接(zhíjiē)关系。比较:MrAis________MrB.A先生是B先生的部下。MrAis________MrB.A先生比B先生职位低。underbelow第十六页,共34页。\nThisproblemis_______________me/myunderstanding.这个问题我无能为力(wúnéngwéilì)。Hemaythinkhimselfaboveothers.他也许自以为高人一等。4.在程度或限度等方面“超过”、“超越”等,这类短语通常(tōngcháng)用作表语above/beyond第十七页,共34页。\nBeyond表示位置“在……的那一边;在更远处(yuǎnchǔ)”。___________theriverstoodapowerstation.过了这条河就是一个发电站。表示范围、水平、限度、能力等“超出;为……所不能及”。固定搭配beyonddoubtbeyondcontrolbeyondcomparisonbeyondallpraisebeyondbeliefBeyond无容置疑,确实地无法控制无以伦比赞不绝口(zànbùjuékǒu)难以置信第十八页,共34页。\nwithout的用法一、基本用法1.(表否定)没有,无,不需。如:Theletterwaspostedwithoutastamp.那封信没贴邮票就寄出去了。2.(用在no,not,never等否定副词之后,强调(qiángdiào)肯定)没有……不,没有……则不能……,每……必定……。如:Don'tgooutwithoutacoat:you'llcatchyourdeath.别不穿外套出去,会得重感冒的3.(与-ing形式连用)不,无,没。如:Sheenteredtheroomwithoutknocking.她没敲门就进了房间。4.(表条件)若无,若非。Withoutwater,wecannotlive.没有水,我们就活不了。第十九页,共34页。\n表示方式、手段、工具的介词with,in,by:With:表示用具体(jùtǐ)的工具,或用身体的某部位,用某种语言In:使用语言、材料、声音;具体(jùtǐ)的确交通工具等By:表泛指的交通工具方式、或其它手段;通过做…(bydoing…)____telephone(radio),但___thephone/theradio/___TV(电讯器材),____hand但_____one’shands____bus(road)/car/bybike但____theredbus,____mycar,___hisbike,____foot_____apen/pencil但____ink/pencilHekilledthedog____astone_____hittingit.Thenovelwaswritten____easyEnglish.另外:bymeansof=through用……方法,bywayof经由,取道于byononbywithbyininonwithinwithbyinon第二十页,共34页。\n表示(biǎoshì)“除……之外”的几组常用介绍比较:①besides:除……以外,(还有)。作副词时意思是“而且,更何况”。②except:除去,除……之外(不再有)。③exceptfor:除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)后接名词、代词或what从句④except+从句…:除了……一点以外。Whoelsewenttothecinema________Shaw.Itwastoolatetoseeafilm,and_______,Iwastired.Weallwent_______John.Hewasveryclever_____________carelessness.Hehasnotchanged_____________heiswearingdarkglasses.Wegotoschooleveryday____________therearenoclasses.besidesbesidesexceptexceptforexceptthatexceptwhen第二十一页,共34页。\nbut与except表示“除了……以外”时可通用,但点:前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时,多用but。All______onearehere.Nobody_______Ilikesmakingmodelships.but与一些固定结构(jiégòu)连用:havenothingtodobutdo….havenochoicebuttodosth.cannotbutdosth.cannothelpbutdosth.butfor…butbut只得(zhǐdé)做某事,不得不,不得不……,如不是……第二十二页,共34页。\nbetween与among.Between:指两者之间。有时虽然是三个以上的人或东西,如强调(qiángdiào)的是两两相互间关系,适宜用betweenAmong:表示三者以上之间;与最高级连用(=oneof)Switzerlandlies______France,Germany,AustriaandItaly.It’sasecret_______youandme.Shewasbusy________workingandlookingafterthebaby.Hewashappytobe________friendsagain.Londonis_________thelargestcities.Theydon’tknowthedifference________wheat,oatsandbarley.betweenbetweenbetweenbetweenamongamong第二十三页,共34页。\n表示”随着…”As(连词(liáncí))一边...一边.../with(介词)意义(yìyì)接近的介词和连词:______timewenton,histheoryprovedtobecorrect.______timegoingon,…表示”在…期间”During(介词(jiècí))/while(连词)I’llvisitmanyplaces________mystayinParis.________IstayinParis.AsWithduringwhile第二十四页,共34页。\n表”虽然””尽管”的though(连词(liáncí))/inspiteof(despite)介词_______itrainedhard,hewentonworkingoutside.________________theheavyrain,he…表示”以防万一”的incase(介词)/incaseof(连词(liáncí))Wemightaswelltakeanumbrella_______itrains.__________therain.ThoughDespite/inspiteofincaseincaseof第二十五页,共34页。\n表示”像…”的as(连词),like(介词):WemustlearnEnglish_____Marxdid.ThenImadefacesandjumped______amonkey.Tomhasthesameshirt_____mine.Letmespeaktoyou___afather.(as作“作为”、“以……地位(dìwèi)或身份”解:事实是父亲);aslikeasas第二十六页,共34页。\n要求接to的名词(míngcí)有:key、answer,road,visit、trip,entrance、introduction、noteassistance,等“to”为介词的短语:Beusedto…Lookforwardto…PayattentiontoBedevotedto…Beaddictedto…BeaccustomedtoAdaptto…Adjustto…Leadto…Stickto…Contributeto…第二十七页,共34页。\n介词的省略:①表示时间的介词on、at、in的省略。在next、last、yesterday、tomorrow、each、one、any、every、all等词之前,可以省略lastweekend、thatday等。②介词for在以all开头的名词短语前,要省略。Istayedwithherallhemorning③某些动词(dòngcí)短语之后的介词可以省略。Nothingcanpreventme(from)doingthejob.Shespentnearlytwohours(in)translatingit.第二十八页,共34页。\n“---Howlonghaveyoubeenanactor?”“---_______1995,whenIgraduatedfromcollege.”A.After B.InC.From D.SinceWhendidyoubecomeanactor?”“_______1995,whenIgraduatedfromcollege.”A.After B.InC.From D.Since“Howlongwillyouworkonthefarm?”“____theendofnextyear.”In B.ByC.At D.Since“Whendidyouleavethefarm?”“____theendoflastyear.”A.In B.ByC.At D.Since第二十九页,共34页。\nInthosedays,wehadnophones,sowehavetokeepintouch_____writingoften.with B.ofC.on D.byWe’vetalkedalot___films.How___televisionnow?of,with B.with,towardsC.about,about D.for,about第三十页,共34页。\n_____theirinexperience,they’vedoneagoodjob.Given B.SupposedC.Considered D.ConcludedTheypromisethattheworkwillallbefinished__nextweek.A.until B.inC.by D.toSofar,severalshipshavebeenreportedmissing_______thecoastofBermudaIsland.off B.alongC.on D.aroundTheliftinthattallbuildingwentwrongandgottrapped_____floors.Peopleinithadnowaytogetout.A.inB.betweenC.amongD.on第三十一页,共34页。\nSheknewnothingabouthisjourney_______hewaslikelytobeawayforthreemonths.except B.exceptforC.exceptthat D.inadditionHeusuallygoestoworkbybike_______itrains.A.except B.exceptwhenC.exceptthatD.exceptforIfoundtheislandawonderfulplaceforourexperiments_______thehotweather.A.besides B.exceptforC.except D.exceptthat第三十二页,共34页。\nTheappletreeshavelotsofbigapples________them.Andsomebirdsaresinging________thetrees.in;onB.at;inC.on;inD.with;throughImadecoat________myownhands.Itwasmade________handnotwithamachine.in;inB.in;withC.with;byD.with;withAfterfinishingmiddleschool,mysisterdidnothing________athome.A.buttoreadB.butreadC.besidesreadingD.excepttoread第三十三页,共34页。\nWeshoulddivideallthepotatoes________twopilesandseparatedthegoodones________thebadones.from;byB.into;fromC.into;intoD.from;into—Theseboxesaretooheavyformetocarry.—Here,I’llgiveyouahand________them.forB.toC.withD.by第三十四页,共34页。