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中考英语语法\n第二十讲5种特殊句型\n\n第一部分:祈使句\n祈使句的肯定句式祈使句的肯定句式一般分为以下三种类型:1.行为动词原形+其它成分。例如:Makesentencesafterthemodel.根据例句造句。2.Be动词+其它成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)。例如:Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.过马路时要小心。3.Let+宾语+动词原形+其它成分。例如:Lethimgobacknow.让他现在回去吧。\n祈使句的否定句式祈使句的否定句式,通常情况下在句首加上Don’t或Never,一般分为以下三种类型:1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t,构成Don’t+行为动词原形+其它成分。例如:Don’tsaythatagain!别再那样说了!2.在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t,构成Don’tbe+其它成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)。例如:Don’tbecareless.不要粗心。注意:在这种句型中be不能省略;否定副词not不可置于be之后。3.在公共场合的提示语中,否定祈使句常用No+名词/V-ing形式结构,表示禁止做某事。例如:NOPHOTOS!禁止拍照!\n祈使句的回答祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作,所以回答祈使句时,一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时,要注意两点:一是形式一致,即Yes与will保持一致;No与won’t保持一致。二是意思相反,即Yes是不的意思;No是“是”的意思。在回答时,要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件。\n---Don’tgoout,please.It’srainingheavilyoutside.请不要出去。外面雨下得很大。----Yes,Iwill.Ihavetomeetmybrotherattheairport.不行,我得去机场接我弟弟。\n第二部分:感叹句\n表示喜、怒、乐等强烈感情时用感叹句。感叹句分为两种:一种以what引导,一种以how引导。句尾用感叹号“!”通常用感叹号。例:Whatacleverboyheis!多么聪明的男孩啊!例:Howclevertheboyis!这个男孩多聪明啊!\nWhat引导的感叹句!\nwhat修饰名词或名词短语,有以下两种形式:1.What+a(an)+(形容词)+单数可数名词+主语+谓语!如:Whatanapplethisis!Whatafinedayitis!2.What+(形容词)+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语!Whatkindwomentheyare!Whatnicemusicitis!\nHow引导的感叹句\n由How引导的感叹句。how用来修饰形容词、副词或动词。其结构是:How+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语!Howhardtheworkerareworking!Howcleverthegirlis!Howquicklytheboyiswriting!注意:当how修饰动词时,动词不跟着感叹词提到主语之前。Howtherunnerruns!\nwhat与how引导的感叹句,可以相互转换,转换后意义不变。Whataninterestingstoryitis!=Howinterestingthestoryis!Whatabeautifulbuildingitis!=Howbeautifulthebuildingis!在口语中,感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略。如:Whatanicepresent!(省略itis)Howdisappointed!(省略sheis或其它可作本句主、谓的词语)\n第三部分:反义疑问句\n前肯后否前否后肯Jimisdoinghishomework,isn’the?Tomwasn’twatchingTVat8yesterday,washe?YouwenttoBeijingyesterday,didn’the?Youknewnothingabouthim,didyou?Thereislittlewaterinthecup,isthere?Thereareafewapplesinthebag,aren’tthere?\n反意疑问句的一般情况1.TomisgoodatEnglish,isn’the?2.Mikelikesplayingbasketball,doesn’the?3.Icanplaybasketball,can’tI?4.MyfatherhasbeentoBeijingtwice,hasn’the?5.This/thatisatable,isn’tit?(these,those->they)\n反意疑问句特殊情况1,当陈述部分含有little/few/never/hardly/seldom/no/neither/nobody/nothing,none等表示否定意义的词时,疑问部分要用肯定形式。Shehasfewfriends,doesshe?Shehasneverbeenthere,hasshe?Therewasnothinginthebox,wasthere?Noneofusknowsit,dowe?\n2,当陈述部分否定意义的词如:unhappy,dislike,careless等含有否定词缀在派生词时,仍按肯定句对待,疑问部分用否定形式。Helooksunhappytoday,doesn’the?Thegirldislikeshistory,doesn’tshe?\n3,陈述部分为Ithink/believe/suppose引导的宾语从句,疑问部分根据从句的情况及整句所表达的肯定或否定意义来完成。Ithinkheisathomeisn’the?Idon’tbelieveTomcansucceed,canhe?\n4,当陈述部分是therebe句型时,Therearesomeapples.aren’tthere?Therewillberobotsinpeople’shomeinthefuture,won’tthere?5,省略的感叹句的反意疑问句一律使用否定形式,并用be的一般现在时。Whatacleverboy,isn’the?Whatbeautifulgirls,aren’tthey?\n6,祈使句的反意疑问句Pleaseclosethedoor,won’tyou?Don’tclosethedoor,willyou?Let开头的祈使句Let’sgo,shallwe?Letusgo,willyou?7,陈述部分是Iam..,疑问部分要用aren‘tI.I’mastallasyoursister,aren‘tI?\n8,陈述部分有haveto+v.原(hadto+v.原),疑问部分常用don‘t+主语(didn’t+主语)。Wehavetogetthereateight,don'twe?9,陈述部分若为主从复合句,疑问部分的主语通常与主句的主语一致。Shesaidhewouldcometomorrow,didn’tshe?Hetoldushowtogettothefarm,didn’the?\n前否后肯的反意疑问句如何回答1.Itisafineday,isn’tit?Yes,itis.No,itisn’t.2.Itisn’tafineday,isit?Yes(不),itis.No(是的),itisn’t.注意:永远不可能出现yes后面跟否定形式或者no后面永远不可能跟肯定形式的情况。\n第四部分:it的特殊用法\nIt作形式主语\nIt+is/was+形容词+(for/ofsb.)+动词不定式短语对于这个句型中究竟用for还是用of,一般遵循这样的规则:如果形容词仅仅是描述事物的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,dangerous等用for;如果形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质的,如:kind,good,nice,clever等则用of。Itisinterestingtoplaywithsnowinwinter.冬季里玩雪是很有趣的。It’simportantforustokeepthewaterclean.保持水质清洁对我们来说是很重要的。It’sverykindofyoutosayso.你这样说真是太好了。\n这一句式中的形容词位置也可换用名词;连系动词be也可换用其它连系动词,如feel等。It’sagoodhabittogetupearlyandgotobedearly.早睡早起是好习惯。Itmustbegreatfuntoflytothemooninaspaceship.乘宇宙飞船飞往月球一定很有趣。Itfeelsstrangetohaveatwinsister.有个孪生姐妹感觉很奇怪。\nIt+is/was+形容词+从句Itiscertainthathewillcome.他一定会来。It’struethathemayfallbehindtheotherstudents.他真的可能落后于其他同学。Itisstrangethatheshouldsayso.他居然这么说,真是奇怪。\n其他it作形式主语1.It+is/was+one’sturn(duty,pleasure)+todosth.意为“该轮到某人做某事(做某事是某人的责任、愉悦的事)”。如:It’syourturntobeondutytomorrow.明天轮到你值日了。2.Ittakes(sb.)sometimetodosth.意为“(某人)花……时间做某事”。如:Ittookmeaweektofinishreadingthebook.我花了一周时间看完这本书。3.It+cost/costs+sb.+somemoney+todosth.译为“某人花多少钱做某事”。如:Itcostme260yuantobuythenewwatch.我买这块新手表花了260元。4.Itseems/seemed+从句。译为“看起来好像……”,此结构可以转换成“seem+动词不定式”形式。如:Itseemsthatheisill.=Heseemstobeill.看起来他好像病了。\nIt作形式宾语\nit用作形式宾语的句型为:主语+谓语+it+宾语补足语+动词不定式/动名词/从句。该句型中宾语补足语可由形容词、名词等充当。\nHefounditnoteasytolearnaforeignlanguagewell.他发现学好一门外语是不容易的。Wethinkitnogoodreadinginbed.我们认为躺在床上看书无益处。Ithinkitnecessarythatwehavethemeeting.我认为开这个会是必要的。\n第五部分:倒装句\n常见的倒装句形式1.存在句(therebe/live/stand/lie/seem等)需要全部倒装。如:Thereoncelivedanoldhunterinthehouse.这所房子里曾住过一位老猎人。Thereseemstobemanylisteners.似乎有很多听众。\n2.副词here,there,now,then等置于句首(经常与go,come等动词连用),全句需要全部倒装。如:Herecomesthebus.公共汽车来了。Nowcomesyourturn.现在轮到你了。注意:如果主语是人称代词则不用倒装。如:Heretheyare.他们在这儿。\n3.当上文所表达的含义也适用于另一个人或物时,要用so/neither/nor+be/助词/情态动词+主语;此时谓语的时态、语态应与前句谓语的时态、语态相一致。如:—Ihavefinishedmyhomework.我已经做完作业了。—Sohashe.他也做完了。—Ihaven’tseenthatfilm.我没看过那部电影。—Neither(Nor)haveI.我也没有。\n4.notonly...butalso...连接两个并列句,且notonly置于句首时,前句需要部分倒装。如:Notonlydidhedislikethewaywespoke,buthedislikedthewaywedressed.他不但不喜欢我们说话的方式,而且也不喜欢我们着装的方式。\n练习题\n1.—Sorry,Joe.Ididn’tmeanto...—Don’tcallme“Joe”.I’mMr.Parkertoyou,and______youforgetit!A.doB.didn’tC.didD.don’t答案:D。2.Turnonthetelevisionoropenamagazineandyou______advertisementsshowinghappyfamilies.A.willoftenseeB.oftenseeC.areoftenseeingD.haveoftenseen答案:A。祈使句,+andyouwill。祈使句相当于条件状语从句3.Standoverthere,______you’llbeabletoseeitbetter.A.orB.whileC.butD.and答案:祈使句,+andyouwill。祈使句相当于条件状语从句\n4.—Englishhasalargevocabulary,hasn’tit?—Yes.______morewordsandexpressionsandyouwillfinditeasiertoreadandcommunicate.A.KnowB.KnowingC.ToknowD.Knew答案:A。祈使句,+andyouwill。祈使句相当于条件状语从句。5.Loseonehourinthemorning,______youwillbelookingforittherestoftheday.A.butB.andC.orD.so答案:B。祈使句,+andyouwill。祈使句相当于条件状语从句\n6 ___________bad the weather is!A HowB WhatC What a D How a答案:A。7 ______________good news it is !A HowB What aC How aD What答案:D。\n8 _____________the sunshine is!A What a bright B How a brightC How brightD what bright答案:C。9 ___________ he writes.A How good B How wellC What good D What well答案:B。10 ____________LiLeiruns!A What fast boy B What fastC How fastD How a fast答案:C。\n11.Fewofthemhurtthemselvesintheaccidentlastnight,________A.don’ttheyB.didn’ttheyC.didtheyD.dothey答案:C。前面有few表示否定的词,后面的疑问结构用肯定。12.Hissisterhadabadcough,______she?A.wasn’tB.doesn’tC.hadn’tD.didn’t答案:D。前肯后否。\n15.Theladycouldn’tsayawordwhenshesawthesnake,________?A.couldtheladyB.couldn’ttheladyC.couldsheD.couldn’tshe答案:C。16.Tinaisunhappynow,________?A.isn’tsheB.issheC.isheD.didshe答案:A。有前缀变的否定含义的词前面的句子依然当成肯定句。\n13.JohncanhardlyunderstandanyChinese,_________he?A.Can’tB.doesn’tC.canD.does答案:C。前面有hardly表示否定的词,后面的疑问结构用肯定。14.Don’tsmokeinthemeeting-room,_________?A.doyouB.willyouC.canyouD.couldyou答案:B。前面是祈使句用willyou。\n17.EverythingwillbeOK,_____?A.willitB.won’titC.willtheyD.won’tthey解析:B。Everthing做主语,疑问结构中用it。18.HesaidIwashardworking,_____?A.didheB.didn’theC.wasID.wasn’tI解析:B。主从复合句用主句变附加疑问句。\n19.Idon’tthinkhemadethingsworse,______?A.doIB.don’tIC.didheD.didn’the答案:C。由Ithink等引导的从句要看从句来变附加疑问句。20.-You’veneverseendinosaureggs,haveyou?--_____.HowIwishtovisittheDinosaurWorld.A.Yes,IhaveB.No,Ihaven’tC.Certainly,IhaveD.Ofcourse,Ihaven’t答案:B。\n21.I don’t think___difficult for a Chinese student tomaster a foreign language within five years.A.that B.it C.too D.very答案:B。It是形式主语真正主语是后面的不定式。22.Itis______ofyoutocheatintheexam.A.dangerous B.difficultC.foolish D.kind答案:C。Itis+形容人的形容词+ofsbtodosth。\n23.______________is veryclear to everyone that he is round andtall like a tree.A.ThisB.WhatC.ThatD.It答案:D。It是形式主语真正主语是后面的that从句。24.——Wow!YourT-shirtissocool.Ialsowant____.——Thanksalot!A.itB.thatC.oneD.this答案:C。It指同类同物,one指同类不同物。\n25.---Ihearyou’vewrittenanothernovel. ---Yes._______beoutinamonthortwo.A.Thatcan B.OnemayC.Itshould D.Theonewill答案:C。It指同类同物。26.Look!________.A.HerethebuscomesB.HereisthebuscomingC.HerecomesthebusD.Herethebusiscoming.答案:C。Here放句首句子全倒装。\n27.ShedidnotseeSmith.______.A.NeitherdidIB.Nordidn’tIC.NeitherIdidD.Sodidn’tI答案:A。28.----Itwashotyesterday.-----_______.A.ItwassoB.SowasitC.SoitwasD.Soitdid答案:C。Soitwas表示确实如此。\n29.----Whereisyourbrother?-----There_______.A.heiscomingB.hecomesC.comesheD.doeshecome答案:B。There放句首句子全倒装主语为人称代词不倒装。30.Afterthatweneversawheragain,nor_____fromher.A.didwehearB.weheardC.hasweheardD.wehaveheard答案:A。