2010年高考高考英语语法总复习 59页

帮你复习语法\n直接英语和间接英语句型转换制作：冯军\n一、句型的变化（一）如果直接引语是陈述句，间接引语一般是用that来引导。口语中that常可以省略。“Iliketolistentorockmusic,”saidPeter.Petersaidthathelikedtolistentorockmusic.【温馨提示】如果直接引语中出现两个或两个以上的陈述句并列时，第一个that可以省略，后面一个不能省略，以免引起歧义。如：Theteachersaid,“Thetextisveryimportant.Youshouldlearnitbyheart.”Theteachersaid(that)thetextisimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart.\n(二)如果直接引语是一般疑问句或选择疑问句时，间接引语常变为由whether/if引导，而且要用陈述句语序。如：1)Theboyaskedhismother,“CanIgotoplayfootballwithmyfriendsonSaturday?”Theboyaskedhismotherwhether/ifhecouldgotoplayfootballwithhisfriendsonSaturday.2)“Willyougotothemuseumthisweekendornextweekend?”LiHuaaskedme.LiHuaaskedmewhether/ifIwouldgotothemuseumthisweekendorthenextweekend.\n(三)如果直接引语是特殊问句，间接引语用特殊疑问词引导，而且用陈述句语序。如：“Howmuchtimedoyouspendonthehomework?”heaskedme.HeaskedmehowmuchtimeIspentonthehomework.\n（四）如果间接引语是表示请求、提议、建议、劝告等意义的问句，要借助其他句型结构来表达。如：1)“Wouldyoubuymesomestampswhileyouareintheoffice?”Hesaidtome.HeaskedmetobuyhimsomestampswhileIamintheoffice.2)“Whydon’tyoucomeandplayfootballwithme?”Heasked.Headvisedmetoplayfootballwithhim.【温馨提示】表示请求、劝告时，通常用“ask/advise/want等+宾语+动词不定式”结构。\n(五)如果直接引语是祈使句，间接引语要用不定式的复合结构改，即改为：tell(ask,order,warn,advise等)sb.(not)todosth.如：1)Thepolicemansaidtothechildren,“Don’tplayfootballinthestreet.”Thepolicemantoldthechildrennottoplayfootballinthestreet.2)“Listentomecarefully,please.”theteachersaidtous.Theteachertoldustolistentohimcarefully.【温馨提示】如果祈使句中出现了please,在间接引语中必须省略。\n(六)如果直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，用what,how或that来引述。如：“Whatabeautifulhouseitis!”hesaidtome.Hetoldmewhatabeautifulhouseitwas.Hetoldmethatitwasabeautifulhouse.\n二、时态的变化（一）如果主句的时态是一般现在时或将来时，则间接引语中的时态不变。如；Hesays,“I’mtootired.”Hesays(that)heistootired.\n（二）如果主句的时态是一般过去时，则间接引语中的时态相应地变为与过去相关的时态。具体变化如下：一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时\n1)Theoldmansaid,“GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.”TheoldmansaidthatgreatchangeshadtakenplaceinChina.2)“WangLiniswaitingforyououtsideoftheschoolgate.”LiFangsaidtome.LiFangtoldmethatWangLinwaswaitingformeoutsideoftheschoolgate\n【温馨提示1】当转述的是客观事实、科学真理、格言或谚语；重复出现或现在习惯性的动作时，间接引语的时态不变化。如：1)Hesaid,“Theearthtravelsaroundthesun.”Hesaidthattheearthtravelsaroundthesun.2)“Failureisthemotherofsuccess.”Theteachersaidtous.Theteachertoldusthatfailureisthemotherofsuccess.\n【温馨提示2】当直接引语中的谓语动词含有情态动词must,need,oughtto,hadbetter等，变间接引语时，间接引语中谓语动词的形式不变。如：1)Hesaid,“Youhadbetteraskforhelpwhenyouareintrouble.”HesaidthatIhadbetteraskforhelpwhenIwasintrouble.\n三、人称代词的变化直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中作主语的人称代词或其他物主代词要作相应的变化。一般情况下要遵循以下几条原则：（一）直接引语的主语是第一人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的主语保持一致。如：“CanIuseyourbikeforamoment?”theboysaidtome.Theboyaskedmewhetherhecouldusemybikeformoment.\n(二)直接引语的主语是第二人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的宾语保持一致。如：TheteacheraskedJoan,“Whyareyoulateagain?”TheteacheraskedJoanwhyshewaslateagain.\n（三）直接引语的主语是第三人称，变为间接引语时，间接引语中的主语人称不变。如：Heaskedme,“HowlonghasTeddystayedinChina?”HeaskedmehowlonghasTeddystayedinChina.\n四、主句谓语动词的变化(一)直接引语是陈述句，谓语动词是say(said)的不变，是saidtosb.常变为toldsb.如：Hesaidtohisfriend,“Iamgladtoseeyou.”Hetoldhisfriendthathewasgladtoseehim.\n(二)直接引语是特殊疑问句、一般疑问句或选择疑问句，said变为asked;saidtosb.变为askedsb.如：“Howcanyoudothat?”MarysaidtoBetty.MaryaskedBettyhowshecoulddothat.\n(三)直接引语是祈使句，变间接引语时，谓语动词可根据语气强弱选则beg,advise,ask,tell,order,warn等。如果祈使句是否定句，还需在不定式符号to前加not.如：Isaidtoher,“Pleasepassmeaglassofwater.”Iaskedhertopassmeaglassofwater.Shesaid,“Don’tsmokeinthepublicplace.”Shetoldmenottosmokeinthepublicplace.\n(四)直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，引述动词常用tell,exclaim或say等。如：“Howwellhelooks!”hesaid.Heexclaimedhowwellhelooked.Hesaidthathelookedwell.\n五、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和方向性动词的变化（一）指示代词的变化thisthatthesethose但有时如果所说的东西就在眼前，也可不变。如：Hesaid,“Ilikethisbook.”Hesaidthathelikedthisbook.(书在眼前)\n二）时间状语的变化todaythatdaythismorning/afternoon,etc.thatmorning/afternoon,etc.yesterdaythedaybeforetomorrowthefollowing/nextdaythedayaftertomorrowtwodayslaternextweek/month,etc.thenextweek/month,etc.lastweek/monththeweek/monthbeforenowthen\n如果引述的时间和说话时间相同（如就在同年、同月、同日），时间状语也可不变。如：MrBlacksaid,“IvisitedtheGreatWalllastyear.”MrBlacksaidthathehadvisitedtheGreatWalltheyearbefore.MrBlacksaidthathehadvisitedtheGreatWalllastyear.\n(三)地点和方向性动词的变化heretherecomego如果说话人所在地和引述地点相同，here，come也可不变。如：Hesaid,“Iwillcomeherethisevening.”Hesaidthathewouldcomeherethisevening.(同时同地引述)Hesaidthathewouldgotherethatevening.\n巩固练习：将下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语1.Hesaidtome,“Iwrotealettertomyparentslastweek.”He______methat_____________aletterto_____parents__________________.2.“Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,”mothersaidtoherdaughter.Mother_______herdaughterthatthesun_______uptheeastand_________inthewest.toldhehadwrittenhistheweekbeforetoldrisessets\n3.“Don’tbelateagain,Jim,”saidtheteacher.Theteacher_______________belateagain.4.“HaveyouseenthefilmHarryPotter?”heasked.Heaskedme_______________thefilmHarryPotter.5.MrWangaskedthestudentshowtheycouldimprovetheirspokenEnglish.“____________improve_______spokenEnglish?”MrWangsaidtothestudents.toldJimnottoifIhadseenHowcanyouyour\nGrammarII定语从句\n1.定语从句的分类2.定语从句的引导词3.关系词的实质和先行词之间的关系4.关系代词和关系副词的用法及其容易混用的情况5.介词加关系代词的情况6.as引导的两种定语从句\n3.先行词和关系词的关系Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.Theboywhoseparentsaredeadwasbroughtupbyhisgrandfather.TheschoolwhereIstudyisfarfrommyhome.that=themachinewho=theboywhose=theboy’swhere=intheschool关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词\n4.关系代词和关系副词的用法及其容易混用的情况Fillintheblanks,usingrelativepron.orrelativeadv.1.Thisisthefactory______Ionceworked.2.Thisisthefactory______I’vevisited.3.Theday__________IalwaysrememberisOct.1.4.Theday______NanjingwasliberatedisSep.11.5.Thereason_____hehasn’tcomeisthathehasbeenill.6.Don’tbelievethereason_____hegiveyou.wherethat/whichthat/whichwhenwhythat\nAttributiveClauseNOTES:1.当表示时间,地点,原因的名词,day,time,place,factory,reason等作先行词，在定语从句中作状语时，用when,where,why；在从句中作主语或宾语时，就用that或which.\n5.介词加关系代词的情况Whenweusearelativepronounwithapreposition,wehavetwochoices.Placingtheprepositionbeforetherelativepronounismoreformal.eg.Thewomanwho/whomSpielbergismarriedtoisanactress.ThewomantowhomSpielbergismarriedisanactress.ThepaintingatwhichIlookedwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.Thegirlwithwhomyoutalkedisacollegestudent.\nAttributiveClausePrep.+which/whom1).介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性的搭配.Thefarm_______Ionceworkedhastakenonanewlook.2).介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性的搭配．Whoistheman________ourteacherisshakinghands?3).介词与从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的搭配．Oursisabeautifulcountry,_______wearegreatlyproud.onwhichwithwhomofwhich\nAttributiveClause4).表示“所有格”或“整体中的部分”时，用介词of．Thereareoveronethousandworkersinthefactory,80percent________arewomen.ofwhom\nC:Fillintheblanks,usingrelativepronoun,relativeadv.orprepositionwithwhich/whom.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_______shecouldturnforhelp.2.Whenyoureadthebook,you’dbettermakeamark________youhaveanyquestions.3.Barcelonaisthecity_____the25thSummerOlympicwereheld.towhomwherewhere\n1.Doyoulikethebookshespent$10?2. Doyoulikethebook________shepaid$10?3. Doyoulikethebookshelearnedalot?4. Doyoulikethebooksheoftentalks?5. Hebuiltatelescopehecouldstudytheskies.onwhichforwhichfromwhichaboutwhichthroughwhich介词+关系代词练习\n6.Thereisatalltreeoutside,________standsourteacher.7. Chinahasalotofrivers,thesecondlongest_______istheYellowRiver.8.Thetower__________peoplecanhaveagoodviewisonthehill.9.Theman________Ispokeonthephonelastnightisverygoodatwrestling.10.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,most________hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.fromwhichtowhomofwhichofwhichunderwhich\nas引导的非限制性定语从句Theearthisround._____isknowntoall.Theearthisround,_____isknowntoall._____isknowntoall,theearthisround______isknowntoallthattheearthisround.Itwhich/asAsItas具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如：asyouknow/asyousee/asweplanned/asweexpected定语从句在句首时只能用as.\nThisisthesamepenasIlost.ThisisthesamepenthatIlost.Pleasecompare:这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。这本书就是我丢的那本。\nThisissuchaninterestingbook____wealllike.Thisissointerestingabook_____wealllike.Thisissuchaninterestingbook____wealllikeit.Thisissointerestingabook____wealllikeit.asthatPleasecompletethefollowingsentencesandcompare:asthat这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句)这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句)\n1.定语从句的分类2.定语从句的引导词3.关系词的实质和先行词之间的关系4.关系代词和关系副词的用法及其容易混用的情况5.介词加关系代词的情况6.as引导的两种定语从句\n3.先行词和关系词的关系Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.Theboywhoseparentsaredeadwasbroughtupbyhisgrandfather.TheschoolwhereIstudyisfarfrommyhome.that=themachinewho=theboywhose=theboy’swhere=intheschool关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词\n4.关系代词和关系副词的用法及其容易混用的情况Fillintheblanks,usingrelativepron.orrelativeadv.1.Thisisthefactory______Ionceworked.2.Thisisthefactory______I’vevisited.3.Theday__________IalwaysrememberisOct.1.4.Theday______NanjingwasliberatedisSep.11.5.Thereason_____hehasn’tcomeisthathehasbeenill.6.Don’tbelievethereason_____hegiveyou.wherethat/whichthat/whichwhenwhythat\nAttributiveClauseNOTES:1.当表示时间,地点,原因的名词,day,time,place,factory,reason等作先行词，在定语从句中作状语时，用when,where,why；在从句中作主语或宾语时，就用that或which.\n5.介词加关系代词的情况Whenweusearelativepronounwithapreposition,wehavetwochoices.Placingtheprepositionbeforetherelativepronounismoreformal.eg.Thewomanwho/whomSpielbergismarriedtoisanactress.ThewomantowhomSpielbergismarriedisanactress.ThepaintingatwhichIlookedwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.Thegirlwithwhomyoutalkedisacollegestudent.\nAttributiveClausePrep.+which/whom1).介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性的搭配.Thefarm_______Ionceworkedhastakenonanewlook.2).介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性的搭配．Whoistheman________ourteacherisshakinghands?3).介词与从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的搭配．Oursisabeautifulcountry,_______wearegreatlyproud.onwhichwithwhomofwhich\nAttributiveClause4).表示“所有格”或“整体中的部分”时，用介词of．Thereareoveronethousandworkersinthefactory,80percent________arewomen.ofwhom\nC:Fillintheblanks,usingrelativepronoun,relativeadv.orprepositionwithwhich/whom.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_______shecouldturnforhelp.2.Whenyoureadthebook,you’dbettermakeamark________youhaveanyquestions.3.Barcelonaisthecity_____the25thSummerOlympicwereheld.towhomwherewhere\n1.Doyoulikethebookshespent$10?2. Doyoulikethebook________shepaid$10?3. Doyoulikethebookshelearnedalot?4. Doyoulikethebooksheoftentalks?5. Hebuiltatelescopehecouldstudytheskies.onwhichforwhichfromwhichaboutwhichthroughwhich介词+关系代词练习\n6.Thereisatalltreeoutside,________standsourteacher.7. Chinahasalotofrivers,thesecondlongest_______istheYellowRiver.8.Thetower__________peoplecanhaveagoodviewisonthehill.9.Theman________Ispokeonthephonelastnightisverygoodatwrestling.10.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,most________hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.fromwhichtowhomofwhichofwhichunderwhich\nas引导的非限制性定语从句Theearthisround._____isknowntoall.Theearthisround,_____isknowntoall._____isknowntoall,theearthisround______isknowntoallthattheearthisround.Itwhich/asAsItas具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如：asyouknow/asyousee/asweplanned/asweexpected定语从句在句首时只能用as.\nThisisthesamepenasIlost.ThisisthesamepenthatIlost.Pleasecompare:这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。这本书就是我丢的那本。\nThisissuchaninterestingbook____wealllike.Thisissointerestingabook_____wealllike.Thisissuchaninterestingbook____wealllikeit.Thisissointerestingabook____wealllikeit.asthatPleasecompletethefollowingsentencesandcompare:asthat这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句)这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句)\nGrammarIII被动语态3.一般将来时的被动语态2.现在完成时的被动语态1.一般过去时的被动语态was/weredonehas/havebeendonewill/begoingto+bedone4.进行时的被动语态be+beingdone\nChoosetherightanswers:1.Thenewfactory_____inourcitylastyear.builtB.hasbuiltC.isbuildingD.wasbuilt2.Thiskindofmachine_____cuttingpaper.A.usesforB.isusingforC.isusestoD.isusedfor3.Weknowthatthiskindofbike____inShenzhen.ismadeB.makesC.ismaking4.Thisdressis___________silk.makeofB.madeofC.madein\n5.Beijingwill___beautifulflowerswhenNationalDaycomes.A.coverB.coverwithC.becoveredD.becoveredwith6.Theriversmellsterrible.Peoplemust_____dirtythingsintoit.A.bestoppedtothrowB.bestoppedfromthrowingC.stoptothrowD.stopfromthrowing7.Thiswork_____nextMonday.A.mayfinishB.finishC.finishesD.maybefinished8.Thekey_____forlockingtheclassroomdoor.A.usesB.isusedC.isusingD.use\nMultipleChoice:1.()Ifthework________,youcangoandplaygames.A.finishedB.hasfinishedC.willbefinishedD.isfinished2.()Itwasrainingheavilyoutside,thechildrenweremade______intheclassroom.4.()Tomakeourcitymorebeautiful,rubbish______intotheriver.A.needn’tbethrownB.mustn’tbethrownC.can’tthrowD.maynotthrow5.()Ilikemybike.It________verywell.A.ridesB.isridingC.isriddenD.hasriddenDBBA3.()Kate_______theletterbeforehermothercameintoherbedroom.A.haswrittenB.waswrittenC.hadwrittenD.iswritingA.stayB.tostayC.stayingD.stayedC\n6.()—Iwon’tcometothepartyunlessTom______,too.—YoumeanifTomcomes,you’llcome.8.()Thechildrenmust_______.9.()Thewomanstilldoesn’tknowwhat_______inherhometownDDBA.willinviteB.invitesC.invitedD.isinvited7.()EveryonewhoheardMr.Green’sstory_____________it.A.laughedatB.waslaughedC.laughedD.waslaughedatAA.happensB.happenedC.willhappenD.washappenedwhilehewasaway.A.lookafterB.betakengoodcareC.lookthesameD.betakengoodcareof10.()—Isawyouwereonfootthismorning.—Yes.Mybike___________.A.ismendingB.isbeingmendedC.ismendedD.isbeingmendingB\nFillintheblanksusingrightforms:1.Allthestudents__________(ask)tobringakitewiththemlastSunday.2.Aremanyways_______(try)tostoppeoplefromcuttingdownsomanytrees?3.—Whatareonshowinthemuseum?—Somephotos_________(take)byAmericanchildren.4.Thiscoat_________(wash)well.9.Haveyoufoundyournecklace________(偷)lastweek?6.I’moften_________(警告）nottocopyothers’homework.7.Hecouldn’texplainwhydinosaurs___________(消失).8.I’llhavemybike__________________(修理)tomorrow.5.Musttheoldpeople____________(speak)topolitely?10.ThePRCwas_________(成立)onOctober1,1949.wereaskedtriedtakenwashesbespokenwarneddisappearedmended／repairedstolenfounded