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田田英利特教育高考模拟练习(1)第一部分 英语知识运用(共三节,满分50分)第一节语音知识(共5小题;每小题1分,满分5分)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。()1.comfortA.ancestorB.horseC.orphanD.organization()2.stomachA.topicB.wonderC.unfoldD.impolite()3.ancientA.chemicalB.technicalC.musicianD.society()4.touchA.mouthB.shoutC.encourageD.blouse()5.remainA.certainB.mountainC.saidD.raise第二节语法与词汇知识(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)()6.UsainBolt,bestrunner,ranfastestinlastraceinthe2008OlympicGames.A./;/;theB.the;/;/C.the;/;theD.the;the;/()7.We'llbuyalltheproductsinyourstorehouse,ofcoursethepriceisreasonable.A.providedB.unlessC.thoughD.until()8.Ijustdon'tunderstandthatleadstosomanyteenagersbecomingaddictedtoplayingcomputergames.A.whyitdoesB.whatitdoesC.whatitisD.whyitis()9.Fromthesituationinthisfinancialcrisis,youcanseeChinaistotallynotsheusedtobeacenturyago.A./;thatB.that;whatC.which;thatD.whether;that()10.Chemicalprocessesinthetreatmentofmaterialsforclothestheenvironmentbadlyinsomecountriesnowadays.A.involve;damagingB.involved;damagedC.involving;damageD.involved;damage()11.Themanagerexcitedwhenhelearnttheprojectwell.A.sounded;wasprogressedB.wassounded;progressedC.sounded;wasprogressingD.wassounded;wouldprogress()12.Asisknowntousall,successusuallydiligencewhilelazinesscanfailure.A.resultsfrom;lieinB.resultsin;leadtoC.resultsin;lieinD.resultsfrom;leadto()13.Theteacherdemandsthatshehertestpaperswithintenminutes.A.turninB.handsinC.haveturnedinD.hashandedin()14.--Iwantaroomfor20peopletohaveabirthdayparty.--Unluckilythereisnoone.A.qualifiedB.availableC.standardD.permanent()15.Itwasfiveo'clockintheafternoontheyarrivedatthehotel.A.sinceB.beforeC.thatD.when()16.Youmayhaveoneofthese;inotherwords,youhaveyouchoose.A.whicheverB.whatC.nomatterwhatD,nomatterwhich()17.Itisnolongeraquestionnowmancanlandonthemoon.A.thatB.ifC.whetherD.what()18.lifeinanewcountrycanbedifficult,itcanbroadcastaperson'sviewoftheworld.A.IfB.AlthoughC.BecauseD.While()19.Theanswertheteacher,sheaskedthelittleboytotryasecondtime.A.disappointedB.disappointingC.beingdisappointedD.havingbeendisappointed()20.--CanIgetyouacupoftea?--.A.That'sveryniceofyouB.WithpleasureC.Youcan,pleaseD.Thankyouforthetea第三节完型填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分,满分30分)阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Itwasoneofthehappiestmomentsinmylife.Ihadjustreceivedmybachelor’sdegree,graduatingwithhonorsthoughIwasawifeandmotherworkingtwojobs.MyparentsandsonwereintheaudiencewhenI__21____ontothestagetogetmydiploma.Iwasso___22____tobestartingateachingcareerandcontributingmoretomyfamily’swell-being.ButwhenIgothome,Isawa__23____frommyhusbandwrittenonthebackofanenvelope,__24_____he’scometogethisclothesandwouldn’tbeback.We’dbeenhavinga___25___,butthatnotestillcameasashock.Hehademptiedourbankaccount.Wewereheavilyindebt.Ihadquitmypreviousjobs.__26___Iwaseightmonthspregnant.\nMostyoungwomenhaveanidealizedpictureofthe__27___marriagelife:they’regoingtoliveinahousewithawhite-picketfence.But__28___tellsthemthat’snottrue,andsometimeslifeisjustbitter.Itallcavedinformethatnight.Iwas__29____,scared,andangryandfeltIhadcompletely__30_____.ButIhadmyson,andIwasabouttobringanewlifeintotheworld,sodespiteofmydeep__31___,Ihadtogoon.Thenextmorning,I__32__up,tookadeepbreath,fixedbreakfastanddideverything___33____.Iusedtoroutinetokeepme___34_.Havingservedinthearmyforsixyears,Inowfellbackonmy__35_____,likeallgoodsoldiersdoin___36___situations.OnesmallstepafteronesmallstepwasthewayIfinally__37___.Duringthelastsevenyears,I’vecontinuedmoving___38__.Igotajobasakindergartenteacher,earnedamaster’sdegreein____39___,andwatchedmykidsgrowup.Lookingbackonthosedays,Icertainlywould__40___havechosentoputthemthroughthis,butI’mgladithappenedtomeandhelpedmefindmyselfalotsooner.Ithelpedmegrowindependent,confidentandstrong.()21.A,jumpedB.rushedC.walkedD.hurried()22.A.surprisedB.excitedC.amusedD.puzzled()23.A.noteB.letterC.cardD.notice()24.A.tellingB.speakingC.informingD.saying()25.A.funB.happinessC.argumentD.difference()26.A.HoweverB.YetC.PlusD.Otherwise()27.A.happyB.easyC.richD.simple()28.A.anyoneB.someoneC.noneD.noone()29.A.embarrassedB.cautiousC.thrilledD.confused()30.A.exhaustedB.defeatedC.failedD.broken()31.A.sadnessB.surpriseC.desireD.regret()32.A.stoodB.gotC.cheeredD.turned()33.A.inpeaceB.inahurryC.asusualD.atease()34.A.hopingB.thinkingC.livingD.moving()35.A.trainingB.practiceC.experienceD.pattern()36.A.favorableB.toughC.helplessD.hopeless()37.A.succeededB.survivedC.escapedD.recovered()38.A.forwardB.backwardC.aroundD.down()39.A.militaryB.businessC.educationD.acting()40.A.neverB.everC.ratherD.even第二部分 阅读理解(共25小题,第一节第小题2分,第二节每小题1分;满分45分)第一节 阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AThevitaminsnecessaryforahealthybodyarenormallysuppliedbyagoodmixeddiet,includingavarietyoffruitsandgreenvegetables.Itisonlywhenpeopletrytoliveonaveryrestricteddiet,saythatwhentryingtoloseweight,thatitisnecessarytomakespecialprovisionstosupplythemissingvitamins.Anexampleofthedangersofarestricteddietmaybeseeninthediseaseknownas“beri-beri”,whichusedtomakelargenumbersofEasternpeoplewholivedmainlyonricesuffer.Intheearlyyearsoflastcentury,aDutchscientistnamedEijkmanwastryingtodiscoverthecauseofberi-beri.Atfirsthethoughtitwastransmittedbyagerm(病菌).HewasworkinginaJapanesehospital,wherethepatientswerefedonpolishedricewhichhadhadtheoutercoveringsremovedfromthegrain,itwasthoughtthiswouldbeeasierforweakandsickpeopletodigest.Eijkmanthoughthisgermtheorywasprovedwhenhenoticedthechickensinthehospitalyard,whichwerefedonremainsfromthepatients’plates,werealsoshowingsignsofthedisease.Hethentriedtoseparatethegerm,whichhethoughtwascausingthedisease,buthisexperimentswereinterruptedbyahospitalofficial,whoorderedthatthericewithoutcoverings,eventhoughleftoverbythepatients,wastoogoodforchickens.Itshouldberecookedforthepatients,andthechickensshouldbefedoncheap,roughricewiththeoutercoveringsstillonthegrain.Eijkmannoticedthatthechickensbegantorecoveronthenewdiet.Hebegantoconsiderthepossibilitythateatingunmilledrice(糙米)somehowpreventedorcuredberi-beri—eventhatalackofsomeingredient(成分)inthecoveringsmaybethecauseofthedisease.Indeedthiswasthecase.Theelementneededtopreventberi-beriwasshortlyafterwardsseparatedfromricecoveringsandisnowknownasvitaminB.Themilledrice,thoughmoreexpensive,wasinfactcausingthediseasethehospitalwastryingtocure.Nowadays,thisterriblediseaseismuchlesscommonthankstoourknowledgeofvitamins.()41.Accordingtothepassage,agoodmixeddiet_____. A.issuitableforlosingweight B.shouldbeonlyfruitsandvegetables C.normallycontainsenoughvitamins D.isoftendifficulttoarrange\n()42.Whatdoweknowaboutthediseaseberi-beri? A.Itkilledlargenumbersofpeople. B.Itresultedfromlackofvitamins. C.Itwastransmittedbymilledrice. D.Itwascausedbydiseasedchickens.()43.Theingredientmissingfrommilledrice________. A.wasvitaminB B.didnotaffectthechickens C.didnotresultinberi-beri D.wasnamedtheEijkmanvitamin()44.Whatcanbethebesttitleofthepassage? A.AGoodDietinHospital B.ANewDiscovery C.TheDangersofBeri-beri D.TheImportanceofaGoodMixedDietBHumorisasociallubricant(润滑剂).Itgivesussomethingtoshareandcreatesanatmosphereofappreciation.Weareautomaticallyendearedtopeoplewhomakeuslaugh.Successfulpeopletaketheirdutiesseriously,butseldomtakethemselvesorlifetooseriously.Aboveall,theyhavetheabilitytolaughatthemselves.Peopleappreciatethosewhocanseethehumoroussideofanysituation.Humorshouldbesuitable,however,ifitisgoingtobeeffective.Keepthefollowingsuggestioninmind:Okay,thefirstthingyouneedtodoisrelax.Noone’sgoingtothrowtomatoesatyouifyoustrikeout,andyou’renotgoingforsomelife-changingtest.Youjustwanttoaddsomeinteresttoyourlifeandconversations,andappearmoreeasygoing.Sodon’tputsomuchpressureonyourself.Seethehumorinsituations;You’llseethatmostsituations,evengettinga$200speedingticketorfallingdownonabananapeelhavehumorwrittenalloverthemthetrickisfindthemandbeingabletolaughatyourself.Youcanalwaystakebitsandpiecesofothers’humor,butyou’llwanttoadaptyourcharactertoyourownstyleandpersonality,this’llbeeasierforyouandsoundmoretrueasyouwon’thavetotryashard.Beingfunnyisn’tonlyabouttellinggreatjokes;it’sallinyourattitude,howyouprojectyourself,andyourdelivery.Belivelyandalivewhenyouspeak,andyoucanmakeanystoryfunny.Makeeyecontactwithpeople,speakwithconfidence,andeveryonewillwanttohearyourstories.Ontheotherhand,ifyourhumorisdarker,sarcastic(讽刺),thenplaythepartandtalkinamonotonous(单调的)voice.Yourdeliveryhastogowithyourhumor,andifyourtimingisoff,thenitcanruintheentirejoke.()45.Thebesttitleofthispassageprobablyis_____.A.TakeCareWhenBeingHumorousB.ExperienceHumorC.BeHappy,ChooseHumorD.HumorCanChangeOurLife()46.Oneofthewaysmentionedinthepassagetobehumorousis_____.A.tolaughatoneselfB.tomakefunofothersC.totellaninterestingjokeD.tomakepeoplehappy()47.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat_____.A.humorexistseverywhereandiseasytobefoundB.successfulpeoplenevertakethemselvesorlifetooseriouslyC.allhumorissuitableD.peopleprefertolikethosewhocanmakethemlaugh()48.AllthefollowingaretipsonhumorEXCEPT____.A.relaxyourselfifyouwanttomakeyourhumoreffectiveB.learnfromothersC.communicatewithpeoplebyeyesightD.humorcancreateahappyatmosphereCIhadmyfirstjobattheageofthirteen,whenafriendofmymother’swhoownedabookshophiredmeforsixhoursaweektohelpherintheshop.Iwasveryproudtoearnmyownpocketmoneyandmyparentsneverinterfered(干涉)withhowIspentit,evenwhenIwasspendingitfoolishly.Theybelievedthatbyearningmoney,spendingit,andlearningfrommymistakes,Iwouldbecomemorematureandresponsibleabouthowtohandlework,relationshipswithothers,andmoney.LikemanyAmericanparents,myparentsalsoletmeandmybrothersdothingsoverwhichtheyworriedagreatdeal.WhenIwassixteen,forexample,afterIfinishedhighschoolandbeforeIentereduniversity,IwantedtospendthesummermonthstravelingaroundEurope.Mymotherwasagainsttheideaofmytravelingaloneatsuchayoungage,butmyfatherfeltthatitwouldbeagreatexperienceforme.Intheend,myfatherwontheargumentontheconditionthatIlimitedmytravelingtoFrance,mymother’shome,whereIhadmanyuncles,auntsandcousinsspreadoutthroughthecountrywhocouldprovideshelterandhelpifIneededit.Threeyearslater,whenhewaseighteen,myyoungerbrotherleaveschool,butmyfatherencouragedhimandmy\nbrotherhadafascinatingyearworkinghiswayontrainsandshipstoearnpassagetodifferentportsandcities,anddiscoveringmanyfascinatingplacesandpeople.ThesekindsofexperiencesareprobablyrareforchildreninmanycountriesbutintheUStheyarefairlycommon.Mostparentsstartpushingtheirchildrenatayoungagetodosmallthingsbythemselves.Bythetimetheyhavefinishedhighschool,manyAmericankidshavealreadyhadpart-timejobs,traveledaroundtheUSorothercountriesontheirown,haveselectedtheuniversitytheyplantoattendandmaybeevendecidedontheirfuturecareer,andsoon.()49.Whydidthewriter’sparentsallowtheirchildrentodowhattheywant?A.Becausetheythoughtthattheirchildrenwouldbecomebraver.B.Becausetheybelievedthattheirtwosonswouldearnsomepocketmoney.C.Becausetheythoughtthattheirchildrenwouldfindajobeasier.D.Becausetheythoughtthatitwouldbringgoodtotheirchildren’sfuture.()50.Whatdoesthewriterthinkofhisbrother’stravel?A.Hethoughthisbrothergainedvaluableexperiencesduringthetravel.B.Hethoughthisbrotherearnedalotofmoneybyworking.C.Hethoughthisbrotherdidn’tdisappointhisfather.D.Hethoughthisbrother’stravelwasbetterthanhistoFrance.()51.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.TheauthorwenttoFranceinordertoseehisrelativesB.Thewriter’smothermanagedtopreventthechildrendoingwhatshethoughtmightbedangerous.C.Thewriter’sbrothergaveuphisuniversitytotravelthroughtheUSAandtheCaribbeanD.Americankidsdothingsbythemselvestomakepreparationsforthefuturewiththeencouragementoftheirparents.()52.Thebesttitleofthepassageprobablyis_____.A.Part-timeJobsB.IndependenceC.PocketMoneyD.ExperiencesDCeliawasshocked.Shehadalwaysbeeningoodshapeduringhighschool,butnow,inherfirstyearofcollege,shewassuddenlytenpoundsheavier."MyfriendsandIoftenhadpizzaoricecreamwhenwestudiedlateatnight,"shesaid,"andIwasalwaysdrinkingCoketostayawake."Celia'sexperienceiscommon.Manystudentsentercollegeandfinditsodifferentthattheycannotdealwithchangesproperly.They'reawayfromtheirparentsandinanewstressfulenvironment.Pressurestogetherwithfreedomtosleepandeathowevertheypleasecausemanystudentstoexperiencethe"Freshman15':gainingweightsuddenlyintheirfreshmanyearofcollege.Moststudentsdonotrealizethatthe"Freshman15"cancausesomeserioushealthproblems.Ofcourse,college-ageadultsarestilldevelopingbonemass,sogainingsomeweightisnormal.Suddenweightgain,however,putstoomuchstrainontheheartandlungs,resultinginlittleenergyandsomedifficultythinkingandremembering.Inlaterlife,itcanleadtoheartdisease,diabetes,obesity,andpossiblycancer.Thesolutiontothe"Freshman15"issimple--payattentiontodevelopinggoodhabits!Ingeneral:●Eatnormal-sizedmealsatregulartimes.Eatslowlyandenjoyit,soyoudon'tneedtogobackformore.●Keeponlyhealthysnacksinyourroom--anddon'tsnacktoooften!●Controldrinkingandsmoking.Alcoholhasalotofcalories,andsmokingtoomuchmakesexercisedifficult.●Exerciseregularly!Evenjust30minutesaday--suchaswalkingquicklytoclassfromyourdorm--willmakeabigdifference!()53.WhathappenedtoCeliainherfirstyearofcollege?A.Shehadsleepproblems.B.Sheputonweightsuddenly.C.Shealwaysstudiedlate.D.Shewentondietsoastokeepingoodshape.()54.Whatdomanystudentsthinkoftheirfreshmanyearofcollege?A.Theyfinditquitedifferent.B.Theyfinditnotquitedifficult.C.Theyfinditveryfree.D.Theyfinditsimple.()55.Whatdomostcollegestudentsfailtorealize?A.Gainingsomeweightisnormal.B.Theyhavegrownup.C.Theyhavegainedalotofweight.D.Suddenweightgainmayresultinserioushealthproblems.()56.Whatarestudentsadvisedtodo?A.Eatslowlyandexerciseregularly.B.Eatallfoodsslowlyandregularly.\nC.Keepenoughhealthysnacksintheroom.D.Eathealthysnacksasmuchaspossible.E"BANG"thedoorcausedareverberation."Neversetfootinthishouseagain!"shoutedfather.Withtearswelling(涌出)upinmyeyes,Irushedoutofthehouseandranalongthestreet.Ayoungfatherwhoheldachildinhisarmswalkedpastme.IfeltasifIsawmychildhoodfromanotherspace:happyandharmonious(和谐).ButnowIdon'tknowwhetheritisbecauseIhavegrownuporbecauseDadisgettingold.Wearejustliketwopeoplecomingfromtwodifferentworlds.Itfeelslikethereisanirondoorbetweenusthatcartneverbeopened.Iwanderedthestreet,withoutadestinationinmymind.Myheartwasfrozenonthishotsummernight.AsIwalkedontherewerefewerandfewerpeopleinthestreets,untilIhadonlystreetstokeepmecompany.WhenIfinallyreachedthehighriseapartmentblockinwhichIlived,Isawthatthelightwasstillon.Ithoughttomyself,"Isfatherwaitingforme,orishestillangrywithme?"Infact,itwasnothing.Perhaps,Dadwasthrowingsomeofhisoldstamps.Perhapshethoughttheywereuseless.IneverhadthecouragetotellhimthatIlikedcollectingstamps.Allthelightswereoffexceptfather's.Dadwasalwayslikethis.Maybehedidn'tknowhowtoexpresshimself.Aftershoutingatme,henevershowedanymercyorregret.Afteranargumenthewillcreep(蹑手蹑脚)upinmysleepandthentuckmeunderneaththecovers.Thiswashowhealwayswas.Hehasbeenaleaderforsolongthattellingeveryoneelsewhattodohasbecomehissecondnature.Thelightwasstillon.Withthekeyinhand,IwasasnervousasIhadeverbeen.Atlast,Idecidedtoopenthedoor.AssoonasIopenedthedoortearsrandownmycheeks.IsuddenlyrealizedthattheirondoorthatIhadimaginedbetweenusdidnotexistatall.Love-'itissecondtonone.()57.Theunderlinedword"reverberation"refersto______.A.anearthquakeB.aheavyblowC.ashakeD.asoundforcedback()58.Whenseeingayoungfatherwithachildinhisarms,thewritermighthavethefollowingfeelingsEXCEPT_______.A.She/Headmiredthemverymuch.B.She/Hewishedthattherelationbetweenhim/herandhis/herfathercouldalsobesoharmoniousC.She/Hefeltthathappinesshallbeenfarawayfromhim/herD.She/Hefeltdisappointedwithhis/herfather()59.Whydoyouthinkthefatheroftenshoutsathischild?A.Thefatherisgettingolderandolder.B.Thechildhadalreadygrownup.C.Theyneveragreewitheachother.D.Thefatherhasgotusedtodoingthat.()60.Whatconclusioncanyoudrawafterreadingthetext?A.Thefathertreatshischildinanunfairway.B.Thefatherisactuallykindtohischild.C.Thefatherisneitherkindnorcrueltohischild.D.Thefatherisalwaysfindingfaultwithhischild.第二节 根据对话内容,从对话后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。A:HowwouldyouliketocometoNewYorkwithmeoverthespringbreak,Julia?B:I'dloveto,John,Butwherewillwestay?A:Atafriend'shouse.___61___B:OK.Hewon'tmind?A:Ofcoursenot.___62___B:WillwedrivetoNewYork?A:Yes,___63___.Wecanleaveaboutnoonandgettherebysuppertime.B:___64___?A:Itmaybecoldandrainy.___65___B:Well,Whendoweleave?A:HowaboutThursday?Canyoubereadybynoon?B:Noproblem.A.WhatshallwetakeB.ittakesaboutsixhoursC.What'stheclimatelikeD.He'slookingforwardtomeetingyouE.Ialwaysstaywithhimandthere'sroomforyoutooF.BetterbringajacketandgoodwalkingshoesG.Waituntilitisfine第二卷(非选择题)第三部分 写作(共三节,满分55分)第一节单词拼写(共小题;每小题分,满分10分)根据下列句子及所给汉语注释,在句子右边的横线上写出空缺处各单词的正确形式。(每空只写一词)66.Wewaitedwith______________(焦虑)fortheresultof\nourfinalexamination.67.Ifweather____________(允许),wewillgoforaridetothelaketomorrow.68.Thebookhadadeep____________(影响)onhislifewhenhewasinthecountry.69.Wefeltsodisappointedafterthe_______________(二十)failureintheexperiment.70.Onhis____________(到达),hewenttovisithisfather-in-lawdirectlywithoutsayinghellotous.71.Hedraggedhimselfhomeafteraday'sexhaustingwork,tiredand______________(饥饿).72.Ifthisbook_____________(属于)tome,Iwouldbethehappiestguyintheworld.73.People_____________(活着)shouldcarryonwhatisleftbythedead.74.Beijingisactivelymaking______________(准备)forthecoming2008OlympicGames.75.Mary'sparents______________(祝贺)heronhersuccessintheexperiment.第一节短文改错(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行作出判断:如无错误,在该行右边横线上画一个(√);如有错误(每行只有一个错误),则按下列情况改正:此行多一个词:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉,在该行右边横线上写出该词,并也用斜线划掉。此行缺一个词:在缺词处如一个漏字符号(∧),在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。此行错一个词:在错的词下划一横线,在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。注意:原行没有错的不要改。Therehasalwaysbeenstoriesaboutwomenpretendingto76.__________bemeninordertogetthattheywant.Oneoftheoldest77.__________andmostfamousofthesestoriesistheancientpoemHuaMulan.Mulanknowsherfatheristoooldand78.___________illforfightsoshedecidestopretendtobeamanand79.___________jointhearmyinsteadhim.Mulanbecomesavery80.__________bettersoldierandfightsbravelyformanyyears.Sheisnever81.__________careless,butnoneoftheothersoldiersorofficersdiscovers82._________thatsheisreallyawoman.Aftertenyearofwar,Mulan83._________andtheothersoldiersreturntohome.Herparentsand84.________herbrotherandsisterareveryhappytoseeher.Thesoldiershaveknownherforsomanyyearsbutneverknewshe85._________isawoman!第三节:书面表达(满分30分)目前,选秀节目层出不穷,短信投票也渐渐成为了一种风靡的参与方式,很多人对于这种方式褒贬不一。就此现象,你班最近进行了一次讨论,请依据下表提示,客观的介绍讨论情况并且表达自己的观点。40%同学认为60%同学觉得这种方式对于比赛来说是一种很好的参与方式,让每一个人都有机会参与进来,最后结果体现了大家的意愿。短信投票使得比赛不公平,并且使得很多青少年的费用支出增加,会影响正常生活。1.可以适当发挥,不要逐句翻译2.补充自己的观点3.字数要求约100个左右参考词汇:选秀节目:talent/draftingshow短信投票:textmessagevoting________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________