初中英语语法复习课件 49页

RevisionofJuniorEnglish\nNouns名词\n名词表示人、事物、地点的名称或者抽象概念的词分为专有名词和普通名词\n专有名词表示个别的人、事物、地点等专有的名称。专有名词第一个字母要大写*Lucy*China*theSummerPalace\n普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词★可数名词表示人、事物、地点等的名称。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式之分\n名词的单数形式一般可用a来修饰*acar*abook在元音发音开头的单词前用an*anelephant*anapple请区别：ausefulmachine\n名词的复数形式1.复数形式的构成方法(1)一般在复数名词后加“s”/s/or/z/*dog–dogs*book–books(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加“es”/iz/*box–boxes*watch–watches\n(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加“es”/iz/*country–countries*factory–factories请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词则只须加“s”*boy–boys*monkey–monkeys\n(4)以o结尾的名词加“s”/z/*radio–radios*zoo–zoos只有potatotomato加“es”构成复数potato–potatoestomato–tomatoes(5)以f、fe结尾的名词,变f、fe为v再加“es”/vz/*half–halves*shelf–shelves*knife–knives*leaf–leaves\n2.特殊变化的单词(1)单复数同形Chinese–Chinesefish–fishJapanese–Japanesesheep–sheep(2)变元音字母oo为eetooth–teethfoot–feet\n3.变man为menman–menwoman–womenpoliceman–policemenFrenchman–Frenchmen请区别：German(德国人)–Germans4.其它形式child–childrenmouse–mice\n5.一些合成名词的复数构成分两种情况(1)将中心词变为复数girlfriend–girlfriendsgrandchild–grandchildren(2)man,woman构成的合成词，每个名词都要变成复数amandoctor–mendoctorsawomanteacher–womenteachers\n6.常以复数形式出现的名词peopleclothespolicetrousersglasses这些名词作主语时，注意它们的谓语用复数*Myclothesarenewerthanyours.*Thepoliceoftencomehere.\n7.可用howmany，many，afew，few，any，lotsof,some，alotof等修饰可数名词复数*Thereareafewpeopleinthepark.*Howmanyknivesarethereinyourpencil-box?\n★不可数名词物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词如:water，rice，fish，meat等。特别记住：workchalktimespacemusicmoneyweathercottonhomeworkwoodinformationnewsmedicine\n1.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数*Somebreadisoverthere.*Nonewsisgoodnews.2.常用howmuch,much,alittle,little,alotof,some,any等来修饰不可数名词*Theyhadmuchmoney.*Hedoeslittlehouseworkathome.\n3.常用apieceof,acupof,aglassof,abottleof等来表示不可数名词的量,单复数表现在of前面的名词上，而of后始终是单数*Thereisapieceofpaperinthebook.*Threeglassesoforangeareonthedesk.\n注意：可数名词也可用量来表示，of后用复数*Therearetwobagsofclothesoverthere.*Wehavefiveboxesofapples.\n4.有些可数名词或不可数名词在一定情况下可相互转化，同一个词，但意思不同(1)glass(玻璃)–aglass(玻璃杯)paper(纸)–apaper(报纸)work(工作)–awork(著作)room(空间)–aroom(房间)\n(2)fruit(水果)–fruits(各种水果)fish(鱼)–fishes(各种鱼)hair(所有头发)–hairs(几根头发)time(时间)–times(时代)\n名词的一般用法★名词做定语1.修饰另一名词时,一般用单数*Hehastwopencil-boxes.*Therearethreebananatreesoverthere.2.manwoman用做定语时,应与后面的名词保持数的一致*Weneedamanteacher.*Theyareallwomenworkers.\n3.sports,clothes做定语时,仍用复数形式*asportsfield*aclothesshop4.当数词与单位名词一起做定语时，单位名词往往用单数形式,数词与单位名词用“-”连接。*Heisafourteen-year-oldboy.*Thisisatwo-hourplan.\n★名词做主语时,应注意名词的数，避免主谓不一致。*Herfamilyisalargeoneandherfamilyareallteachers.她家是一个大家庭,她的家人都是老师。*Thereisapairofglassesonthedesk.桌上有一副眼镜\n名词所有格表示名词间的所有关系“…的”一.名词所有格的构成方法1.单数名词后加“’s”*Tom’sbook*myfriend’suncle2.以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“’”即可*Teachers’Day*twoweeks’holiday\n3.不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加“’s”*Children’sDay*men’sshoes4.用of加名词，构成所属关系的短语，主要用于表示无生命名词的所有关系*thecolorofthewall*apictureoftheclassroom\n二.名词所有格的几个注意点1.可用名词所有格表示地点,地点名词习惯上省略*myaunt’s(home）(我姑姑家）*gototheteachers’(office）(去老师办公室）2.有些名词的所有格可用两种形式*thecat’sname/thenameofthecat*China’scapital/thecapitalofChina\n3.表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加“’s”*LucyandLily’sroom露西和莉莉的房间（两人共有一间房间）请区别:Lucy’sandLily’srooms露西的房间和莉莉的房间（两人各有一间房间）\nArticle冠词\n冠词虚词，本身无独立的意义，它用来帮助说明名词所指的人或物是泛指还是特指不定冠词a,an（泛指）定冠词the（特指）\n1.不定冠词的用法1)表示某人(事物)的某一种类*Myfatherisadriver.*Doyoulikeanappleorapear?2)表示某一事物中的任何一个*Anelephantisbiggerthanahorse.*Amonkeycanclimbtrees.\n3)表示某人某物,但不具体说明何人何物。*AstudentfromClassTworunsfastest.*Amaniscallingnow.4)表示数量，有“一”的含义*Thereisaflowerinthevase.*Apandahasamouth,anose，twoeyes.\n5)有些不可数名词要表示“一种”、“一场”、“一堆”时，须加不定冠词*aheavysnow*astrongwind*makeafire*haveagoodtime6)用于固定词组*halfanhour*amomentago*alotof*havearest*alittleafew*apairif\n2.定冠词的用法1)指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the2)世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the*thesun*themoon*theearth3)定冠词the用于序数词前或表示方位的名词前和形容词最高级前*thefirst*thebest*inthesouth\n4)乐器名称前用定冠词the*playthepiano*playtheviolin5)在复数姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，常看成复数*TheBrownsaregoingtoShanghaiforaholidaythissummer.=TheBrownfamilyaregoingtoShanghaiforaholidaythissummer.\n6)在一些形容词前，表示一类人*therich富人*theold老人*thedeaf聋子在一些专有名词和习惯用语中常用定冠词the*theGreatWall*bytheway*inthemorning*ontheright*behindthechair*allthetime\n3.不用冠词1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年、学科等词前不用冠词*insummer*inAugust*onSunday*studyphysics请区别：inthespringof1945(特指,加the)2)一日三餐和球类运动名词前不用冠词*havebreakfast*playfootball\n3)名词前已有this,that,my,your,some,any,each作定语,不用冠词*Theymetherethismorning.*Eachboyhasaworkbook.4)一些专有名词、不可数名词、称呼、头衔不用冠词ChinaGradeTwoMr.LiDr.Liumeat\n5）表示颜色、语种、国家前不用冠词*inpurple*inred*Japanese*Britain6）固定词组*gotobed*bybus*atnight*intime\n4.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同★infrontof在…前面inthefrontof在…范围内的前部*Thereisatreeinfrontofthehouse.房子前面有一棵树*Theteachers’deskisinthefrontoftheclassroom.讲台在教室的前部\n★inhospital(生病)住院inthehospital在医院里*He’sillinhospital.他生病住院。*Myparentsworkinthehospital.我的父母在医院工作。\nExercises\n用名词的正确形式填空1Hecuttheappleinto________(half).2The________(potato)aremine.3Howmany________(family)arethereinthistown?4Thereareten________(deer)onthefarm.5These________(German)are__________(businessman).6Lastweekwewenttothe__________(child)Park.halvespotatoesfamiliesdeerGermansbusinessmenChildren’s\n改错1.It’sahardwork.2.Wedon’thaveanyclassonSundays.3.Theroom’swindowsareverybig..It’shardwork.Wedon’thaveanyclassesonSundays.Thewindowsoftheroomareverybig.\n4Howmanymilkisthereinthebag?5.CouldIhavethreepapers,please？6.Thesetwopiecesofbreadisoverthere.Howmuchmilkisthereinthebag?CouldIhavethreepiecesofpaper,please？Thesetwopiecesofbreadareoverthere.\n()1Ifound____goodnewsin____newspaper.A.a,aB.apieceof,apieceofC.a,apieceofD.apieceof,a()2What____itistoday!A.afineweatherB.fineweatherC.fineaweatherD.thefineweather()3Totheir_____,theyhaveallpassedtheexam.A.surpriseB.surprisingC.surprisesD.surprisedDBA\n()4Lucyis____sister.A.MaryandJackB.Mary’sandJack’sC.MaryandJacksD.MaryandJack’s()5Pleasemake____forhim.Heisverytired.A.anyroomB.anyroomC.someroomsD.someroom()6Themodelplanewasmadebya____boy.A.ten-years-oldB.ten-year-olderC.ten-year-oldD.ten-yearoldDDC\n()7Hewenttothe____tobuyapairofshoes.AshoesstoreBshoestoreCshoe’sstoreDshoes’store()8Iwillgiveyou____tofinishit.Atwoweek’stimeBtwoweeks’timeCtwoweektimeDtwoweekstime()9Thetwobedroomarethe____.AtwinsBtwin’sCtwins’DtwinsBBC\n()10ThisisanoldphotoofminewhenI____.AhaveshorthairsBhadshorthairsChaveshorthairDhadshorthair()11Ithinkthecountryismuchmorebeautifulthananyother____intheworld.AcountryBcountriesCthecountryDthecountries()12John’sunclehasmanyfriends.Mr.Shuteisafriendof____.AJohn’suncleBJohnuncle’sCJohn’suncle’sDJohnuncleDAC\nExercises1Thereis________“m”in________word“mother”.2Didyouplay________basketballorplay________pianoafter_______school?3Turnrightat________thirdcrossingon________left.4Theygotto________moonby________spaceship.5Sheis________universitystudent,shelikes________musicof________film.ana/the/thethethe/athethe