高中英语短文改错复习资料 4页

2015年高考英语专题复习资料——短文改错解题技巧短文改错步骤：1.   通读全文，掌握大意2.   逐句推敲，审查，改正错误3.   复读全文，修订答案短文改错口诀：动词形，名词数，还要注意形和副；非谓语，细辨别，冠词连词常光顾。代词格，细领悟；介词短语需关注；句子成分多分析，习惯逻辑要记住。短文改错答题技巧（一）技巧点拨1．注意分行的技巧性。上一行的末尾和下一行的开始，往往是考生们容易忽视的地方，不易找到错误所在，从而影响了改错的成绩。考生要密切关注行尾和行首的接连处，注意它们之间的语法关系或逻辑关系，尽快找到设错点，从而尽快改正。2．要以句子为单位而不是以单词为单位进行判断。在找错时不能以单词为单位来找，要以完整的句子为语言单位进行判断。3．注重上下文之间的逻辑关系。在短文改错题中，有时设错的内容与短文上下评议的时态人称等有密切的关系，如果只从一个单句来考虑，而不关注上下文的各种逻辑关系，就可能造成判断失误，增加失分的因素。4．在逐行寻查错误时应着重注意看句子结构是否完整，看习惯用法固定搭配是否正确，看上下文逻辑是否合理，看主谓是否一致，时态、语态是否正确，冠词、代词、连词、形容词、副词以及关系词的使用是否得当。（二）近几年的高考试题语法设题项目分布1.名词和限制词的搭配。主要涉及可数与不可数名词与冠词、指示代词、物主代词的错误搭配，以及名词的单复数的误用。　2.动词的时态、语态以及非谓语动词。常出现在总体时态为过去或现在时中间杂有另一时态的现象，以及动词的谓语与非谓语形式、非谓语动词之间的误用。3.代词的误用。主要是代词的格与数的错用。如男性用了女性代词，单数用了复数代词或相反；应当用形容词性的物主代词用了名词性等。4.数词的误用主要是序数词与基数词的混用和错用，以及hundred,thousand,dozen,score等词和具体数量词连用时的用法以及表示约数的用法。5.形容词与副词辨析主要涉及到形容词和副词的原级、比较级与最高级的误用，以及形容词和副词的误用等。　6.考查英语中的并列现象在一些英语中的并列结构中没有用并列的语法结构，如并列连词连接的两个部分等。7.考查上下文的逻辑关系。如：but,and,so，however,otherwise等一些并列连词和连接副词的误用。before,after,when,until,since等状语从句引导词的误用等。还有肯定和否定的误用等。　8.一些相似结构的误用。如：usedtodo,beusedtodo,beusedtodoing等结构的误用。9.惯用法的搭配。如：动词短语lookat/payattentionto/listento等固定用法。10.注意句式结构。(难点)*Seeherlayinginbedwithherlegwrappedinbandages,wefeltsorryforherand......*Oneeveningatsunset,wesatbythefire,haveourbarbecue.*Iwanttothankallthedoctorsincharge,withoutthemIcouldn’thavepulledthrough.归纳短文改错错误类型:一、词法的测试1.名词：主要是查名词是否可数，与其修饰语是否一致。1)Ihavemanyhobby,suchasplayingfootball,singingandlisteningtomusic. 2)Doexercisesdogoodtoourhealthy. 3)Readingbooksisoneofmyhobby. 2.代词：对于短文中出现的每一个代词都要查一下它所指代的内容及在句中的作用，注意其数、格、词性是否正确和前后是否一致，常考的代词包括人称代词、指示代词、反身代词、关系代词及疑问代词等。1)Hedrovetoofast,andthepolicestoppedher.2)ThisisthebestfilmwhichIhaveeverseen.3.冠词：英语中只有三个冠词，但用起来却很复杂，在短文改错中，错误不外乎该用冠词时没有用，不该用时却用了；该用an用了a，该用a(n)却用了the.1)Imeanttowriteletterandtellyouallthethings…2)Ilikeplayingthefootball.        3)Heisahonestboy.   4.介词：检查介词主要是查介词与动词、形容词、名词的搭配，介词惯用词组等是否正确。1)Iamwritingtothankyouwithyourkindhelp.2)…I’mthehappiestinall.3)Underthehelpofmyfather,I…     4)HewenttoBeijinginnextSunday.  5.   形容词、副词：形容词、副词的误用主要指在该用形容词的地方用了副词，该用副词的地方用了形容词。改错行中出现形容词或副词时就要仔细分析该形容词或副词修饰什么，形式是否正确，是原级、比较级还是最高级。形容词、副词误用也是常考的改错项目之一。1)IhadnotinterestinEnglish.2)ThesearethehappiergirlsI’veeverseen.(NMET2007)3)Youcanborrowabookveryeasy.  4)Thesebooksareveryworthreading.  6.连词：短文改错中出现连词就要判断连词用的是否正确，是否符合句子意思；连接的是词还是句子，是否符合逻辑关系。此外如果是平行结构就要注意前后时态、语态、词性一致问题平行结构常借助与并列连词and,or,but,notonly…butalso…,…not…but…,either…or…,neither…nor…,aswellas等。1)Asithasbeenrainingthesedays,sowehavedecidedtoputoffoursportsmeeting. 2)Thepopulationisgrowing,buttheearthmustsupporttoomanypeople. 7.动词：动词错误在短文改错中所占比重最大，它所涉及的错误包括动词的时态、语态错误；易混动词的用法错误;动词的第三人称单数错误；动词的非谓语形式，以及动词的句型搭配错误等。在改错题中，动词方面的考查比例较大。1)动词的时态、语态错误a.Iwillwriteagainandsendyouthephotoswetaketogether.b.Thebookyouborrowedfromthelibraryshouldreturnedinfivedays.c.Inschool,Ioftenplayingfootballformyfriends.  2)易混动词使用错误a.Ipersuadedhimtostopsmoking,buthedidn’tlisten.b.Youpleaseriseyourhands.3)非谓语动词使用错误a.Wearelookingforwardtoseeyouonthebirthdayparty.\nb.I’msorryIkeepyouwaitforalongtime.Igotcaughtinthetraffic.c.I’dliketoyourpenfriend,andgettoknowmoreaboutyourcountry.8.词语固定搭配:主要考查介词与动词、名词、形容词的固定搭配；副词、动词的固定搭配；及物动词后多介词或副词以及不及物动词后少介词，英语中的一些固定句型与习惯搭配等。1)Myteacheradvisedmetokeepmydiary.2)Inmysurprise,hedidverywellinhispreviousjob.3)Ithoughtthatwasdulltowatchagame…(NMET2005)4)…theactivitiesarenotonlyenjoyableandalsohelpful.解析：  5)Ihavenodifficultylearnmaths.6)Hespendstoomuchtimeplaygames.二、句法的测试：1、主谓语在数上的一致； IhopeeverythingareOKwithyou. 2、名词性从句的考查； Amancameuptohimandaskedthatheneeded.3、定语从句的考查；Thiswouldsavethelifeofmanyanimals,someofthenhavealmostdiedout.4、强调句型；Itis/was+被强调的部分+that/who… Itwasin1949whenhejoinedthearmy. 5、句子结构的连贯性、完整性、对等性及逻辑性。*Thankyousomuchfornotonlygivingmelife,butalsoteachmehowtobeagoodperson.*Onedayhewashavingayardsaleandtheoldmanlivingnextdoorcomebytohelp.*Iwouldneverbeabletoenjoyplayingwiththetoyorfacedmycousinagain.*Itwasverykindofthemtomeetmeattherailwaystationanddrovemetotheirhome.三、语篇的测试语篇的测试包括：1上下文中的时态是否一致；2上下文中的代词是否一致；3上下文中的逻辑是否一致；4上下文中的词、词组、从句的替代是否正确。四、四不改原则1.  单词拼写不改.2.  大小写不改.3.  词序不改.4.  标点符号不改.注意问题：短文改错时改“错”，而不是把文中的表达法改成另外的表达形式。很多考生对这个概念比较模糊。把原文中并没有错的形式改成了自己认可的另外一种形式，虽然改后的表达法也是对的，但这样做偏离了这类题型的答题要求，因而也不能得分。五、改错六原则：1. 有错改错，一句话可能有一个错或多个错或无错，但要注意错误在整个篇章的分布。2.  改变实词（n./v./adj./adv.）形式，不能将一个实词换成另一个实词.3.  最小限度地改变单词形式.4.  添加或删除虚词(如冠词，介词,小品词to等).5.  多改正，少添加或删除.6.  最大限度地保持句子和短文原意.临场应试技巧:做短文改错时只要记住“三步”，“六原则和“四不改”就能提高得分率。短文改错常见考点：　⒈多一词：　　抽象名词前多一冠词：　　Modernpeopleknowmoreaboutthehealth.　　专有名词前多一冠词：　　theEngland,theHebeiProvince,theBeijingAirport　　固定词组中名词前多一冠词：　　gototheschool,gototheprison,atthework,inthebed,gotothehospital,setafiretosth,atthefirst,themostofthem,atthenoon,makearapidprogress,aplentyof　　表示交通工具的和by连用的名词前多一冠词：　　bytheair,bythebus,bytheship　　表示体育活动的名词前；　　playthefootball,playthebasketball　　表示节日（常含有Day）的名词前多一冠词：　　theNationalDay,theMayDay　　表示“非常”意思的“most”前多一冠词：　　Heisthemosthardworking.　　某种让步状语从句中名词前面多一冠词：　　Achildasheis,heknowsalot.　　在表示时间的“one/this/every+名词”的时间状语前多一介词：　　ononeday,onthatevening,ineveryweek　　某些及物动词因混淆词义而多一介词或副词；　　①raiseupone’shand　　②pick（摘）upapples　　③returnback(回来)　　④repeatagain　　⑤playwiththeminthematch　　⑥marrywiththeman　　⑦serveforthepeople　　⑧enterintotheroom　　⑨IlearnEnglisheverydaytoimproveitbetter.　　表示地点的副词前多一介词：　　①gotothere　　②drivetohome　　③returntohome　　某些动词、连词、介词或副词后面多了一个介词：　　①becauseofhisleftlegwasbroken　　②insteadofhedevelopedhisloveforthetheatre.　　③Ilookedatbutcouldseenothing.　　④joininthearmy　　状语从句和主句间多一并列连词：　　①Althoughheisverybusy,butheoftenhelpsuswithhousework.　　②Astheweatherwasgood,soIdecidedtogothereyesterday.　　　充当状语的分词和主句之间多了并列连词：　　①Herhusbanddied,andleavingherthreechildren.　　②Hesatunderthetreeandreadingamagazine.\n　　作定语的分词前多一代词：　　①Thechildwhoreadingabookisherbrother.　　　②HowIregrettedthehourswhichwastedinthewoods.　　定语从句中多一代词：　　①ThefilmthatIsawityesterdayisgood.　　②ThisistheverybookthatIamlookingforit.　　③Heisthemanwetalkedabouthim.　　在“连词+分词”结构中多一代词：　　①WhileIwaitingforabus,Ifoundawalletlyingontheground.　　　②Ifitheated,iceturnstowater.　　在某些固定结构中多了“to”，　　①Iwouldratherstayathomethantogotothecinemawithyou.　　　②Whynottotakeaholidayforagoodrest?　　③Shesaidshewouldrathernottodiscussitrightnow.　　④Youhadbetternottogothere.　　⑤Imadethemtodothecleaning.　　⑥Ihadhimtocleantheroom.　　⑦Wenoticedhimtowalkoutofthegarden.　　⑧Ioftenhearhertosingthesong.　　⒉缺一词：　　表一类事物的单数可数名词前缺冠词：　　A\The∧horseisausefulanimal.　　单数可数名词前缺少表示“一”的不定冠词，　　①ThereislibraryineverytowninBritain.　　②Goodhealthisperson’smostvaluablepossession.　　特指名词前缺定冠词the,　　①HaveyoureadbooksbyMarkTwain?　　②Thebookondeskismine.　　作状语的动词不定式缺“to”，　　①DavidandIwanttogoofffindhelp…　　②…andotherorganizationsareworkingimprovehealthallovertheworld.　　形容词最高级前缺定冠词the,　　oneofearliestkindsofmoney　　such或so与单数名词连用时不可缺少冠词，　　①ThisissuchgoodbookthatIlikeit.　　②Heissogoodstudentthatalltheteacherslikehim.　　姓氏复数形式（表示一家人或夫妇二人）前面缺一冠词，　TurnersarewatchingTV.　　表示世纪的某个年代前面缺一冠词，　　In1870s,whenMarxwasalreadyinhisfifties,hefounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.　　表示“一个名叫…的人”前缺一冠词，　　MissLeeiswaitingforyououtside.　　“形容词比较级+ofthetwo”前缺一冠词，　　Heistallerofthetwo.　　某些固定短语中缺一冠词，　　intheend,gotothecinema,inthedaytime,ontheright　　抽象名词具体化时前面缺一冠词，　　①Themeetingheldyesterdaywassuccess.　　②ItisfamousChinesetea.　　③Theexperimentturnedouttobefailure.　　作定语的不定式后缺少必要的介词，　　①Heislookingforaroomtolive.　　②Thereisnothingtoworry.　　③Ineedapentowrite.　　一些固定短语或习惯搭配中缺介词，　　①Hedidn’treplymyletter.　　②Areyousureit?　　③ThousandsandthousandspeoplelikewatchingTV.　　④DrWangstartedtooperatethematonce.　　⑤Hegraspedmyhandsandaskedmynameandaddress.　　⑥JustthenamancametomeandaskedwhatIwaslooking.　　并列句缺并列连词，　　①Hewastireditwasgettingdark.　　②Heaskedmetogo,Iwent.　　③Heisold,heisstillstrong.　　名词性从句中缺少必要的连接词，　　①hewillcomeiscertain.　　②Itisuncertainhecancomeornot.　　③Weallknowthetruththeearthgoesroundthesun.　　④TheyexpressedthehopetheywouldcomeovertovisitChinaagain.　　定语从句中缺少必要的关系代词，　　①Thepolicehavefoundtheknifewiththemankilledhiswife.　　②Thechangeshavetakenplacearegreat.　　③Isthistheboydidthegooddeed?　　缺少为避免重复而使用的替代词“that或those”，短文改错专项训练1DearDavid,Ihaverecentlyfeltguilty,staysleeplessatnight.Youmaywonderhow.Totellyouthetruth,itisjustbecauseofthefactthatIseldomcheatinexamsandIjustcan’tstopme.Inmanyexams,Iusedcellphonestosurfthenetforanswer.Besides,Isometimesreferredthemtomynotebookssocopiedsomething.Asyouknow,cheatingdomuchharmtoourlearningandself-confidence.It’stimethatItakeactiontostopit.Iwouldappreciateityoucouldoffermesomeadvice.Lookingforwardtoyourreply!2LastweekendIwenttotheSummerPalaceasusually.Ataboutnoon,IwasenjoyingmyreadingnearalakewhilesuddenlyIhearsomeonecryingforhelp.Iwentuptoseewhatwashappening.Iwasshockingtofindalittlechildstrugglinginthewaterinthedistancewhilemanypeopleswerestandingbywithoutdoinganything.Withoutanyhesitation,IhadpushedthroughthecrowdasItookoffmycoat,butjumpedintothewaterquickly.Imanagedtoreachhimandcarriedhim\nbacktosafety.Tohisgreatrelief,thekidwassaved.IwasproudwhatIhaddone.Iwisheveryonecangiveahandwhensomeoneelseisinneed.3MyfathertookmeoutcampingforthefirsttimewhenIwasseven.Hewantedteachmeaboutanimals,insectsandtrees.Myunclesallcomealongwithbowsandarrowsforhunting.Oneeveningatsunset,wesatbythefire,haveourbarbecue.Justthenabirdwasflyingoverus.Myunclesimmediatejumpedupandshottheirarrowsonthebird.Neitherofthearrowshitthetarget.Suddenlythearrowswasflyingdownatusfromthesky—theywerelookedlikerain!Werantoescapebutfortunatelynoonewasinjured.ThatdayIdidn’tlearnmuchaboutanimals,insectsortrees,butIlearntaimpressivelessonaboutgravity!4Hello,boysandgirls!Today,Iamgoingtotalkwithwhatyoushoulddowhenafirealarmgooff.Ifyouhearthealarm,standinlineatthedoorandwaityourteachertoleadyououtside.Stayclosetoyourteacherandclassmate.Don'tpanicorgetoutofline,andtryingtoremainquietandcalmly.Soonthefirefighterswillcomeandputoutafire.Ifit'safalsealarmandthereisnofire,yourteacherwillleadusbacktotheclassroom.Ifyounoticethatwhensomeoneismissingandhurt,tellyourteacherimmediately.5Onlineshoppingisincreasingpopularamongpeopleinrecentyears.Somepeoplelikedtobuygoodsonline.AndIdon’tlikeit,becauseonlineshoppingismorereliablethanthetraditionalsale.Firstly,somedishonestmerchantoffercustomerstofalseinformationonline.Secondly,consumerscan’tfeeltheitemsthatisusuallypresentedbymeansofpictures.Thismeanstheitemsdeliveringmaydifferfromwhichconsumersexpect.Asaresult,theymayriskreturningtheitemsattheirownexpense.Thirdly,theitemsmightbedamagedduringdelivery.Inword,onlineshoppingisn’treliableatall.6LastSundaymorning,whenIwashavingawalkintheparknearmyhome,Icameacrossacrewmakeanewfilmwithoneofmyfavouriteactor.Ididn’thavemycamerawithmeatthattime,butIrushedbackhometoget.Unfortunately,bythetimeIgotback,theyhavefinishedthesceneandactorcouldn’tbeseeneverywhere.Iwasreallydisappointingandabouttoleavewhenhewalkedoutabuilding.Hewasrightthereinthefrontofme!Icouldn’tbelievemyluck-notonlydidIhadmyphototakenwithhim,buthesignedhisnameonmyshirt!7ThismorningIfoundredwalletonthecampus.Girlsusuallikered,soIbelievedthewalletwasbelongedtoagirlstudent.Iopenedit,trytofindoutwhoseitwas.Therefore,Ifoundnothingbut300yuaninit.IwaswonderingwhattodowithitwhilesuddenlymyclassmatesChenYangpassedby.ShesuggestedsheputupaLostandFoundnoticeandIdidso.Iwrotedownmytelephonenumberandasktheownertocallmeaftershesawit.Later,agirlcametoclaimiton3o’clockthisafternoon.8LiMingandWangYingaretwostudentsofSeniorThree.Theyallworkhardbuttheyhavedifferentlearningmethod.LiMingoftensleepsinclassinsteadoflistentotheteacher.Asaresult,hemisslotsofpointsthattheteachermakesanditusuallytakeshimmuchtimetofinishhishomework.Buthehastostayuplateanddoesn’tgetenoughsleep.However,WangYinghasquitethedifferentwayoflearning.Shelistensattentiveandtriestocatcheverythingthattheteachersaidinclass.Becausethis,shespendslesstimedoingherhomework,whichmakesitispossibleforhertogotobedearly.9Myparentsliveinthecountry.TheykeepadogcallingAhFu.OnedaymyparentwenttoworkinthefieldstakingmylittlesisterandAhFualong.Whiletheyworking,mysisterwalkedtotherivernearby.AhFufollowedhertothere.Shewastryingtopickaflowerwhileshefellintotheriver.AhFubarkedandjumpedtothewaterimmediate.WhenmyparentsheardAhFubarkingtheyrantotheriver.TheysawAhFuswimmingtowardsthebankcarriedmylittlesister.MyparentspraisedAhFuwarm.ItwasourbraveAhFuwhohadsavedmylittlesister.10MayIhaveyourattention,please?Ihaveanannouncementmake.TheStudentUnionisgoingtoholdapartyinSaturdayevening,August15,towelcomemyfriendsfromtheUnitedStates.ThepartywillbeholdintheroofgardenoftheMainBuilding.Itwillbeginat7:30p.m.Therewillhavemusic,dancing,singing,gamesandexchangeofgift.Everybodymaybringasmallgiftonthispurpose.Remembertowrapitup,signyournameandwriteafewwordsofgoodwishes.Don’tbeforget:7:30,Saturdayevening,roofgarden,MainBuilding.Thereissuretobealotoffun.Everybodyiswelcomed.11AfewdaysbeforemybrotherandIwenttothecinemabybicycle.Mybrotherwasridingwithmeseatingontheseatbehind.Aswecametothecrossroad,ayoungmanandagirlcameupandstoppedus.“We’vefoundyoulonglast,”theysaid.Andwedon'tknowthem.Pointtoapolicemannotfaraway,theyoungmanexplained,“Hestoppedusabouthalfhouragoandmadeustocatchthenextoffender.Socomeon,standhere.Hopingyoudon'thavetowaitaslongaswedid.Goodluck.”12DearMrSmith,IwassopleasetohearfromyouandI'mwritingtotellyousomethingaboutmyschool.Youareright,quitefewchangeshavebeentakenplace.Ontheonesideoftheroad,therehasanewclassroombuilding.Ontheothersidewhichaplaygroundusedtobenowstandanothernewbuilding,ourlibrary.Initthereareallkindofbooks,newspapersormagazines.Theplaygroundisnowinfrontofschool.We'vealsoplantalotoftreesinandaroundtheschool.Ihopeyoucomeandseeforyourselfsomedays.Bestwishes!