高中化学学业水平测试复习资料（review of senior high school chemistry proficiency test） 37页

高中化学学业水平测试复习资料（Reviewofseniorhighschoolchemistryproficiencytest）ReviewofchemistryacademicleveltestinJiangsuhighschoolin2008KnowledgeassemblyClassification,structure,reactionandbasicoperationofasubjectClassificationandtransformationofsubstancessolutionMixturecolloidEmulsionoforganiccompoundsPhysicalcompoundApuresubstance;inorganiccompoundNonmetalElementalMetalTwo.Typesofchemicalreactions\n1,fourbasicreactiontypes:chemicalreaction,decompositionreaction,displacementreactionandmetathesisreactionTherelationshipbetween2andfourbasicreactiontypesandredoxreactions:Thereplacementreactionmustbearedoxreaction,andthemetathesisreactionisnotnecessarilyaredoxreaction.Thechemicalreactionmaybetheredoxreaction3.RedoxreactionTheessenceofelectrontransfer(orlossoffset)features:thechangeofvalence(judgmentofredoxreactiononthebasis)Concept:l(valence)-lost(Electronic)-oxygen(oxidation)-(reducingagent)Drop(valence),(E)-(oxidation),oxygen(reducingagent)Representationmethod:Singletrackbridge2e-loses2e--10-100,-12KBr+Cl2====Br2+2KCl2KBr+Cl2=Br2+2KClGet2e-\nThree,theamountofmaterial1.Definition:acollectionofsymbolsrepresentingacertainnumberofparticles:nunits:mol2,theAvogadroconstant:0.012kgC-12containsthenumberofcarbonatoms.ExpressedinNA.About6.02x10233,therelationshipbetweentheamountofparticlesandsubstances:Formula:n=4.ThemassofasubstanceinthequantityofaunitofsubstanceexpressedinM:g/molisequaltothequantityofthesubstance5,therelationshipbetweenmassandmaterialquantity:Formula:n=6,volumeandmaterialquantityrelation:Formula:n=standardcondition,1mol,anygasvolumeisabout22.4l7,AVogadero'sLaw:thesametemperatureandpressure,anygasofthesamevolumeallcontainthesamenumberofmolecules8theamountofsubstanceinaunitvolumesolution;theamountofsoluteB.SymbolCBunits:mol/l9,theamountofmatterconcentrationandtheamountofmaterialrelations:Formula:CB=10,theamountofmaterialconcentration,preparation,\npreparationbeforecheckingthecapacityofthebottleisleakingProcedures:1.Calculatem=c*V*M.Weigh.Dissolve.Transfer.(wash2---3times,washliquidintovolumetricflask)5.6.7.AconstantvolumestrainbottlinglabelFour、dispersesystemColloidalsuspension1,scattersize(nm)<10-910-9~10-7>10-72.Thenatureofcolloids:thedaughterphenomenon(brightpathway)usedtodistinguishbetweensolutionsandcolloids3:electrolyte:acompoundthatconductselectricityinaqueoussolutionorinamoltenstate4.Nonelectrolyte:compoundsthatcanconductelectricityinaqueoussolutionandmoltenstate.Sucrose,alcohol,SO2,CO2,NH3,etc.StrongacidHCl,H2SO4,HNO35strongelectrolyte:electrolytethatcanbeionizedcompletelyinaqueoussolution.StrongalkaliNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,Ba(OH)2Mostsalt\nweakacidWeakelectrolyte:anelectrolyteweakbasethatcanionizepartiallyinaqueoussolutionwaterFive,theseparationandpurificationofsubstances1,filtrationmethod:suitableforseparationofasolublecomponent,anotherinsolublesolidmixturesuchassaltpurification2.Evaporationcrystallization:thesolubilityofeachcomponentinthemixtureinthesolvent3,distillation:applytoseparatecomponentsofeachother,butdifferentboilingpointofliquidmixtures.Forexample:theseparationofalcoholandwater,themaininstrument:distillationflaskcondenser4,subliquid:separateincompatibletwokindsofliquid5:extractionofsoluteinimmisciblesolventindifferentwatersolubilityCCl4layeredupperlowercolorlessorangeredwithoutalcoholextractionSix,iontestingTheflamereactionofsodiumpotassiumflame:yellowflame:\nPurple(throughcobaltblueglass)Cl-test:thewhiteprecipitateproducedbyaddingsilvernitrateisnotsolubleindilutenitricacidSO42-test:thewhiteprecipitateproducedbyaddingBa(NO3)2isnotsolubleindilutenitricacidNH4+test:redlitmuspaperjoinedtheNaOHheatinggaswetblueFe3+test:addingKSCNsolutionappearsredFe3++3SCN-==Fe(SCN)3Al3+test:afteraddingNaOH,whiteprecipitatefirstappearedandthendisappearedSeven.AtomicstructureProtonZNucleus1atomAZXneutronN=A-ZExtranuclearelectronZ2,massnumber=protonnumber+neutronnumber3,nuclearchargenumber====thenumberofprotonsoutsidetheatomicnucleuselectronnumber\n4isotopes:differentatomswiththesamenumberofprotonsanddifferentneutronsarecalled11H,21Hand31HrespectivelyEight,ionreaction1,theconditionsofoccurrence:(1)theformationofinsolublesubstances(2)togeneratevolatilesubstances(3),theformationofdifficulttoionizesubstances2steps:1.Writethewriting.(materialintoeasilyionizedions,solubleandinsolubletoionizablesubstances,gases,elemental,chemicalformula.Theoxideretention).Check(deletethechargeconservation,conservationoftheatomicnumber)Examplesofcommonerrorsinionicequations:Cl2reactionwithwatersolubleinhydrochloricacidcalciumcarbonateH2O+Cl2==2H++Cl-+ClO-CO32-+2H+==CO2=+H2OIronreactswithferricchloride,Fe+Fe3+==2Fe2+sulfuricacidreactswithbariumhydroxideH++OH-==H2OTopictwochlorineandsodiumI.chlorinegas1.physicalproperties:chlorineisyellowgreen,pungentsmell,solubleinwater,density,largerthantheair,easytoliquefiedtoxicgas.2.chemicalproperties:chlorinehasstrongoxidizingproperty\n(1)abletofollowmetals(suchasNa,Fe,etc.):2Na+Cl22Na,Cl,2Fe+3Cl22FeCL3(2)andnonmetal(suchasH2):H2+Cl22HClreactionflameispale,mouthmistgenerated.(3)andwaterreaction:Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClOhypochlorousacidproperties(weakacid,strongoxidizingstability,noteasytoseelightdecompositionequation)was2HClO==2HCl+O2=,savethenewsystemcontainingchlorine,,,,,,,Themaincomponentofwaterforlong.(4)reactwithalkali:2NaOH+Cl2=NaCl+NaClO+H2O(usedintailgastreatmentandbleaching)Thereactionequationforthepreparationprincipleofbleachingpowderisthat.Theingredientsofthebleachingpowderaretheactiveingredients.Whatthebleachingpowderdoesis.Method3.:laboratorychlorinereactionprinciple:MnO2+4HCl(MnCl2+Cl2=+2H2Othick);Generator:roundbottomflask,separatingfunnel;removingimpuritieswithsaturatedsaltwaterabsorptionHClgas;theabsorptionofwaterbyconcentratedH2SO4;collectupair;inspection:thestarchiodidepaperwetblue;exhaustgastreatment:exhaustgasabsorbedbysodiumhydroxidesolution.\n4.bromineandiodinewereextracted(1)2KI+C12,==2KCl+I2(2)2KI+Br2=2KBr+I2(3)2KBr+Cl2==2KCl+Br2Two,sodium1.thephysicalpropertiesofsodium:silverywhite,metalliclusterofsolid,heatandelectricityofgoodconductor,soft,smalldensity,lowmeltingpointChemicalpropertiesof2.sodiumThesodiumandwaterreactionThephenomenonandexplain:(Note:floatingsodiumdensityislowerthanthewaterdensity)themelting:(notethelowmeltingpointofsodium;thereactionisexothermicreaction)thetour:(thegasproduced)thering:(showsthegas):redsolutiondropsofphenolphthalein(markedinred;thatalkalinesolutiongenerated).Thechemicalformulais2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2=2Na+2H2O=2Na+,+2OH-+H2=ionequation.Thereactionwithoxygen:4Na+O2==2Na2O2Na+O2Na2O24..Theuseofsodium.(1)importantcompoundsformakingsodium.2.Astheheatexchangerofneutronreactor,smeltingTi.,niobium,zirconium,vanadiumandothermetal,sodiumlightsourceThree.ComparisonofsodiumcarbonatewithsodiumbicarbonateSodiumbicarbonate;sodiumbicarbonate\nChemicalformulaNa2CO3NaHCO3NameofsodasodaColor,statusThesolubilityissmallerthanthatofsodiumcarbonateThethermalstabilityof2NaHCO3-+H2O+CO2=Na2CO3WithhydrochloricacidNa2CO3+2HCl==2NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+HCl==NaCl+H2O+CO2=severethanNa2CO3ReactiontoNaOH-NaHCO3+NaOH==,Na2CO3+H2OReciprocaltransformationImpurityremoval:Na2CO3solid(NaHCO3)isfullyheatedwithNa2CO3solution(NaHCO3)NaOHIdentificationoftwosolids:sodiumcarbonateandsodiumbicarbonate.Heatingoccurswhenthegasissodiumbicarbonateorwithacid.Thegasthatappearsfirstissodiumbicarbonate.Specialtopicthreealuminum,iron,siliconAluminumanditscompoundsAluminumisthelargestmetalelementintheearth'scrust,mainlyintheformofchemicalcompounds,andthemaincomponent\nofbauxiteisAl2O3Propertiesofaluminium1.(1)physicalpropertiesofsilverwhitemetalsolid,density2.70g/cm3,strongtoughness,goodductility,thermalconductivity(2)chemicalproperties:aluminumisarelativelylivelymetal,withastrongreducibilityReactionwithoxygenAtroomtemperature,oxygenreactswithoxygenintheairtoformastrongoxidefilm,soaluminumhasagoodresistancetocorrosion4Al+3O2====2Al2O3Reactingwithnonoxidizingacid2Al+6HCl==2AlCl3+3H2=2Al+3H2SO4==Al2(3+3H2=SO4)ConcentratednitricacidpassivationofaluminiumandconcentratedsulphuricacidatambienttemperatureReactionwithstrongbase2Al+NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2=2(onlyone)Thermitreaction\n2Al+Fe2O32Fe+Al2O3weldedrailsforrefractorymetals2.Al2O3(amphotericoxide)ReactedwithsulfuricacidbyAl2O3+3H2SO4==Al2(SO4)3+3H2OReactswithsodiumhydroxide,Al2O3+2NaOH==2NaAlO2+H2OIonicequationAl2O3+2OH-==2AlO2-+H2O3.Al(OH)3(amphoterichydroxide)Reactwithacids,Al(OH),3+3HCl==3AlCl3+3H2OReactedwithsodiumhydroxideAl(OH)3+NaOH==NaAlO2+2H2OIonreaction:Al(OH)3+OH-==AlO2-+2H2O2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2OwasdecomposedbyheatingAl(OH)3laboratorypreparation:commonaluminumsaltandsufficientammoniawaterreactionChemicalequation:AlCl3+(OH)3NH3H2O==Al:+3NH4Cl3Al3++3NH3-H2O==ionequation:Al(OH):NH4+3+34.alum:Twelvehydratedaluminumpotassiumsulfate[KAl(SO4)2-12H2O]solubleinwater,solubleinacidicwater,\nBecauseAl3++3H2O==Al(OH)3+3H+,soalumisoftenusedasawaterpurificationagent,becausethehydrolysisofaluminumionstoproducealuminumhydroxide,andaluminumhydroxideadsorption,absorptionofsuspendedparticlesinwaterandsink.Laboratorypreparationofammoniawater5.conversionrelationshipHCl,AlCl3,Al(OH)3Al2O3electrolysis,Al,NaOHNaOHNaAlO2Twoironanditscompounds1.thephysicalpropertiesofironAsilverymetallicmetalliclusterwithagoodelectricalconductivity,thermalconductivity,andductility,andcanbeattractedbymagnets2.chemicalpropertiesofironReactingwithoxygen3Fe+2O2Fe3O4IIreactswithnonmetal2Fe+3Cl2,2FeCl3,Fe+S,FeSThewaterreactswith3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2=4andFe+H2SO4==H2=FeSO4+acidreaction\nReactwithsalt,Fe+CuSO4==FeSO4+Cu3.ironoxide:reactswithacidFe2O3+6HCl==2FeCl3+3H2O4.Fe3+test:redbloodsolutionappearswithKSCNMutualtransformationbetween5.Fe3+andFe2+Fe2+Fe3+Fe3+Fe2+Oxidantreducingagent2FeCl2+Cl2==2FeCl32FeCl3+Fe==3FeCl2Cu+2FeCl3==CuCl2+2FeCl26.:preparationofferrichydroxide:FeCl3+3NaOH==Fe(OH)3:+3NaClReactingwithacids:Fe(OH),3+3HCl==3,Fe,Cl3+3H2OThermaldecomposition:2Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2O7.:preparationofferrichydroxide:FeCl2+2NaOH==Fe(OH)2:+2NaClReactingwithacids:Fe(OH)2+2HCl==2FeCl2+3H2OOxidationinair:4Fe(OH),2+,O2+2H2O,==4Fe(OH)38.corrosionofironandsteel:erosionofsteelbyitscontact\nwithsurroundingmaterialanderosionElectrochemicalcorrosion:acontactbetweenanimpuritymetalandanelectrolytesolutiontoproduceamicrocurrentandaredoxreaction.The1.surfaceiscoveredwithaprotectivelayer9.thetransformationrelationshipbetweenironanditssubstanceHClFeCl2FeFeCl2metalcorrosionpreventionmethod2.changetheinternalstructureCl2FeCl33.electrochemicalprotectionThreesiliconanditscompounds1.SiO2chemicalproperties:notlively,hightemperatureresistance,corrosionresistanceNowaterandacid(exceptHF)reactionSiO2+4HF==SiF4=+2H2OglassbottlescannotbeinstalledHFacidReactionwithalkalineoxideSiO2+CaO==CaSiO3Reactwithalkali,SiO2+2NaOH==Na2SiO3+H2Olaboratory,NaOHreagentbottleandrubberstopperSiliconispresentinnatureintheformofSiO2andsilicates,\nknowingthatcrystallinesiliconisagoodsemiconductormaterial2.physicalpropertiesofsilicon:crystallinesiliconhasblack,metallichardandbrittlesolid.SiO2+2C==2CO=+Si(coarsesilicon)Si+2Cl2==SiCl42SiCl4+2H2===Si+4HClTopicfoursulfurandnitrogenFirst,thenatureandroleofsulfurdioxide1,physicalproperties:colorless,pungentodoroftoxicgases,thedensityisgreaterthantheair.2,chemicalproperties(1)reactionwithwater,SO2+H2O==H2SO3reversiblereaction,instabilityofH2SO3,2H2SO3,+O2==2H2SO4(2)reductive2SO2+O22SO3;(3):SO2bleachingfuchsinsolutioncombinedwiththeprinciple:fadecoloredmaterialgeneratescolorlesssubstance,thesubstanceisnotstable(temporarychlorinebleach)permanentbleachingprinciple:HClOhasstrongoxidation3,acidrain:PH<5.6normalrainpHvalueisabout6,CO2dissolvedinwater\nTheformationofacidrainacid:SO2Source:(primary)burningoffossilfuelsandtheirproducts.(secondary)smeltingofsulfur-containingmetallicmineralsandwastegasesfromsulphuricacidplantsPreventionandcontrol:thedevelopmentofnewenergysources,thedesulfurizationofsulfurbearingfuels,andraisetheawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionThecommonproblemsofenvironmentalprotection:AcidRain:greenhouseeffectofSO2:CO2:NO2photochemicalsmog,ozonehole:CFCswhitetrash:plasticgarbagealcohol:CH3OHindoorpollution:formaldehyderedtide:phosphoruswashingpowderCOandNOcombinedwiththehemoglobintoxicheavymetalionpollution:BatteryTwo.Preparationandpropertiesofsulfuricacid1.ContactprocesssulfuricacidPrinciple:(1)sulfurreactswithoxygentoformSO2S+O2==SO2(2)SO2reactswithoxygentoformSO3,2SO2+O2,2SO3(3)SO3isconvertedintosulfuricacidSO3+H2O==H2SO42,thenatureofsulfuricacidThecharacteristicsofthewaterabsorptionofconcentrated\nsulfuricacid:asadesiccant,notdryalkalinegasNH3Thedehydrationofsucrosecarbonizationconcentratedsulfuricaciddropstotheskintreatment:firstwiped.Flushwithplentyofwater(3)strongoxidationofconcentratedsulphuricacidReactionwithcopper:2H2SO4(concentrated)+CuCuSO4+SO2=+2H2Owasreducedthereactionofsulfuricacidsulfuricacidaccountedfor1/2Withcarbonreaction:C+2H2SO4(concentrated)=SO2+CO2=+2H2OConcentratedsulfuricacidmakesironandaluminumpassivationatroomtemperatureO2O2H2ONaOHO2BaCl2Three,theproductionandtransformationofnitrogenoxides1,N2electronic:N2containsthreesorelativelystable2,thenatureofammonia(onlythemostbasicgas)ReactionwithwaterWhenammoniaisdissolvedinwater,mostammoniamoleculesand\nwaterformammonia,NH3,H2Oisunstable,andtheheatisdecomposedintoammoniaandwaterNH3+H2ONH3H2ONH4++OH-NH3H2ONH3=+H2OTherearemoleculesinammonia:NH3,H2O,NH3,H2Oions:NH4+,OH-,asmallamountofH+Theredlitmuspapercanmakewetblueammonia(2)ammoniacanreactwithacids(sulfuricacid,nitricacid,hydrochloricacid)toformsaltsNH3+HCl==NH4Cl(BaiYan)NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3(whitesmoke)NH3+H+==NH4+3,ammoniumsalt,solubleinwatereasily(1)heatdecompositionNH4ClNH3=+HCl=NH4HCO3=+H2O+CO2=NH3(2)ammoniumreactswithalkalitogiveoffammoniagas(usedforlaboratoryammoniaproductionandNH4+test)NH4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH3=+H2ONH4+test:redlitmuspaperNaOHgasgeneratedbyheatingcanmakethewetblue4.Preparationandpropertiesofnitricacid.Industrial\npreparation:(1)ammoniareactswithoxygentoformNOundertheactionofcatalyst4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O(2)NOreactswithoxygentoformNO2,2NO+O2===,2NO2(3)absorbNO2toproducenitricacid3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NOProperties:Cu+4HNO3=Cu(strong)(NO3)2+2NO2=+2H2O3Cu+8HNO3(rare)==Cu(NO3)2+2NO=+4H2OC+4HNO3(strong)===CO2=+2NO2=+2H2OChemistry2TopicfiveatomicstructureandperiodictableI.Thearrangementofelectronsoutsidethenucleus1.elements:thesameclassofatomscontainingthesameprotonnumber.Nuclide:anatomcontainingacertainnumberofprotonsandneutronsIsotope:themutualrepresentationofdifferentatomscontainingthesamenumberofneutronsofthesamenumberandnumberofneutronsMassnumber:thesumoftheprotonnumberandtheneutronnumber2.rulesofelectrondistributionoutsidenucleus:\nTheoutermostlayercanholdonly8electrons(heliumatomsare2);second,theouterlayercanaccommodateupto18electrons;Thelastthirdlayerscanaccommodateupto32electrons;eachelectronlayercanaccommodateupto2n2electrons.Inaddition,theelectronicenergyelectronlayerarearrangedinthefirstisalwaysthelowest;Fig.1theatomicstructurediagramof3.1~18elementsPeriodiclawof4.elements:thepropertiesofelementsexhibitperiodicvariationwiththeincreaseofchargenumberofnucleusTheperiodiclawofelementsistheinevitableresultoftheincreaseoftheatomicchargedistributionofelementswiththenumberofelementarynuclearchargeWiththeincreaseofthechargenumberofthenucleus,theelectronandelectronicconfigurationoftheoutermostlayeroftheatomchangesperiodicallyExceptforelements1and2,theelectronsontheoutermostelectronlayerrepeat1,increasingby8(2)theatomicradiusexhibitsperiodicvariationwiththeincreaseofthechargenumberofthenucleusThesameperiodicelement,fromlefttoright,decreasesin\natomicradius,suchas:Na,Mg,Al,Si,P,S,Cl,C,N,O,F(3)asthemainvalenceofincreasingelementsofthenuclearchargenumberoftheperiodic.Thesameperiodofthehighestvalenceisfromlefttorightgraduallyincreased,thelowestpriceofthenegativeabsolutevaluedecreasesgraduallyThehighestpositiveelementvalence==atomicnumberofelectronsintheoutermostshell;thehighestpositiveandnegativevalencevalenceofthesumofabsolutevalue=8.(4)asthechargenumberofnucleusincreases,themetalandnonmetalofelementschangeperiodicallyInthesamecycle,themetallicityoftheelementsdecreasesgraduallyfromlefttoright,andthenonmetallicpropertiesoftheelementsincreasegraduallyNa,Mg,Al,Si,P,S,Cl,metal:Na>Mg>AlThemetallicpropertyisgraduallyweakenedandthenonmetallicpropertyisgraduallyincreased.ThenonmetallicpropertyisCl>S>P>Si,(5)ofthemetalelementsisstronger,thehighestpriceofthecorrespondingoxidehydrate(hydroxide)alkalineisstronger,andviceversa.Metallicity:Na>Mg>Al,alkalinestrengthofhydroxideisNaOH>Mg(OH)2>Al(OH)3.\nNonmetallicelements,morestrong,thehighestpriceofthecorrespondingoxidehydrate(oxygenacid)moreacidic,andviceversa.NonmetallicH2CO3\n=2CH3COOH+Na2CO32CH3COONa+H2O+CO2(2)esterificationTheactionofalcoholandacidtoproduceesterandwateriscalledesterificationCH3CH2OH+CH3COOHCH3COOCH2CH3+H2O.Reactiontype:substitutionreaction,reactionsubstance:aciddehydrogenationofhydroxylalcoholConcentratedsulfuricacid:catalystandwaterabsorbentSaturatedsodiumcarbonatesolution:(1)theeffectofaceticacidandvolatileout(tosmellthesmellofethylacetate)Absorbthevolatilizationoftheethanol(3)toreducethesolubilityofethylacetateSumup:Seven,esteroilStructureofester:RCOOR'Oil:glycerideofvegetableoils(liquid),unsaturated,higherfattyacidsGrease\nLipid:glycerideofanimalfats(solid)saturatedwithhigherfattyacidsHydrolysisofoilsandfatsunderacidicandalkalineconditions:Saponification:hydrolysisofoilsunderalkalineconditionsglycerolUses:(1)edible(2)soap,glycerin,margarine,fattyacidandsoonEight,sugar1,classificationMonosaccharide:glucose,C6H12O6Sugartwosugar:sucrose:C12H22O11Polysaccharide:starch,cellulose(C6H10O5),n2,natureGlucose(1)oxidationreactionGlucosecanreactwithsilvermirror(brightsilvermirror)andreactwithnewCu(OH)2(redprecipitate)\nProvethepresenceofglucoseandtestwhethertheamountofglucoseinthepatient'surineishigh(2)oxidativereactionsinhumantissuesprovidetheenergyneededforlifeactivitiesC6H12O6+6O2==6CO2+6H2O=C6H12O62C2H5OH+2CO2starch(1)hydrolysis(2)colorreaction:bluewithiodineNine,protein1,theconstituentelements:C,H,O,N,etc.,andsomehaveS,P2,nature(1)proteinisahighmolecularcompoundwithrelativelyhighmolecularweight(2)bysaltingout:addinginorganicsaltconcentrationoftheproteinsolution,theproteinsolubilitydecreasedandprecipitation(3)*:chemicalchangesinproteindenaturationcondenseinto\nsolidmatterandprecipitation(4)colorreaction:proteinsreactwithmanyreagents(5)odor:proteinburning,emittingadistinctivesmellofburntfeathers(6)proteinhydrolysisproducesaminoacidsProteinaminoacidGeneralstructuralformulaofaminoacids: